现代增长理论视角下的中国经济增长动力研究
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摘要
现代增长理论(索洛模型、拉姆齐模型和内生增长理论)描述了经济增长的动力和路径,对人类经济增长的史实和现代西方国家经济增长的动力做出了较好的论述和研究,尽管依然有所不足,但却为经济学家们进行下一部研究打下了较好的基础。现有的增长理论文献主要从数理模型和计量方法两个方面来对经济增长的绩效和现实进行研究,得出了大量有意义的结果,如果我们考虑到各国经济增长的现实,我们便会发现现有的西方文献多运用计量方法来从事现实实际的研究,以致于在现代西方经济某些学派,计量方法几乎取代了传统的政治经济学方法,经济增长理论和实际的研究亦复如是。我们认为,传统的政治经济学方法依然是不可或缺的,如果一味依赖于模型和计量方法,我们很难发现一些重要的联系,更难以在社会变革的条件下运用数量方法来进行研究,而各国经济发展的现实告诉我们,经济增长的产生必须要依赖于一定的社会条件,经济增长的结果也将对社会发展产生影响,这些影响会对某些模型参数产生微妙的作用。因此,作者试图运用现代增长理论,结合政治经济学方法,将其在理论上和实践研究上予以深化,来对今后中国经济增长的动力做出初步研究。
     中国经济在过去30余年中取得了骄人的发展成绩,人均GDP在2012年已突破6000美元大关,考虑到中国的人口规模,这样的经济发展成绩和工业化规模在世界历史上几乎很难找到先例,即使是美国的经济发展和工业化与之相比也不免有所逊色。但我们要认识到的是,随着人类科学技术水平的提高,经济现代化的门槛也相应提高,以往的经济现代化水平用今天的标准衡量已不符合今天经济现代化的要求,这就需要中国经济在下一个十年内继续以一个中高速来发展,才能在经济发展水平和技术水平上赶上发达国家现有的水平。
     通过对理论和实际的分析,我们发现,在现代社会,经济增长需要一定的社会条件。正如内生增长理论所指出的,从长期来看,经济增长的最终决定力量是科技创新和人力资本水平的提升,进入工业化社会以后尤其如此。工业化的产生,需要一系列社会条件,如果在不具备这些社会条件的基础上强行推进工业化,只能像许多发展中国家一样,在经济增长了一段时间后陷于停滞,国家经济水平停滞不前甚至倒退。而在发达国家,经济增长是一种较为常见的现象,除了处于周期性波动的衰退阶段外,西方国家在普通的年份总能取得一定的经济增长速率,尽管和一些发达国家相比,这个速率显得较低,但发达国家比发展中国家更加不易陷入长期经济停滞是一个可以成立的事实。
     与发展中国家相比,发达国家的经济增长比较稳定,经济增长的动力主要来源于科技创新和人力资本禀赋的提升,以及在此基础上一些有利于经济发展的次生优势,如教育、技术交流和扩散、产业转移与重塑等因素,这就使得发达国家的经济始终具备一定的活力。通过对发达国家经济发展历程的研究,我们发现,正是因为发达国家在这些方面存在的优势,确保了其经济技术水平不断提高,而这正是西方发达国家经济不断增长的原因所在。这种确保经济技术水平不断增长的机制本文称之为稳态增长机制,本文的主要目的也正是探索如何在中国建立稳态增长机制,以及我们现在离这样的机制还有多远。
     本文第一章是导论。在本章中,作者给出了中国经济发展的现状、难点,并叙述了经济增长理论产生的过程,以及为何选择现代经济增长理论作为本文基本研究工具的原因。这一章还回顾了发达国家工业化的历程以及发展中国家经济增长的不稳定性,指出了只有在发达国家,经济增长才成为一种比较稳定的现象,因而中国经济要想持续稳定增长,必须像发达国家那样具有稳定的增长动力,而这是目前中国经济发展的不足之处。
     第二章在第一章对现代增长理论简述性介绍的基础上,比较详细地给出了原始索洛模型、拉姆齐模型和内生增长理论发展历程的介绍。内生增长理论是建立在罗默、卢卡斯和巴罗等几篇经典文献基础之上的,这些经典文献给出了内生增长理论的基本框架和方法,其他的文献基本上都可以看做这几篇文献的推广和应用。在这些介绍的基础上,作者探索了西方社会经济增长的机制,本文称这种机制为稳态增长机制。
     第三章在卢卡斯1988年经典论文的基础之上,运用增长理论和政治经济学、社会学相结合的方法,系统地研究了人力资本对经济增长的作用,以及人力资本禀赋提升对于发达国家和发展中国家经济增长的影响,并从增长理论的视角对人力资本进行了系统的研究,得出若干重要性质,指出了人力资本禀赋提升对于一国经济增长和建立稳态增长机制的重要作用。以此为基础,本章研究了中国人力资本禀赋现状,对中国人力资本禀赋的不足进行了一定深度的探讨,并提出了改善的对策,认为提升人力资本禀赋不仅可以成为中国经济进一步增长的动力,其提升的过程所创造的需求本身即可推动经济增长。
     第四章将研究中心放在科技创新对于经济增长的推动作用,以及如何提升中国科技创新实力,增强中国发展动力之上。本章首先给出了科学技术的公共产品性质,指出科学技术属于一种特定意义上的公共产品,特别是基础科学,需要政府而不是私人盈利机构作为一种公共产品向社会提供。作为长期增长的推动力量,科技创新对于经济增长具有基本的重要作用,本章也研究了经济增长对科技创新的基本重要性,分析了国外相关案例,指出了工业时代中国经济和社会发展转型的长期性与艰巨性的一个重要原因即在于科技水平落后。最后分析了中国科技水平现状,对经济发展的作用以及今后发展的动力所在,提出了改善对策。
     第五章在前几章的基础上,研究了对稳态增长机制形成至关重要的几个方面:技术学习和消化、产业结构的重塑与转移、教育体系的完善。这几个方面对于形成稳态增长机制的作用是至关重要的,人力资本禀赋的提升和科技创新能力的完善也正是通过这几个方面表现出来。相对于人力资本和科技创新能力,这几个方面具有一定的动态性,在这些因素提升的过程中,人力资本水平和科技创新能力都较以往得到了提高,许多发展中国家之所以未能跨越“中等收入陷阱”,与这几个方面的落后有很大的关系。对于现阶段的中国,要想完全依靠科技创新来推动经济增长有着一定的困难,原因正在于这几个次生优势方面中国还存在着非常明显的短板,而这种短板弥补的过程本身即是稳态经济增长机制形成的过程。
     第六章对本研究做出了一个总结,由于中国经济的持续增长以及科技实力的提高,中国正在走出转型时代,朝向建立稳态增长机制的方向前进。如果政府作用到位,这个过程将对经济发展起到重大作用,并且稳态增长机制也将成为这个过程的自然结果。随着这个过程的完成,中国将成为一个具有强大创新性能力的国家,中国经济的增长动力最终也将是科技创新和人力资本禀赋不断提升。
     从本质上来说,中国经济增长的过程是中国社会转型的一种外在和表征,正因为中国在整个20世纪经历了一个长时期的转型过程,而这个转型过程中又伴随着战乱与较长时期的经济萧条,对比东邻日本和“亚洲四小龙”的发展绩效,很容易使人对中国经济增长存在着疑虑和担心。但这种观点忽略了社会条件对经济发展的影响,在这段时期,中国由一个传统意义上的中央集权农业帝国逐渐转变为现代国家,而经济增长则是这种转型的外在表现之一。中国将在未来20年内逐步完成这种转型,并为相关经济理论和社会理论提供一个全新的巨型国家转型与发展的重大案例。
