水文过程对黄河口湿地景观格局演变的驱动机制研究
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摘要
水文过程控制着湿地的形成与演化,是塑造湿地生态系统结构与功能、湿地景观格局动态特征的重要驱动力。本文遵循河口水文过程与湿地景观格局间相互影响的内在规律,基于驱动—状态—响应模型,提出了水文过程与湿地景观格局响应的基本理论框架。结合黄河口湿地的实际,采用具有生态学意义的水文变化指标分析河口段生态水文情势的变化,结合3S技术研究河口湿地景观格局的动态演变特征。构建了生态水文因子与关键景观格局指标之间的定量关系,探讨水文情势变化情景下湿地景观格局特征的响应规律,总结河口环境水流需求,提出了河口湿地生态修复的水文措施与建议。
论文的研究内容与主要成果包括以下几个方面：
(1)湿地生态系统是由不同类型植被群落与地貌单元形成的景观镶嵌体,水是湿地生态系统的控制性环境因子。湿地水文过程一方面直接影响湿地植被的不同生活史行为,作用于镶嵌体格局；另一方面通过影响湿地的环境条件,如生物、物理化学、地貌特征,间接引起湿地植被群落的结构与功能特征的动态变化,提出湿地水文过程—物理化学与地貌特征—景观的时空异质性与格局特征的驱动—状态—响应概念模型。
(2)采用具有生态学意义的包括3种环境水流组分与5种水文要素的生态水文指标定量评估了黄河水量统一调度与调水调沙对河口段生态水文情势的影响。评价结果为：利津断面流量年内分配情况发生明显变化,5-11月份月均流量变化显著,6月份月均流量增加幅度最大；年极小值流量与基流指数大幅度增加,年极大值流量略有增加,年最大流量出现时间提前15天；低流量持续时间增加,水文过程的变化率降低,洪水漫滩过程消失,水文过程趋于平缓。与水量统一调度前相比,水量统一调度与调水调沙后利津断面水文情势有所改善,年极小值流量明显增加,但是水文过程变化率降低,洪水漫滩过程消失,水文过程趋于平缓。
(3)环境水流是河流生态保护与修复的有效管理工具。环境水流不仅是单独的生态环境需水量或是适宜生态流量,而是包含多种水文要素特征、具有脉冲式涨落变化的动态水文过程。目前河口径流条件在枯水期能够满足适宜生态流量需求；汛前4-5月关键期无法满足鱼类产卵繁殖的生态流量需求与流量脉冲过程；汛期能够满足河道输沙的洪峰量级,但是无法实现淤滩刷槽与漫滩的洪水需求。
(4)采用3S技术与景观格局指数分析法,研究了实施调水调沙以来河口湿地景观格局特征的演变趋势。自2002年以来,湿地水域、芦苇沼泽、翅碱蓬草甸、河流水体四种景观类型呈增加趋势,2002-2010年时期芦苇沼泽、湿地水域面积分别增加84.81km2、50.92km2,退化的潮滩地、裸地逐步被湿地水域、芦苇沼泽替代。2002-2010年研究区域景观类型多样性与异质性增加,整体景观破碎化状况非常微弱,基本保持着自然原貌。从重点景观类型层次看,湿地水域斑块聚合度增加,趋向黄河两侧分布；芦苇沼泽聚集度、连通度、形状复杂性增加；翅碱蓬草甸斑块内聚力指数与连接度指数保持平稳,灌丛林景观类型存在一定的破碎化与细化过程。依据景观格局指标的生态学意义及对河口环境因子的敏感性,从整体景观、重点景观类型2个水平选取了关键景观格局指标：景观水平多样性指数、连接度指数、蔓延度指数、分离度指数、形状指数,重点景观类型水平连接度指数、丛聚指数、分离度指数、形状指数、核心区面积。
(5)采用相关关系法与逐步回归分析法,识别影响景观格局特征的关键水文因子,构建了关键水文因子与格局指标的定量关系。研究表明,整体景观水平、湿地水体的景观格局特征与洪峰过程(流量≥3500m3/s)具有非常显著的相关性；芦苇沼泽景观格局特征与4-5月流量、4-5月水文变化率、极大值流量、洪峰流量过程均具有较强的相关性；翅碱蓬草甸景观格局指数与生态水文指标间的相关性较差。通过逐步回归法识别的影响湿地景观格局特征的最关键生态水文因子为Qav-3500。
(6)采用情景分析法,探讨景观格局特征在关键水文因子变化情景下的响应规律,提出了河口湿地生态修复的水文措施建议。洪峰流量增加500m3/s的情景下,整体景观多样性指数、景观蔓延度指数增加,景观生态状况有所改善；湿地水域与芦苇沼泽景观类型的核心面积分别增加4.51km2、4.25km2;当4-5月水文退水率降低5%时,芦苇沼泽连通性增加15.6%。结合本文研究成果与环境水流需求分析,提出改善河口湿地生态状况的水文措施与建议：4-5月适当塑造一定流量脉冲过程,脉冲流量达800m3/s,持续时间7d以上,退水率降低5%以上；借助黄河调水调沙活动,洪峰流量增加500m3/s以上,并尽可能出现洪水漫滩过程。
本文对水文过程与湿地景观格局特征之间相互关系的研究,丰富与拓展了我国湿地生态水文学与河流生态修复理论的理论方法体系。同时,结合黄河口湿地具体情况,初步验证了水文过程—湿地景观格局响应的理论框架的合理性与可行性,并为今后黄河口湿地生态修复提供理论支持与依据。
Hydrological processes control the formation and evolution of wetlands. They are recognized as the significant driving forces of shaping structure, function and landscape pattern characteristics of wetland ecosystems. According to the interaction relationships between hydrological processes and wetland landscape pattern, a theoretical framework combining hydrological processes and the responses of wetland landscape pattern is proposed based on the drive-state-response model. The theoretical method is applied to the wetland ecosystem of the Yellow River Estuary. Firstly, the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration with great ecological significance are adopted to estimate the alteration of eco-hydrologic regime of river estuary. Secondly, the evolution characteristics of estuarine wetland landscape pattern are analysed using remote sensing and geographic information system technology. Thirdly, the quantitative relationships between eco-hydrologic factor and key landscape pattern index are established. Additionally, the response regularities of wetland landscape pattern characteristics are discussed under the circumstances of hydrological regime alteration. Finally, the environmental flow demands for estuarine wetland are summarized for ecological restoration.
The primary contents and results of this research are described as follows.
