摘要
本研究包括樟子松外生菌根的形态学、组织学特征分析，外生菌根分子鉴定，外生菌根真菌对樟子松苗木生长的影响，樟子松组培苗菌根化等四部分内容，现分述摘要如下：
（一）外生菌根形态学、组织学特征分析
外生菌根中真菌组织形态学和解剖学特征的稳定性，为外生菌根的分类鉴定创造了条件和可能性，在进行外生菌根分类鉴定时，重点应放在真菌组织的特征上。本研究从樟子松为出发点，以菌根共生体为研究对象，系统地从形态学和解剖学的角度研究了与之共生的外生菌根类型，详细描述了19种外生菌根类型，并根据图鉴对所分出的外生菌根的颜色、外部形态、菌套表面结构及内部解剖结构等特征进行了归纳总结；探索了以宏观的形态、颜色和显微结构中菌套菌丝排列图式、菌套表面结构及菌丝和菌索内部结构等特征为主要依据进行外生菌根分类鉴定的可行性。
（二）外生菌根根尖分子鉴定研究
本研究在分出基本类型的基础上，以樟子松的菌根共生体的根尖为材料，提取DNA，利用真菌特有引物ITS1F和ITS4，在PCR基础上对外生菌根真菌rDNA的ITS区段进行碱基序列测定，然后与互联网上DNA序列数据库中的信息资源进行比较，确定其外生菌根真菌的多样性。本研究中共分出19个菌根类型，并鉴定科和属或者到种的水平，鉴定到科水平的有3个类型，鉴定到属的有1个类型，其余14个类型都鉴定到了种；其中属于担子菌亚门的有15株，子囊菌亚门的有4株。
本研究在进行分子鉴定的同时，充分的利用了互联网上的生物信息资源，构建了分类报告，并对其进行了分析。
（三）外生菌根真菌对樟子松苗木生长的影响
本研究在室内条件下对樟子松幼苗与点柄乳牛肝菌、褐环乳牛肝菌、块菌、绒边乳菇、黄孢红菇、兰丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃和土生空团菌的菌根人工合成进行了比较全面的试验研究。通过观测苗木生长、根系和菌根的发育、生物量累积，研究了樟子松外生菌根的形成及对苗木生长效应的影响，并对樟子松优良菌根真菌的筛选进行尝试。试验结果表明:点柄乳牛肝菌与褐环乳牛肝菌与樟子松根系快速形成菌根，对樟子松幼苗的早期生长有明显的促进作用，是樟子松菌根化育苗首选的菌根真菌。接种该两种菌种的樟子松幼苗的平均苗高、地径、生物累积量均因菌根的形成而明显增加，生物累积量甚至可达到未接种苗的2～3倍。另外，对樟子松菌根化苗(合成130d)进行了自然干旱胁迫研究，目的是探讨菌根化樟子松苗木的抗旱机理。结果表明，菌根化苗木可以通过提高苗木光合速率、增加苗木根茎比，提高叶片SOD活性、Pro.含量、降低MDA在植物体内的积累等多种生理、生化代谢途经提高樟子松苗木的抗旱性，其中抗旱性最强的菌种为褐环乳牛肝菌，其菌根化苗较对照苗临界致死时间推迟61h。
（四）组培苗菌根化
本研究以樟子松成熟胚为外植体，研究了不同生长调节剂组合对樟子松愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响，并获得了完整的再生植株。建立了樟子松植株再生体系，确立了樟子松组织培养各阶段的最优条件：诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基组合为1/2MS+1.5mg L~(-1)2,4-D+0.5mg L~(-1)6-BA；愈伤组织增殖的最佳培养基组合为1/2MS+1.0mg L~(-1)2,4-D+0.2mg L~(-1)6-BA；愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基组合为1/2MS+0.1mg L~(-1)IBA+1.0mg L~(-1)6-BA；不定芽伸长生长的适宜培养基为1/2MS＋0.1％活性炭，诱导生根的最佳培养基组合为1/4MS+0.5mg L~(-1)NAA+0.2mg L~(-1)IBA。对移栽后樟子松组培苗接种外生菌根真菌S.g和G-S.g，5个月以后，其菌根化率均达到了98%，其菌根侵染率均达到了75%以上，菌根化樟子松组培苗苗高、地茎、干重与对照相比均有显著性提高，组培苗菌根化，可以显著促进宿主苗木的生长，尤其是地下生物量的增加。
This research including morphological and anatomical characteristic analysis of Pinussylvestris var. mongolica Litv ectomycorrhizal types;study on molecular identification tothese ectomycorrhizae.; effect of ectomycorrhizae on the growth of Pinus sylvestris varmongolica Litv seedlings and the mycorrhizal formation of tissue cultured plantlets onpinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv Now respectively abstract writes as follow:
1.Morphological and anatomical characters analysis of ectomycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizal fungus classification and identificaton shoud be put emphasis on thesymbiotic fungus organizational characteristic with tree species, because the morphologicaland anatomical feature of fungus organization is stable and it was proved to providingqualification and possiblility for ectomycorrhizal fungus classification and identifi cation.In this study, taking mycorrhizal sysbiosis as the study object, from Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv starting and from the morphological and anatomical angle, studied theseectomycorrhizal types systematicly, and comprehensive characteristic of19ectomycorrhiz-al types were described using photographs and words. At the same times, on this basis,made a generalization and drawn a conclusion on ectomycorrhizal colour, morphologicalcharacters, surface structure of mantle and anatomical characters in plan views and so on;Further probed in the feasibility of ectomycorrhizal classification and identification in thelight of exterior hyphae, mycorrhizal colour, interior microstructure shuc as arrangedpatterm of mantle hyphae, mantle surface structure and anatomical structure of hyphae andrhizomorphs mainly. On the basis of this study have make a species identification on all19ectomycorrhizal types by means of molecular technology.
