摘要
在早期抚养过程中,儿童的运动资源几乎全部被成年人所控制,儿童运动参与机会的主要提供者是他/她生命当中可依附的重要他人。由于父母是子女健康生活方式的主要建构者,因此可以确认：在运动领域,父母对儿童运动参与有重要预测作用。区别于国外的蓬勃发展,国内有关父母影响儿童运动参与研究较为少见。本研究以“知信行模式”为理论依据在天津市内六区进行取样,开展父母—儿童运动参与实证研究,试图了解天津市父母—儿童运动参与中有关运动知识、信念和行为方面的问题。研究探讨了父母和儿童运动知识结构、父母—儿童运动参与知信行关系及父母运动知信行干预的权重分配。
研究采用访谈和问卷调查等方法,对天津市15位家长进行访谈,发放配对问卷1600套,最终有1173个家庭进行了三轮问卷调查,综合采用多种统计分析技术得到研究结果。研究结论如下：
第一、父母健康与体育知识结构是一个多因素并列结构,主要包括体育本体性知识、体育条件性知识、体育实践性知识和一般健康抚养知识；儿童体育知识是一个单维结构,主要内容为体育运动实践性知识。
第二、父母健康与体育知识对父母信念、运动行为投入有积极影响,表明父母掌握更多健康和体育知识对自身和儿童有利。
第三、儿童体育知识对儿童信念、运动行为有积极影响,表明儿童掌握更多体育知识对其运动信念和行为有利。
第四、父母运动参与知信行结构能显著预测儿童运动参与知信行结构,而儿童感知父亲运动参与程度对儿童运动参与知信行关系起到部分中介作用。
第五、目标层中父母知识、信念和行为三方面权重分配存在显著差异。其中行为具有最大权重。知识准则层中健康抚养知识所占权重最大。信念准则层中工作价值所占权重最大。行为准则层中时间投入所占权重最大。提示父母对儿童运动参与影响行为最为关键,且对子女运动需求上的时间投入是最佳策略。
In the early phase of children growth, most their sport resources are manipulated by the adults and their sport participation supply is mainly controlled by the significant others that children depend on. As the main constructors of children's healthy life, it's confirmed that parents are indicative of children's sport participation. Different from foreign research, domestic research of this field is rare. Based on the Model of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) and sampled from6areas of Tianjin, this research made an empirical study on parent-children sport participation and tried to figure out some parent-children sport participation issues relating to sport knowledge, attitude and practice.
By means of interview and questionnaire,15parents were interviewed and1600sets of the questionnaire were distributed among which1173families completed all three rounds of questionnaires. The statistics results were as follows:
1. Parents' knowledge construction of health and sport was a coordinated structure including the subject-matter knowledge of sport, the conditional knowledge of sport, the practical knowledge of sport and general health parenting knowledge; children's sport knowledge was the result of single dimension mainly about the practical knowledge.
2. Parent's knowledge of health and sport had positive influence on their attitude and sport behavior and the more health and sport knowledge the parents had, the more beneficial to themselves and their children.
3. Children's sport knowledge had positive influence on their attitude and their sport behavior and it was more beneficial to their sport's attitude and practice if they got more sport knowledge.
4. The KAP of children's sport participation was predicted by the KAP of parents'sport participation. Children's perception on quality of parental involvement partially mediated the relationship between the KAP of children's sport participation and the KAP of parents'sport participation.
5. In the targeted layer was significant difference on weighted distribution among parents'KAP about sport participation and practice ranked the first of KAP. In the criteria layer of knowledge, general health parenting knowledge was the largest contributor. In the criteria layer of attitude, task value was the largest contributor. In the criteria layer of practice, time input was the largest contributor. These results suggest that practice is the most crucial factor in the parent-children' s exercise intervention and the best approach is time input to children's sports needs.
引文
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