(1) The wetland ecosystem is a landscape mosaic consisting of various types of marsh plant communities and geomorphic units, where water serves as the controlling environmental factor. First, wetland hydrological processes influence the life history behaviors of plant communities and mosaic pattern directly. On the other hand, the hydrological processes act on environmental conditions, for example, biological, chemical and geomorphic characteristics, and induce dynamic change of structural and functional characteristics of wetland plant landscape indirectly. In view of this, conceptual model about wetland hydrological processes-chemical and geomorphic characteristics--landscape spatial-temporal heterogeneity is established based on the drive-state-response model.
(2) The eco-hydrological index including five flow components with great ecological significance are adopted to estimate the effects of the integrated water regulation and water-sediment regulation on the eco-hydrology of river estuary. The results indicate that the distribution of estuarine monthly discharge within the year has changed obviously. The averaged discharge from May to November has significant change, and the averaged discharge of June has the greatest increasing extent. The annual minimum flows and base flow index have substantial increase simultaneously. The timing of annual1-day maximum flow is15days in advance, while the mean duration of low pulses has moderate increase. The rising rate and falling rates of two adjacent days are decreased, meanwhile, the flood pulse process disappears. After the integrated water regulation and water-sediment regulation, the estuarine hydrologic regime has improved effectively, while the hydrologic processes become flat due to the decrease of change rate and disappearance of flood pulse.
(3) Environmental flows are effective management tools for river ecological conservation and restoration. Environmental flows are not only the simple ecological water requirements or suitable flow magnitude, but also the dynamic hydrograph with various hydrological elements and pulsing fluctuation.The current hydrological regime of estuary could meet the appropriate ecological flows during the dry period and that of the flood period could achieve the river channel scouring except for the lack of flood pulse process. While, the hydrological processes during April to June are incapable of meeting the ecological flows and short of the flow pulsing for fish reproduction.
(4) The evolution characteristics of wetland landscape pattern after the water-sediment regulation are quantified using remote sensing technology and landscape pattern metrics. From2002to2010, the area of Wetland water, Reed swamp, Suaeda meadow and River increase, and the former two landscape types have increased by50.92km2and84.81km2respectively. It suggests that the degraded bare lands are replaced by wetland and swamp gradually. At the whole landscape level, landscape diversity and heterogeneity have improved. The landscape maintains natural features basically with rather feeble fragmentation. At the major landscape types level, aggregation of Wetland water patches increases accompanying by the distribution of patches close to the Yellow River; the aggregation, connectivity and structural complexity of Reed swamp also have an increasing trend; while, the aggregation and connectivity metrics of Suaeda meadow remain stable; moreover, the Shrub forest is subject to fragmentation and division processes. According to the ecological significance and sensitivity to environmental factors, the key landscape pattern metrics are selected at the level of whole landscape and major landscape types. The key pattern metrics include the diversity, connectivity, contagion, division and shape metric of the whole landscape, the connectivity, clumping, division, shape metric and total core area of the major landscape types.
