摘要
在经济全球化条件下，全球价值链（Global Value Chains,GVC）是世界经济资源配置的重要方式，并成为产业发展的新模式。GVC控制权已成为世界各国产业竞争的战略重点，也是厂商国际竞争能力新的表现形式。本文以制造嵌入厂商GVC控制权的形成机制为研究对象，即研究制造厂商在嵌入GVC过程中，如何不断提升对GVC的整体影响力和控制能力。构建制造厂商在GVC中的控制权，不仅有利于完善GVC治理结构，而且对于“中国制造”熨平“微笑曲线”具有重要的现实意义。
构建制造环节GVC的控制权，是以制造厂商嵌入GVC为前提条件的。“嵌入竞争”成为本文的基础性概念。在现有相关研究的文献综述基础上，本文首先描述了GVC中的特殊市场结构和竞争结构。分析显示，制造嵌入厂商对于GVC的嵌入，将面临着“十字型”二维市场竞争结构：同一片段厂商为获取嵌入机会所展开的水平方向竞争，以及不同片段厂商为获取GVC租金更大收益分配权的垂直方向竞争。“面对面”的水平竞争与“垂直约束”的矢量交合，构成一种特殊的嵌入竞争市场结构。这成为本文构建“嵌入竞争位势理论模型”的基本出发点。
由于竞争动机、竞争机制及其行为和策略的复杂性，嵌入竞争已经不能为某种单一的理论所阐释。本文在综合比较优势、竞争优势、资源控制、竞争优先权等理论的基础上，并通过分别代表技术、制造、销售的GVC三维空间等租金曲面和嵌入竞争位势与GVC网络租金分配的数学模型，首次提出“嵌入竞争位势模型”。嵌入竞争位势模型的基本特征，是以制造厂商在GVC中所具有的特定嵌入性制造能力前提下，制造嵌入厂商通过水平方向竞争优势所产生的“势能”与垂直方向比较优势生成的“位能”的综合，奠定了制造嵌入厂商在GVC中的“位势”。这种嵌入竞争位势是制造嵌入厂商从GVC嵌入跃迁到GVC控制结构嵌入的基本保障。实现制造嵌入厂商从GVC嵌入战略转型升级为GVC控制权嵌入竞争战略，不仅是对我国制造业转型升级命题的一个重要补充，也是本文研究的基本目标和主要特色。
GVC控制权嵌入机制是构成嵌入竞争位势模型的基本内容。为此，本文在对嵌入竞争位势经济学分析的基础上，通过借鉴不同学科的研究成果对制造厂商GVC控制权嵌入的作用机制进行了量化处理和实证检验。为了便于实证分析，本文通过对理论假说的经济学分析，将GVC控制权分解为“租金分配权”和“GVC治理权”两个基本的因变量，并通过17个观察变量聚类分析，析出“制造业区位优势”、“嵌入性制造能力”、“关系发展能力”、“可替代程度”、“工艺声誉资产”等5个因子作为自变量。采用问卷调查的方式获得了相关的计量数据，并运用SPSS数据统计分析软件和AMOS结构方程分析软件对调查问卷数据进行验证分析。从而检验制造嵌入厂商凭借嵌入竞争位势嵌入GVC控制权结构的主要制约因素。这一分析也为嵌入竞争策略的提出奠定了重要的理论基础。
由于本文的重点不在于如何嵌入GVC，而在于如何嵌入GVC的控制权体系，分享GVC控制权，因此，GVC租金分配权和治理权的获取，成为衡量嵌入竞争策略有效性的基准。围绕这一基准，本论文主要通过博弈论分析方法，提出嵌入竞争的“先水平获胜，再垂直占优”序列策略，水平厂商间的“竞合策略”、价格和非价格竞争策略，纵向间“跨期竞争”理念、防范“套牢”的可持续性互补策略、模块化技术“包裹”等相关的嵌入竞争策略。嵌入竞争策略的分析，也是嵌入竞争位势理论的重要内容之一。
为了检验先前理论分析得到的主要嵌入竞争策略的可行性，本文选择了6个分别属于3个不同价值链驱动模式的嵌入厂商进行跨案例实证分析。多行业跨案例实证检验进一步为嵌入竞争策略研究提供实际支撑，加强了论文研究成果的严谨性、科学性。在论文结论与展望章节，作者对本论文研究的主要成果进行了总结,并对论文研究的待完善点以及未来的研究提出了一些建议与思考。
Under the background of economic globalization, the Global Value Chains (GVC) isthe important solution of world economic resource allocation, and it is becoming one ofnew model of industrial development. The GVC controlling power has become the newstrategic focus in the world industry competition; as well it is the new expression form forenterprise’s international competitiveness. This thesis made the valuable hot spot researchregarding the formation mechanism of manufacturing GVC controlling power, researchedthe possible paths includes that the GVC manufacturing embedded enterprises continue toimprove their GVC controlling power and influence in whole chain. Helping the embeddedmanufactures to build up their share right of GVC controlling power, this research not onlybenefits to the perfection of GVC governance structure, but also make it is feasible to ironthe so-called "Smile Curve" more smooth, which will bring much important practicalsignificance for “Made in China”.
It is one of preconditions of building up GVC manufacturing controlling power thatthe manufacturing enterprises embed into GVC. The "Embedded Competition" is the firstbasic concept in this thesis. After the wide literature review of existing research related, thethesis starts with the analysis of the market structure and competition structure under thecondition of GVC embedding. The result of analysis shows, the embedded competitionenterprises have to face a "Cross-shaped" two-dimensional market structure: theenterprises have to implement the competition in order to obtain the embeddedopportunities in horizontal direction, and the embedded enterprises have to implement thecompetition in order to maximize the rent distribution in vertical direction. The marketstructure of embedded competition includes the horizontal direction as "Face to Face"effective competition and the vertical direction integrated with vertical restraintsmanagement. The final structure is constrained with such dual directions superposition andspecialized. This analysis output will be the base research starting point for building"Embedded Competitive Potential Model".