Modern growth theory (Solow model, Ramsey model and endogenous growth theory)describes the driving forces and path of economic growth, the economic growth of humanhistory and modern western countries, although it still has some drawbacks, it has laid agood foundation for next research. Existing theoretical literatures mainly stem from twoaspects: mathematical models and measurement methods, a lot of meaningful results arefounded. If we consider the reality of economic growth, we can discover existing westernliteratures often use econometrics to engaged in the research of reality, and in a wayeconometric methods almost replace the traditional political economics. We believe thatthe traditional methods of political economics are indispensable, if we blindly depended onthe model and measurement methods, it is hard to find some important links and toresearch economy under the conditions of social changes. But the economic developmentof most countries’ reality tells us that economic growth must rely on certain socialconditions, the economic growth the results page will affect social development, and theimpression will be subtle impacts on some model parameters. As a result, the author triesto combine modern growth theory with the method of political economics to deepen theresearch in theory and practice, and hopes to lay a preliminary foundation for futureresearches.
     Over the past30years,China's economy make great developments, GDP per capitain2012has exceeded the$6000, considering the population size of China, the economicdevelopment results and industrial scales, it is almost hard to find a precedent in thehistory of the world. But we must realize that with the improvement of the level of humancapital and technology, the threshold of economic modernization also increaseaccordingly, old economic modernization level by today's standards does not accord withthe requirement of today's economic modernization, which requires Chinese economy inthe next decade continues with a high speed to develop, then China can catch up with thedeveloped countries.
     Through the analysis of theory and practice, we found that in the modern society, theeconomic growth needs certain social conditions. As endogenous growth theory points out,in the long run, the ultimate decisive forces of economic growth are the promotion ofscientific and technological innovation and human capital, especially after theindustrialization society. Industrialized productions need a series of social conditions, ifsociety pushed industrialization without these conditions, like many developing countries, we will see the national economic stagnation and even backwards. In developed countries,economic growth is a more common phenomenon, except in a short-term recessionphase of the whole cyclical fluctuations. In ordinary years the western countries canalways obtain certain economic growth rates, although compared with some developingcountries, the rate is lower, but developed countries is not easier to fall in long-termstagnation than developing countries.