2. Molecular identification reseach on the ectomycorrhizal root tips
This research was on the premise of having been sorted out basal ectomycorrhizaltypes, took the mycorrhizal symbiosis root tips of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv asstudied material, extracted DNA of symbiosis, then ITS regions of DNA of identifiedectomycorrhizal fungi were amplified using the special pairs of primers ITS1F/ITS4andsequenced, the sequences determined were compared with those registered in rDNAsequence database on Internet, then identification results were obtained according tocomparing results and other biological information in DNA sequence database on Internet. At last, ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity of several trees species in Inner mongolia wereconfirmed. The results write as follow: of the total of19morphology and anatomaticaltypes of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv,19types were identified to the level of family,genus and species respectively, ectomycorrhizal types of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolicaLitv belonging respectively to family level is3, genus level is1and rest of15is identifiedto species level; At the same times, among19identified ectomycorrhizal types,15speciesbelong to Basidiomycotina and4species belong to Ascomycotina.
This research have finished species identifications, as well as by using the biologicalinformation resources on Internet adequately, constructed the taxonomy report, andanalysed the compared results and taxonomy report.
3. Effect of ectomycorrhizae on the growth of pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvseedings
In this research,the mycorrhizae synthesis between Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolicaLitv and Suillus granulatus O.Kurttee、Suillus grevillei Sing、Tuber liaotongense、Lactariuspubescens、Cortinarius caerulescens Fr、Russula xerampelina Cenococcum geophilum Fr、Pisolithus tinctorius Coker＆Couch.and Paxillus involulus Fr.was studied under potculture conditions.The results showed that Suillus granulatus O.Kurttee and Suillusgrevillei Sing most probably belonged to one ectomycorrhizal fungus the same family,andthe rapid mycorrhizae formation produced strong stimulation on seeding in heightgrowth,radial growth and dry biomass accumulation,especially the increasing of drybiomass for the inoculated seeding was2-3times higher than that of the controlled ones.Drought stress was studied Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv mycorrhizal seedlings(syn-thesized for130day), with the purpose of ascertaining their drought resistance mechanism.The result indicated that mycorrhizul seedlings increased their drought resistance by man-ifold physiological and biochemical mechanisms that enhancing photosynthesis speed,augmenting the root top ratio, increasing the proline content and the activity of SOD andreducing the MDA．Among all the strains，Suillus granulatus O.Kurttee had the strongestdrought resistance capacity．Critical dead time of mycorrhizal seedlings was postponed61hours than the contrast.
4. The mycorrhizal formation of tissue cultured plantlets
The effect of hormone on the callus induction and differentiation of mature embryoof Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv was studied. And an efficiency regeneration Systemof the plant was estable.lished. The optimal conditions of each tissue culture stage wereestable.lished: The best proportion of medium of callus induction of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv are:1/2MS+2,4-D1.5mg·L~(-1)+6-BA0.5mg·L~(-1)The best proportion of mediu-m of the proliferated callus leaded of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv are:1/2MS+2,4-D1.0mg·L~(-1)+6-BA0.2mg·L~(-1).The best proportion of medium of callus differentiation ofPinu-s sylvestris var. mongolica Litv are:1/2MS+IBA0.1mg·L~(-1)+6-BA1.0mg·L~(-1);Thebestpropor-tion of medium of Adventitious buds elongation growththe of Pinus sylvestris var. mongol-ica Litv are:1/2MS+0.1%activated carbon; The best proportion of medium of rooting of Pi-nus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv are:1/2MS+NAA0.5mg·L~(-1)+IBA0.2mg·L~(-1).After inocul-ated S.g and G-S.g for5months to the plantlets of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvafter transplanting, the mycorrhizal formation rates of S.g and G-S.g both were up to95%.The infection rates of S.g and G-S.g on the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv were up to75%. The heights,the ground diameters and the total dry weights of mycorrhizal plantletsof Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv were Significantly improved than the contrast.All ofthe results manifested that after inoculated G-S.g, the growth of host plants were improveddefinitely.
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