Due to the complexity of competitive motivation, competition mechanism and itsbehavior and strategy, the embedded competition couldn’t be explained by single theory.Base on the theoretical comprehensive from comparative advantage, competitiveadvantage, controlling of resources and competitive priorities, this thesis first timeproposes and claims the "Embedded Competitive Potential Model" with the equivalent rentcurve surfaces and GVC rent distribution capacity models in a three-dimensional spaceincludes technical, manufacturing and sales. As the basic feature of “EmbeddedCompetitive Potential Model", the manufacturing enterprises create their potential energyin GVC through obtain the "Competition Energy" in horizontal direction and “PositionEnergy" in vertical direction base on the precondition of specialized embeddingmanufacturing capability. This GVC potential energy is the basic guarantee that themanufacturing enterprises can transform their roles from GVC embedding to GVCcontrolling power structure embedding. Realizing the upgrading from GVC embeddedcompetition strategy to GVC controlling power structure embedded competition strategy isnot only the important additional theory for the transformation and upgrade propositionalof manufacturing enterprises in our country, but also is the main target of this research andit’s main theory shining point.
The GVC controlling power embedded competition strategy is the basic content ofembedded competitive potential model. Therefore, after the economics deductive analysisof embedded competition potential model, this thesis makes a quantitative and synthesizedempirical study for main influencing factors and mechanisms between embeddedcompetition potential and GVC controlling power. In order to facilitate the empiricalanalysis, the thesis breaks the controlling power into2induced variables as "RentDistribution Capacity" and "GVC Governance Power". And the thesis clusters17measurable variables into five main potential energy argument factors which are describedas "Manufacturing Location Advantages","Embedded Manufacturing Capacity","Relationship Development Capacity","Alternative Degrees" and "Process ReputationAssets". The thesis obtained the measurement data via questionnaire, and both of SPSSstatistical analysis software and AMOS structural equation analysis software are used forthe questionnaire data selection, validation and analysis. In order to verify the rationality ofembedded competitive potential effect the GVC controlling power model. This empiricalresearch and test is the key theoretical principle which will help to propose the main embedded competition strategies.
Since the main focus of this thesis is the solution of embedding into GVC controllingpower structure instead of embedding into GVC, therefore, the acquirement of "RentDistribution Capacity" and "GVC Governance Power" became the benchmark of theeffectiveness of embedded competition strategies. Around this benchmark, the mainstrategies are recommended as bellows: the proposed the priority sequence of embeddedcompetition enforcement, which is called as "First win in the horizontal competition, andthen occupy the advantage in the vertical competition”. In the horizontal competition, the"Competing-cooperating" strategies and pricing and non-pricing competitive prioritystrategies are recommended. In vertical direction, the intertemporal concept andsustainability complementary strategy against the "Hold-up" should be applied in verticalcompetition, and also proposed the modular technologies and components " Packed", thesestrategies will promote the GVC controlling power improvement very much and benefitthe upgrade within GVC. The analysis of embedded competition strategy is also one of keycomponent of the theory of embedded competitive potential.
In order to verify the practicability of the main embedded competition strategieswhich is obtained by theoretical analysis, this thesis proceeds a multi-case empirical studywith6embedded enterprises which belong to3different GVC-driven styles. These casestudies with multi-industry enterprises make the research results of study more in line withthe actual situation, further enhance the preciseness and scientific of research results. Atthe end of thesis, the author summarizes the main research results and some prospectiveresearch thinking’s for next step research trend.
引文
[1] Allen R.G.D.,Mathematical analysis for economists[M],London,1938:272-273.
[2] Ahuja G.,The duality of collaboration:inducements and opportunities in the formationof interfirm linkages[J],Strategic management journal,2000,Vol.3.
[3] Amsden A.H.,Asia’s next giant:How Korea competes in the world economy[J],Technology review, Vol.92(4),1989.
[4] Angel Martínez Sánchez,Manuela Pérez,Lean indicators and manufacturingstrategies [J],International journal of operations&production management,2001,Vol.21:1433-1452.
[5] Bagozzi R.P.,Yi Y.,On the evaluation of structural equation models[J],Journal of theacademy of marketing science,1988,Vol.16(1):74-94.
[6] Bair J.,Gereffi G.,Local clusters in global chains:the causes and consequences ofexport dynamism in torreon's blue jeans industry[J],World development,2001,Vol.29(11):1885-1904.
[7] Baumol W.J.,Panzar J.S. and Willing R.D.,Contestable markets and the theory ofindustry structure [M],San Diego:Harcourt brace jovanovich,1982.
[8] Barney J.B.,How a firm’ s capabilities affect boundary decisions[J],Sloanmanagement review,1999,Vol.40(3):137-145.
[9] Barney J.B.,Strategic management:from informed conversation to academicdiscipline[J], Academy of management executive,2002,Vol.16(2):53-56.
[10] Barber B., All economies are "embedded":the career of a concept, and beyond[J],Social research,1995,62:387-413.
[11] Berdie,Douglas R.,Calculating percent difference[M],Marketing management,2004,Vol.12:59-59.
[12] Bonanno,Vickers,Vertical Separation[J],Journal of industrial economics,1988, Vol.36(3):257-265.
[13] Boyer K.K.,Lewis M.W.,Competitive priorities:investigating the need for trade-offsin operations strategy[J],Production and operations management[J],2002,Vol.11(11):9-21.