     Compared with developing countries, developed countries have a relatively stableeconomic growth, economic growth mainly comes from the innovation of science andtechnology and the improvement of human capital endowments. On this basis, somebenefit to economic development of the secondary advantages, such as education,technical communication and diffusion, industrial transfer and the reshaping, these factorsmake the developed countries always have a certain economic vitality. Based on theresearch of the developed countries, economic development, we found that theseadvantages of the developed countries ensure their economic technology levelsunceasing enhancement, which is the cause of the economic growth in westerndeveloped countries. In the paper this mechanism to ensure economic development iscalled the steady state growth mechanism, the main purpose of this paper is to explorehow to establish steady growth mechanism in China, and we now how far is it from such amechanism.
     In this paper, chapter1is introduction. In this chapter, the author gives the presentsituations and difficulties of China's economic development, and describes the process ofdevelopment of economic growth theory, and why choose modern economic growththeory as the basic research tools. This chapter also reviews the course ofindustrialization in the developed countries and developing countries, and points out thateconomic growth becomes a relatively stable phenomenon only in the developedcountries. Thus China must learn from developed countries, then she has the stablegrowth momentum to realize steady economic growth, but this point is the deficiency ofChina's economic development at present.
     Chapter2introduces modern growth theory in detail, including the original Solowmodel, Ramsey model and endogenous growth theory development course is introduced.Endogenous growth theory is based on Romer,Lucas,Barrow, and several classicliteratures, these classical literatures give the basic framework of endogenous growththeory and methods of other literatures, basically all other articles were seen as the promotion and applications. On the basis of the introduction, the author explores themechanisms of economic growth in western society. In this paper, the author calls it themechanism for the steady state growth mechanism.
     Based on Lucas(1988), chapter3combines growth theory with political economics,sociology methods to systematically study the role of human capital on economic growth,as well as the human capital endowment ascension for developed countries and theimpacts of economic growth in developing countries from the Angle of growth theory to thestudy of the system, and obtains some important properties of human capital, points outthat human capital endowment ascent for a country's economic growth and the importantrole of establishing steady growth mechanism. On this basis, this chapter studies thecurrent situations of human capital endowments, lack of human capital endowment inChina has carried on the certain depth of the discussion, and put forward thecountermeasures of improving, and that the endowment of human capital can not onlybecome China's further economic growth, the process of ascension have created demanditself can promote economic growth.
     Chapter4centers on the roles of science and technology innovation for economicgrowth, and how to promote China's scientific and technological innovation capability,enhance China's development momentum. This chapter firstly presents the public goodsnature of science and technology, points out that science and technology belong toparticular public products, especially in basic science, so we need the government ratherthan private profit as a public product provided to society. This chapter also studies theeconomic growth of the fundamental importance of science and technology innovation,analyzes the foreign related case, points out that in the industrial era of transformationthe difficulties China's economic and social development faced is Chinese backwardlevels in science and technology. In the final analysis of the current situation of Chinascience and technology level, for the future development of the role of economicdevelopment and driving force, puts forward some countermeasures to improve.
     Chapter5is essential to the formation of steady growth mechanism which is studiedfrom several aspects: technological learning and digesting, reshape and transfer ofindustrial structure, the improvement of the education system. These respects are veryimportant to the formation of steady growth mechanism, human capital endowments ofascension and the improvement of the science and technology innovation ability and it isthrough these aspects. Relative to the human capital and technological innovation ability, the human capital levels and the innovation ability of science and technology wereimproved more significantly than ever, many developing countries have failed to cross the"middle-income trap". For China at this stage, if you want to completely rely on scientificand technological innovation to promote economic growth, you will find many difficulties,because China has obvious drawbacks in these secondary advantages, and the processin which these drawbacks make up is the one that steady economic growth mechanismforms.
     Chapter6makes a summary to this research. Due to China's continued economicgrowth and improvement of the strength of science and technology, China is walking outthe transition period towards the direction of establishing steady growth mechanism. If thegovernment role is appropriate, this process will play a major role in economicdevelopment, and the steady state growth mechanism will also be the natural result of thisprocess. With the completion of this process, China will become a country with a strongcreative ability. China's economic growth will eventually improve scientific andtechnological innovation and human capital endowments.
     In essence, the process of China's economic growth is one of the socialtransformation of China's external and characterization, and because China in the20thcentury experienced a long period of transition, accompanied by conflict and long periodof economic depression. Compared with the east of Japan and the development of the"Asian tigers" performance, it is easy to make people have doubts and fears on China'seconomic growth. But this view ignores the influence of the social conditions for economicdevelopments during this period. China is going through gradually transition fromtraditional centralized empire to modern countries. China will gradually complete thistransition in the next20years, and provides a new giant country in transition anddevelopment of important cases for the relevant economic theory and social theory.
引文
1马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,第340页。
    2金志霖:《13世纪产业革命及其影响初探》,《史林》,2007年第5期,第128-135页。
    3相关资料可见《剑桥欧洲经济史(第五卷)》P278页。
    4突出地一点就是阿克莱特在参访意大利后参照当地设计发明了水力纺纱机。
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    6《剑桥欧洲经济史(第四卷)》P355页。
    7《剑桥欧洲经济史(第四卷)》P541页。
    12详情可见巴罗和萨拉-伊-马丁的《经济增长》第260页,格致出版社等2010年版。
    15高粱,《中国装备制造业的自主创新和产业升级》,知识产权出版社,P162.
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