[14] Church,Jeffrey,Ware and rogher,industrial organization:strategic approach[M],Themcgraw hill companies inc.,2000.
[15] Cindy Parry&Jane Berdie,Steps in designing embedded evaluations,california socialwork education center,2004.4.
[16] Charles W.L.Hill,Cooperation opportunism and the invisible hand:implications ortransaction cost theory[J],Academy of management review,1990,Vol.15(3):500-513.
[17] Charles Corbett,Luk Van Wassenhove,Trade-offs?what trade-offs?competence andcompetitiveness in manufacturing strategy[C],California management review,Summer1993:107-122.
[18] Clark J.M.,Toward a concept of workable competition[J],American economic review,1940,Vol.30:241-256.
[19] Cramer C.,Can Africa industrialize by processing primary commodities?The case ofmozambican cashew nuts[J],World development,1999,Vol.27(7):1247-1266.
[20] Das K.T. and Teng B.S.,Resource and risk management in the strategic alliancemaking process [J],Journal of management,1998,Vol.1.
[21] Dicken P.&P.F. Kelly, K.Olds,W.C.Yeung,Chains and networks,territories andscales:towards a relational framework for analyzing the global economy[J],Globalnetworks,2001.
[22] Drazin R.,Van de Ven,A alternative form of fit in contingency theory[J],Administrative science quarterly,1985,Vol.30(4):514-539.
[23] Dunbar R.L.M.and Schwalbach J.,Corporate reputation and performance inGermany[J],Corporate reputation review,2000,Vol.3(2):115-123.
[24] Dussauge P., Garette B.&Mitchell W.,Learning from competing partners:outcomesand durations of scale and link alliances in europe, north america andAsia[J],Strategic management journa1,2001,Vol.21(2):99-126.
[25] Dyer J.H.,Effective inter-frim collaboration:how firms minimize transaction costsand maximize transaction value[J],Strategic transaction management journal,1997,Vol.18:535-556.
[26] Dyer J.H.&Singh H.,The relational view:cooperative strategy and sources of inter-organizational competitive advantage[J],Academy of management review,1998,Vol.23:660-679.
[27] Edward Mason,Workable competitionversus workable monopoly[D],Economicconcentration and the monopoly problem,Harvard university press,1957.
[28] Elberfeld,Walter,Market size and vertical integration:stigler's hypothesis reconsidered[J], Journal of industrial economics,2002,Vol.50(1):23-42.
[29] Feenstra,Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the globaleconomy[J], Journal of economic perspectives,1998,Vol.12(4):31-50.
[30] European communities,guidelines on vertical restraints,official commission notice of13October2000:291.
[31] Fontenay Catherine C. De,Cam Joshua S.,Can vertical integration by monopsonistharm consumer welfare?[J],International journal of industrial organization,2004.Vol.22(6):821-834.
[32] Fornell C.,Larcker D.F.,Evaluating structural equation models with unobservablevariables and measurement error[J],Journal of marketing research,1981,Vol.18(1):39-50.
[33] Gal-Or,Esther,Vertical integration or separation of the sales function as implied bycompetitive forces[J],International journal of industrial organization,1999,Vol.17(5):641-662.
[34] Gereffi G.,International trade and industria upgrading in the apparel commoditychain[J],Journal of international economics,1999a,Vol.48(1):37-70.
[35] Gereffi G.,A commodity chains framework for analyzing global industries[R],unpublished working paper for IDS,1999b.
[36] Gereffi.G.,International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commoditychain[J],Journal of international economics,1999,Vol.48(1):37-70.
[37] Gereffi G.,The global apparel value chain:what prospects for upgrading bydeveloping countries?[R],Austria:UNIDO,2003.
[38] Gereffi G.,Shifting governance structures in global commodity chains with specialreference to the internet[J],American behavior scientist,2001a,Vol.44(10):1616-1637.
[39] Gereffi,Gary,The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains:how U.S.retailers shape overseas production networks,G.Gereffi and M. Korzeniewicz(eds.),Commodity chains and global capitalism,Westport C.T.Praeger,1994:95-122.
[40] Gereffi, Gary,The transformation of the north american apparel industry: is nafta acurse or a blessing?[J],Integration&trade4,2001b,Vol.11:47-95.
[41] Gereffi G.,Humphrey J.,Sturgeon T.,The governance of global value chains[J],Reviewof international political economy,2005,Vol.12(1):78-104.
[42] Gereffi G.,Kaplinsky R.,The value of value chains[J],Special issue of IDS bulletin,2001, Vol.32:123-158.
[43] G.K.Leong,D.L.Snyder,P.T.Ward,Research in the process and content ofmanufacturing strategy [J],Omega,1990,Vol.18(2):109-122.
[44] Granovetter M.,Economic action and social structure:the problem of embeddedness[J],American journal of sociology,1985,Vol.91(3):481-510.
[45] Grossman,Helpman,Outsourcing in a global economy[J],Review of economic studies,2005. Vol.72(1):135-159.
[46] Grossman,Helpnmn,Integration vs. outsourcing in industry equilibrium[J],Quarterlyjournal of economics,2002Vol.117(1):85-120.
[47] Grossman,S. J. Hart,The cost and benefits of ownership:a theory of vertical andlateral integration [J],Journal of political economy,1986,Vol.94:691-719.
[48] Gulati R.,Network location and learning:The influence of network resources and firmcapabilities on alliance formation[J],Strategic management journal,2000.21:345-367.
[49] Hagedoorn J.,Link A.N.,Von O.&Nicholas S.,Research partnerships[J],Researchpolicy,2000, Vol.29(5):567-586.
[50] Hayes R.H.,Wheel wright S.C.,Link manufacturing process and product lifecycles[J]. Harvard business review,1979,Vol.1:133-140.
[51] Hayes R.H.,Wheel wright S.C.,Restoring our competitive edge: competing throughmanufacturing [M],New York:Wiley,1984:201-210.
[52] Hayes H.R.,Wheel wright C.S.,Clark K.,Dynamic manufacturing[M],New York:The free press,1988:25-42.
[53] Henderson J.,Danger and opportunity in the Asia Pacific,London:Routledge,1998.
[54] Herriott R.E.,Firestone W.A.,Multisite qualitative policy research:optimizingdescriptions and generalizability[J],Educational researcher,1983,Vol.12(2):14-19.
[55] Hill Charles W.L.,Jones Gareth R.,Strategic management:an integratedapproach[M],Boston: Houghton Mifflin,2001.
[56] Holmes,Thomas J.,Localization of industry and vertical disintegration[J],The reviewof economies and statistics,1999,Vol.81(2):314-325.
[57] Holm D.B.,Eriksson K.&Johanson J.,Creating value through mutual commitment tobusiness network relationships[J],Strategic management journal,1999.20:467-486.
[58] Hobday M.,East asian latecomer firms:learning the technology of electronics[R],World develop-ment,1995,Vol.7.
[59] Hobday M.,The electronics industries of pacific asia:exploiting international produc-tion networks for economic development[R],Working paper,2000.
[60] Humphrey J.,Schmitz H.,Governance in global value chains[C],In Hubert schmitzeds.,Local enterprises in the global economy:issues of governance and up grading,2003:349-381.
[61] Humphrey J.,Schmitz H.,Governance and upgrading:linking industrial cluster andglobal value chain research[M],Institue of development studies,Brighton:universityof Susex,2000.
[62] Humphrey J.,Schmitz H.,How does insertion in global value chains effect upgradingin industrial clusters?[R],Regional studies,2000,Vol.36(9):1017-1027.
[63] Jansen,Jos,Coexistence of strategic vertical separation and integration[J],Internationaljournal of industrial organization,2003,Vol.21(5):699-716.
[64] Jay Barney,Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage[J],Journal ofmanage-ment,1991,Vol.17(5):99-120.
[65] John Child,Organizational structure,environment and performance: the role ofstrategic choice [J],Sociology,1972.1,Vol.6:11-22.
[66] Johannessen,J.,A.&Olsen B.,Knowledge management and sustainable competitiveadvantages: impact of dynamic contextual training[J],International journal of inform-ation management,2003,Vo1.23:277-289.
[67] Josephe，McCann，Dianel，Ferry, An approach for assessing and managing inter-unitinterdependence[J], Academy of management review,1997,4(1),113-119.
[68] J.Acobides,Winter S.,The co-evolution of capabilities and transactioncosts:explaining the institutional structure of production[J],Strategic managementjournal,2005(26):395-413.
[69] Kale P.,Singh H. and Perlmutter H.,Learning and protection of proprietary in strategicalliances: building relation capital[J],Strategic management journal,2000,Vol.21.
[70] Kaplinsky R.,Spreading the gains from globalization:what can be learned from valuechain analysis?[J],Journal of development studies,2000,Vol.37(2):117-146.
[71] Kaplinsky R.,M.Morris,A handbook for value chain research[M],Prepared for theIDRC,2001.
[72] Kathleen M.,Eisenhardt,Building theories from case study research[J],The academyof manage-ment review,1989,Vol.14(4):532-550.
[73] Kaufman Allen,Craig H.Wood,Theyel Gregory,Collaboration and technologylinkage:a strategic supplier typology[J], Strategic management journal,2000,Vol.21(6):649-663.
[74] Keith Weigelt and Colin Camerer, Reputation and corporate strategy: a review ofrecent theory and applications[J], Strategic management journal,1988,Vol.19(5):443-454.
[75] Kenneth K. Boyer and Marianne W. Lewis,Competitive priorities: investigating theneed for trade offs in operations strategy[J],Production and operations management,2002,Vol.11(1):41-50.
[76] Kie C.,Hynes M.,Where is the disintegration[J],Growth＆change,1996,Vol.27(1):29-46.
[77] Kim L.,Imitation to innovation:the dynamics of Koreas technological learning,Boston:Harvard business school press,1997.
[78] Kishimoto,Chikashi,Hurdles of industria upgrading in global value chains:a case ofthe Taiwanese PC industry[J],International political economy,2002,Vol.9:47-67.
[79] Kishimoto,Chikashi,Industrial cluster and innovation:a case study of the Taiwanesepersona computer industry[J],International political economy,2003,Vol.11:39-56.
[80] Kishimoto,Chikashi,Clustering and upgrading in global value chains:the taiwanesepersonal computer industry,local enterprises in the global economy: issues ofgovernance and upgrading,2004:233-264.
[81] Klein,Benjamin,Crawford,Robert G.and Alchian,Armen A.,Vertical integrationappropriable rents and the competitive contracting process[J],Law and Econ,1978,Vol.10(21):297-326.
[82] Kogut B.,designing global strategies: comparative and competitive value-addedchains[J],Sloan management review,1985,Vol.26(4).
[83] Krugman P.R.,Anthony,Globalization and the inequality of nations[J],Quarterlyjournal of economics,1995,Vol.110(4):857-880.
[84] Lawrence M. Corbett, D.ClayWhybark,Searching for the Sandcone in the GMRGdata[J], International journal of operations＆production management,2001.21(7):965-980.
[85] Leong C.K.,Snyder D.L.,Ward P.T.,Research in the process and content ofmanufacturing strategy[J],Omega,1990.18(2):109-122.
[86] LockettA.,Thompeon S.,The resources-based view and economics[J],Journal ofmanagement,2001, Vol.27(1):723-754.
[87] Loehlin J.C.，Latent Variable Models：A Introduction to Factor，Path, and StructalAnalysis(3rded.)[M],Mahwah,NJ:Erlbaum,1998.
[88] Lyons,Bruce R.,Sekkat,Khalid,Strategic bargaining and vertical separation[J],Journalof industrial economics,1991.Vol.39(5):577-593.
[89] Margaret A.Noble,Manufacturing strategy:testing the cumulative model in a multiplecountry context[J],Decision sciences,1995,26(5):693-721.
[90] Margaret A.Noble,Manufacturing competitive priorities and productivity an empiricalstudy[J], International journal of operations＆production management,1997,17(1):85-99.
[91] Marjorie A.Lyles;Jane E.Salk,Knowledge acquisition from foreign parents ininternational joint ventures: an empirical examination in the hungarian context[J],Journal of international business studies,1996,Special issue,Vol.27(5):877-903.
[92] Michael E. Porter,Competitive strategy:techniques for analyzing industries andcompetitors[M], New York:Free press,1980.
[93] Michael Porter,Clusters and the new economics of competition[J],Harvard businessreview,1998.
[94] Michael,Steven C.,Strategic and financial performance implications of globalsourcing strategy: a contingency analysis[J],Strategic management journal,2000,Vol.21(4):497-512.
[95] Madhok A.,Reassessing the fundamentals and beyond: ronald case,transaction costand resource-based theory of the firm[J],Strategic management journal,2002,Vol.23:535-550.
[96] Nadvi K.,Facing the new competition:business associations in developing countryindustrial clusters[M],International institute of labour studies,1999.
[97] Netemeyer R.G.,Johnston M.W.,Burton S.,Analysis of role conflict and roleambiguity in a structural equations framework[J],Journal of applied psychology,1990(75):148-157.
[98] Nunnally J.C.,Psychometric Theory[M],2thed, New York:McGraw-Hill,1978.
[99] Ordover,Saloner,Salop,equilibrium vertical foreclosure[J],American economic review,1990. Vol.80(1):127-142.
[100]Oliver C., Determinants of interorganizational relationships:integration and futuredirections, Academy of management review,1990(15),241-265.
[101]Palpacure F.,Gibbon P.,Thomsen L.,New challenges for developing country suppliersin global clothing chains:a comparative European perspective[J],World development,2005,Vol.33(3):409-430.
[102]Paul A. Krugman,"Scale economies, product differentiation, and the patterns oftrade", American economic review,1980,Vol.12:950-959.
[103]P é rez P.M. and S á nchez A.M.,Supplier relations and flexibility in spanishautomotive industry [J]. Supply chain management,2001,Vol.6.
[104]Pfeffer J.,Salancik G.R.,The external control of organizations-a resource dependenceperspective [M],New york:Harper&row,1978.
[105]Phusavat K.,Kanchana R.,Competitive priorities of manufacturing firms in Thailand[J],Industial management&data systems,2007,Vol.107(7):979-996．
[106]Pine J.,Mass customization:the new frontier in business competition [M],Boston,Harvard business school press,1993.
[107]Polanyi K.,The great transformation:the politieal and economic origins of our time[M], Boston,Beacon press,1944.
[108]Portes A.&Sensenbrenner J.,embeddedness and immigration:notes on the socialdeterminants of economic action[J],American journal of sociology,1993(98):1320-1330.
[109]Posner M., International trade and technical change[J],Oxford economic papers,1961,Vol.13(3):323-341.
[110]Prahalad C.K.,Gary Hamel,The core competence of the corporation[J],Harvardbusiness review,1990.5:79-90.
[111]Putnam R.D.,The prosperous community:social capital and public life[J].TheAmerican prospect,1993,Vol.13:35-42.
[112]Quinn B.R.,Strategic outsourcing:leveraging knowledge capabilities[J],Sloanmanagement review,1999,Vol.40(4):9-20.
[113]Riordan,Michael H.,Anticompetitive vertical integration by a dominant firm[J],American economic review,1998,Vol.88(5):1232-1248.
[114]Roberts P.W.,Dowling G.R.,Corporate reputation and sustained superior financialperformance [J],Strategic management journal,2002,Vol.23:1077-1093.
[115]Schmitz Hubert,K.Nadvi,Clustering and industrialization introduction[J],Worlddevelopment,1999,Vol.27(9):1503-1514.
[116]Schmenner R.W. and M.L.Swink,On theory in operations management[J],Journal ofoperations management,1998,17(1):97-113.
[117]Schmitz Hubert,Local upgrading in global chains:recent finds[J],Industrial dynamics,innovation and development,Elsinore,Denmark,2004.6:14-16
[118]Schonberger R.J.,World class manufacturing[M],New York:Free press,1986:23-33.
[119]Sehumacker R.E.,Lomax R.G.,A beginners guide to structural equation modeling.Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum associates,1996.
[120]Skinner W.,Production under pressure[J],Harvard business review,1966, Vol.44(6):139-146.
[121]Skinner W.,Missing the links in manufacturing strategy[J],London,Chapman&Hall,1992:15-25.
[122]Sosnick,Stephen H. A critique of concept of workable competition[J],1958.
[123]Srivastava R.K.,McInnish T.H.,Wood R.A. et al., The value of corporate reputation:evidence from the equity markets[J], Corporate reputation review,1997, Vol.1:62-68.
[124]Sturgeon T.,Van Biesebroeck J.,Gereffi G.,Value chains,networks and clusters:reframing the global automotive industry[J],Journal of economic geography,2008,Vol.18(3):297-321.
[125]Thomas F.Gattiker, Dal e L. Goodhue,What Happens Aft er ERP Impl ement at i on:Underst andi ng t he Impact of Interdependence And Differentiation on Plant-levelOutcomes[J],MIS Quarterl y，2005,September29(3),559-585.
[126]Utterback J. and W. Abernathy,A dynamic model of process and product innovation[J], Omega,1975.3:639-656.
[127]Uzzi B.,Social structure and competition in interfirm network:the paradox ofembeddedness [J],Administrative science quarterly,1997,Vol.42(1):35-61.
[128]Ward P.T.,Duray R.,Leozzg G.K.,Sum C., Business environment,operationsstrategy and performance:an empirical study of singapore manufacturers[J],Journal of operations management,1995,Vol.13:99-115.
[129]William G.Shepherd,The economics of industrial organization: analysis, markets,policies,4th edition,Prentice Hall international(UK)limited,London1997.
[130]Williamson,Oliver E.,Transaction cost economics:the governance of contractualrelations[J],Law and Econ,1979.10(22):233-261.
[131]Williamson,Oliver E.,Comparative economic organization:the analysis of discretestructural alternatives,administrative[J],Science quarterly1991,Vol.36.
[132]Winkleman M.,The fickle finger of reputation[J],The chief executive1999.4:79-81.
[133]Yin R.K.,Case study research:design and methods[M],Beverly Hills,CA:Sage,1989.
[134]Zaheer A.,Relational governance as an interorganizational strategy:an empirical testof the role of trust[J], Strategic management journal,1995,16(5),373-392.
[135]Zukin S.&Dimaggio P.,Structures of capital:the social organization of economy[M],Cambridge, MA: Cambridge university press,1990.
[136]产业构造研究会:《現代日本産業の構造と動態》,新日本出版社,2000年,第1版.
[137]伊丹敬之,《见える手にょる竞争:部品供应体制の效率性》,筑摩书房,1988.
[138]藤本隆宏,西口敏宏,伊藤秀史,供应体系创造新的企业间关系[M],有斐閣,1992,Vol.4.
[139]白雪洁,日本式产业组织的特征及其发展趋势[J],产业经济评论,2004.4第2卷第2辑.
[140]白雪松,跨音速非等熵全位势方程及其数值计算[D],北京航空航天大学,1989.
[141]彼得·德鲁克,管理的实践[M],北京:机械工业出版社,2006．
[142]乔尔·布利克等编著,协作型竞争[M],北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2000.
[143]程发新、赵艳萍、李守伟,制造企业竞争要素的问卷调查分析[J],工业工程与管理,2007(5):101-104.
[144]程发新、黄玉娟、梅强,代工模式下的竞争优先权与企业绩效关系研究[J],管理学报,2012(1),45-49.
[145]蔡西阳,企业位势理论及其应用研究[D],北京交通大学,2009.
[146]陈劲、张高亮等,基于全球价值链的珍珠产业升级机制研究[J],农业经济问题,2007(2):37-43.
[147]陈柳钦,关于GVC理论的研究综述[J],经济管理,2009.12:33-45.
[148]陈群,对带位势调和映照及其应用[D],复旦大学,1998.
[149]戴维·贝赞可；戴维·德雷诺夫著；武亚军译,公司战略经济学[M],北京大学出版社,1999:485.
[150]海·莫瑞斯著,产业经济学与组织[M],经济科学出版社,2001,第1版:275-280.
[151]丹尼斯·W·卡尔顿:《现代产业组织》,中国人民大学出版社[M],2009,第4版.
[152]董洁霜,现代港口发展的区位势理论研究[D],上海理工大学,2004.
[153]邓培林,赵淑玲,企业创建品牌与造势,西南交通大学学报(社会科学版),2004.1:24-27.
[154]汀静、刘志彪:全球化进程中的收益分配不均,中国产业升级:基于商品价值链视角的分析[J],经济理论与经济管理,2007.7:26-32.
[155]丁会凯,电力市场垂直渠道系统初探[J],上海电力学院学报,第14卷第3期,1998.9:53-57.
[156]傅红卓,含临界位势和临界指数的拟线性椭圆型方程的多重解[D],中国科学技术大学,2003．
[157]高鸿业,比较成本学说不应成为我国外贸发展战略的理论基础[J],经济问题探索,1982.4.
[158]费明胜、水家耀,核心能力:现代企业持续竞争的奥秘[M],华南理工大学出版社,2001.11:22.
[159]哈罗德德姆塞茨,所有权、控制与企业-论经济活动的组织[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[160]韩晶,全球价值链下的地方产业集群持续竞争优势的研究[J],国际经贸探索,2005(9):67-70.
[161]黄永明、何伟、聂鸣,全球价值链视角下中国纺织服装企业的升级路径选择[J],中国工业经济,2006(5):56-63.
[162]黄芳铭,结构方程模式一理论与应用[M],中国税务出版社,2005.
[163]洪银兴,从比较优势到竞争优势[J],经济研究,1997(6):20-26.
[164]侯杰泰、温忠麟、成子娟,结构方程及其应用[M],北京,教育科技出版社,2004:125-126.
[165]吉恩·泰勒尔著,产业组织理论[M],中国人民大学出版社,1998,第1版.
[166]金碚编著,产业组织经济学[M],经济管理出版社,1999,第1版.
[167]J.L.杜布,经典位势论与概率位势论[M],科学出版社,1993.12.
[168]蓝久雅,位势流之重整群与渐近性[D],成功大学[台湾],2001.
[169]黎继子、蔡根女,价值链视角下的集群研究新进展[J].外国经济与管理,2004(7).
[170]黎继子、刘春玲、蔡根女,全球价值链与中国地方产业集群的供应链式整合:以苏浙粤纺织服装产业集群为例[J],中国工业经济,2005(2):118-125.
[171]李立莉、叶柏青,顾客满意度测评指标体系建立及评价模型[J],科技与经济,2005(3):7-10.
[172]李萍、梁敏、张莉等,中小型制造企业竞争优先权关系实证研究[C],第八届中国管理科学学术年会论文集,北京:中国优选法统筹法与经济数学研究会,2006:622-626.
[173]林毅夫、蔡防和李周,中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革[M],上海:上海三联出版社,上海人民出版社,1999.
[174]林毅夫,经济学研究方法与中国经济学科发展[J],经济研究,2001.4.
[175]林毅夫、孙希芳,经济发展的比较优势战略理论[J],国际经济评论,2003(6):12-18.
[176]刘林青,谭力文,施冠群,租金、力量和绩效—全球价值链背景下对竞争优势的思考[J],中国工业经济,2008(1):50-58.
[177]刘志彪、张杰,全球代工体系下发展中国家俘获型网络的形成、突破与对策[J],中国工业经济,2007.5:39-47.
[178]刘志彪、石奇,现代产业经济学系列讲座(九)垂直约束[J],产业经济研究,2004.5:73-79.
[179]刘志彪,市场结构、厂商行为与价格联盟的不稳定性[J],江苏行政学院学报,2004.2:43-50.
[180]刘禄勤,Markov过程及其位势理论中的若干问题[D],武汉大学,1990.
[181]刘阳平、叶元煦,电力企业纵向经济的理论分析[J],华北电力学院学报,第19卷第3期,1999.9:89-93.
[182]卢福财、胡平波,全球价值网络下中国厂商低端锁定的博弈分析[J],中国工业经济,2008.10:23-32.
[183]吕文栋、张辉,全球价值链下的地方产业集群战略研究[J],中国软科学,2005(2):119-124.
[184]李飞、王高等,告诉成长的营销深化:基于中国10家成功企业的多案例研究[J],管理世界,2009(2):138-151.
[185]李凝紫,生产的市场结构:一项基于中国市场田野调查和工业普查数据的经验研究[J],社会学研究,2010.3.
[186]李中杰,亚稳态系统在时间相关位势下的量子稳定性[D],淡江大学[台湾],2002.
[187]梁文玲、李鹏,基于全球价值链治理的中国纺织企业升级战略思考[J].经济问题探索,2008(7):67-71.
[188]刘芹、陈继祥,基于全球价值链治理的我国纺织服装产业集群[J],纺织学报,2006(11):66-69.
[189]罗伯特·S·平狄克、丹尼尔·L·鲁宾费尔德,微观经济学[M],中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[190]罗伯特·K著,案例研究方法的应用[M],重庆大学出版社,2004,第2版.
[191]满小莉、田也壮、裴学亮,模块化定制下竞争优先权与制造绩效关系研究[J],运筹与管理,2010.19(1):162-169.
[192]梅丽霞,基于全球价值链视角的制造业集群升级研究[D],华中科技大学博士学位论文,2005.
[193]马建堂,结构与行为—中国产业组织研究[M],中国人民大学出版社,1993,35-36.
[194]马钢,企业竞争优势的内涵界定及其相关理论述评[J],经济评论,2006(1):113-121.
[195]毛林根,结构、行为、效果—中国工业产业组织研究[M],上海人民出版社,1996.40.
[196]牛顿,自然哲学之数学原理[M],北京大学出版社,2006.
[197]彭武元、方齐云,论自然垄断产业的有效竞争:兼评王俊豪等学者的观点[J],华中科技大学学报,2004.2.
[198]邱曙熙,Riemann曲面及其上的位势理论[M],厦门大学出版社,1998.
[199]丘海雄,于永慧,嵌入性与根植性:产业集群研究中两个概念的辨析[J],广东社会科学,2007(1):175-181.
[200]乔治·阿克尔洛夫,柠檬市场:质量的不确定性和市场机制[J],经济导刊,2001,(6):1-8.
[201]青木昌彦,安藤晴彦,模块时代-新产业结构的本质[M],上海远东出版社,2003,212-223.
[202]秦升,中国企业创新和产业升级面临的新挑战-模块化全球价值链[J],中国流通经济,2011.8,52-56.
[203]泰勒尔,产业组织理论[M],中国人民大学出版社,1997.
[204]孙德升,势与企业战略管理,市场论坛,2006.1:135-136.
[205]孙天琦著,产业组织结构研究:寡头主导,大中小共生[M],经济科学出版社,2001.
[206]孙天琦,企业在结构调整中的纵向分解研究[J],当代经济研究,1999.2:21-24.
[207]孙微山,略论限制转售价格行为[J],北京物价,2001.8:30-34.
[208]孙斌艺著,跨国公司垂直约束理论研究[M],上海人民出版社,2006,第1版.
[209]孙天法,市场结构范式的标准与构建措施[J],中国工业经济,2002.11:31-37.
[210]孙晓峰,模块生产网络研究[J],中国工业经济,2005.9:60-66.
[211]唐卫东、陈海龙,位势差异与竞争优势[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2006.5:105-108.
[212]童昕、王缉慈,全球商品链中的地方产业群以东莞的商圈现象为例[J],地域研究与开发,2003(1).
[213]文嫮、曾刚,嵌入GVC的地方产业集群发展:地方建筑陶瓷产业集群研究[J],中国工业经济,2004(6).
[214]王凤彬,科层组织中的异层级化趋向基于宝钢集团公司管理体制的案例研究[J].管理世界,2009(5):56-63.
[215]王成、余乐,垂直关系文献综述[J],厂商发展,2007.12.
[216]王梓坤,布朗运动与位势[M],科学出版社,1983.
[217]王俊豪,论有效竞争[J],中南财经大学学报,1995.5.
[218]王淑霞,罗洪程,定位势差的塑造,天津商学院学报,2000.7(4):38-41.
[219]王雷,全球价值链框架下跨国公司的“纵向控制”策略及突破路径研究:以晋江鞋业集群为例[J],经济体制改革,2010.5:62-66.
[220]魏守华,石碧华,论企业集群的竞争优势[J],中国工业经济,2002(1):59-65.
[221]维洛尼科·安布罗西尼，占正茂等译，隐性知识—企业赢得持续竞争优势的源泉[M],北京:经济管理出版社,2006.
[222]吴炯圻,现代位势理论导引[M],厦门大学出版社,1999．
[223]吴金希、于金达,浅析管理学中的案例分析方法—特点、方法设计与有效性讨论[J].科学学研究,2004(12).
[224]徐玖平、胡知能,垄断产品的价格歧视分析[J],电子科技大学学报,1999.6:642-646.
[225]许正良、王利政,企业竞争优势本源的探析—核心竞争力的再认识,吉林大学社会科学学报,2003(5):99-106.
[226]许冠南,关系嵌入性对技术创新绩效的影响研究[D],博士学位论文,浙江大学,2008.
[227]小岛清,对外贸易论[M],南开大学出版社,1987.
[228]杨小凯、张永生,新兴古典经济学和超边际分析[M],北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[229]杨小凯,发展经济学-超边际与边际分析[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
[230]杨桂菊,本土代工企业竞争力构成要素及提升路径[J],中国工业经济,2006(8):22-28.
[231]杨建文,周冯琦著,产业组织:21世纪理论研究潮流[M],2003年,第1版.
[232]杨光,企业要善于造势,郑州经济管理干部学院学报,2002.12:15-16.
[233]杨光华,土的本构模型的广义位势理论及其应用[M],中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[234]杨文培,降低产品成本必须调整厂商规模[J]．数量经济技术经济研究,1998.8:73-76..
[235]杨志蓉,团队快速信任:互动行为与团队创造力一对中介传导机制的探索与经验研究[D],浙江大学,2006.
[236]杨林、曾繁华,微笑曲线视角下的我国制造业竞争策略及其演化[J],科技进步与对策,2009.8(16):59-62.
[237]野中郁次郎,竹内弘高,李萌等译,创造知识的企业[M],北京:知识产权出版社,2006.
[238]叶漩,全球价值链下的中国电子及通信产业集群发展研究[D],武汉理工大学博士学位论文,2005.
[239]岳昌君,我国外贸出口结构变化与比较优势实证分析[J],经贸论坛,2000.3.
[240]尹建华,嵌入全球价值链的模块化制造网络研究[M],中国经济出版社,2010.
[241]俞荣建,基于全球价值链治理的长三角本土代工企业升级机理研究[M],浙江大学出版社,2010.
[242]张辉,全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究[J],中国工业经济,2004(5).
[243]张辉.全球价值链动力机制与产业发展策略[J],中国工业经济,2006(1).
[244]张辉.全球价值链下地方产业集群:以浙江平湖光机电产业为例[J].产业经济研究,2004(6):27-33.
[245]张小蒂,朱勤,论全球价值链中我国企业创新与市场势力构建的良性互动[J],中国工业经济,2007(5):30-38.
[246]张小蒂、李晓钟,经济全球化与我国比较优势理论的拓展[J],学术月刊,2001(6):19-26.
[247]卓越,张珉.全球价值链中的收益分配与悲惨增长-基于中国纺织服装业的分析[J].中国工业经济,2008(7).
[248]张呜镛,位势论[M],北京大学出版社,1998.
[249]张土生,Dirichlet形式在位势理论及扩散过程中的应用[D],中国科学院数学研究所,1988．
[250]郑伯埙、黄敏萍．实地研究中的案例研究[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2008:199-226.
[251]郑德渊、李湛、伍青生,基于纵向控制框架的上游企业R&D研究[J],科研管理,第22卷第l期,2001.l:45-50.
[252]周旭、庞东,中国制造业的品牌战略:从OEM到OBM[J],技术经济与管理研究,2006.6.
[253]邹国庆、徐庆仑,核心能力的构成维度及其特性[J],中国工业经济,2005(5):96-103.
[254]赵敏智,右过程和LGvy过程[D],浙江大学,2002．
[255]朱伟明、杜华伟、刘胜,嵌入全球价值链的中国纺织服装业升级路径研究[J],浙江理工大学学报,2007(5):292-296.
[256]卓越、张珉,全球价值链中的收益分配与悲惨增长:基于中国纺织服装业的分析[J],中国工业经济,2008.7:131-140.
[257]迮建军,全球价值链低端嵌入的市场结构分析[J],商业时代,2012.10.
[258]迮建军,全球价值链“嵌入竞争”的市场控制力分析[J],甘肃社会科学,2012.9.
[259]迮建军,全球价值链“嵌入竞争”的策略分析[J],商业时代,2012.12.
[260]植草益编,日本的产业组织:理论与实证的边界,有斐阁,1995年版.
[261]植草益等著,日本的产业组织-理论与实证的前沿[M],经济管理出版社,2000年,第1版.
[262]赵忠林,学会造势,企业活力,2000.12:34-35.
[263]周坤,识势、适势、造势:企业家才能评价的新视角,科学管理研究,1999.12:60-62.