(5) The critical hydrological factors influencing landscape pattern characteristics are recognized based on the correlation method and stepwise regression analysis. Then the quantitative relationships between critical hydrological factors and pattern metrics are established. The results demonstrate that the pattern characteristics of whole landscape and Wetland water have significant correlations with flood peak processes, especially with the hydrological processes whose peak discharge is more than3500m3/s. The pattern characteristics of Reed swamp correlate with the flow discharge and change rates of April and May, the maximum discharge and flood peak processes. While, there is no obvious correlations between eco-hydrological factors and pattern characteristics of Suaeda meadow. The most critical eco-hydrological metric recognized by the stepwise regression models is the averaged peak discharge above3500m3/s.
(6) The response regularities of landscape pattern characteristics to critical eco-hydrological factors are discussed based on the stepwise regression models. In addition, the hydrologic measures for estuarine wetland ecological restoration are proposed incorporating the environmental flow demands. When the flood peak discharge increases by500m3/s, the diversity and contagion metrics of whole landscape would improve obviously, and the total core areas of Wetland water and Reed swamp would increase by4.51km2and4.25km2respectively. If the falling rate of hydrological processes during April to May decrease by5%, the connectivity metric of Reed swamp would increase by15.6%. Combining the research results with environmental flow demands, the hydrological measures for improving the wetland ecological conditions are summarized as follows:flow pulsing processes taking place at least once during April to May with the pulsing discharge above800m3/s, the duration of pulsing process more than7days, the falling rate of pulsing process decreasing by5%; in addition, in virtue of the water-sediment regulation, the flood peak discharge increasing by500m3/s and the flood overbank process taking place as much as possible.
The researches of relationships between hydrological processes and wetland landscape pattern extend the theoretical system of wetland eco-hydrology and river ecological restoration. The example of the Yellow River estuary wetland validates the reasonability and practicability of the theoretical framework combining hydrological processes and the responses of wetland landscape pattern. In addition, the results will provide theoretical foundations and references for estuarine wetland ecological restoration in the future.
论文的研究内容与主要成果包括以下几个方面：
(1)湿地生态系统是由不同类型植被群落与地貌单元形成的景观镶嵌体,水是湿地生态系统的控制性环境因子。湿地水文过程一方面直接影响湿地植被的不同生活史行为,作用于镶嵌体格局；另一方面通过影响湿地的环境条件,如生物、物理化学、地貌特征,间接引起湿地植被群落的结构与功能特征的动态变化,提出湿地水文过程—物理化学与地貌特征—景观的时空异质性与格局特征的驱动—状态—响应概念模型。
(2)采用具有生态学意义的包括3种环境水流组分与5种水文要素的生态水文指标定量评估了黄河水量统一调度与调水调沙对河口段生态水文情势的影响。评价结果为：利津断面流量年内分配情况发生明显变化,5-11月份月均流量变化显著,6月份月均流量增加幅度最大；年极小值流量与基流指数大幅度增加,年极大值流量略有增加,年最大流量出现时间提前15天；低流量持续时间增加,水文过程的变化率降低,洪水漫滩过程消失,水文过程趋于平缓。与水量统一调度前相比,水量统一调度与调水调沙后利津断面水文情势有所改善,年极小值流量明显增加,但是水文过程变化率降低,洪水漫滩过程消失,水文过程趋于平缓。
(3)环境水流是河流生态保护与修复的有效管理工具。环境水流不仅是单独的生态环境需水量或是适宜生态流量,而是包含多种水文要素特征、具有脉冲式涨落变化的动态水文过程。目前河口径流条件在枯水期能够满足适宜生态流量需求；汛前4-5月关键期无法满足鱼类产卵繁殖的生态流量需求与流量脉冲过程；汛期能够满足河道输沙的洪峰量级,但是无法实现淤滩刷槽与漫滩的洪水需求。
(4)采用3S技术与景观格局指数分析法,研究了实施调水调沙以来河口湿地景观格局特征的演变趋势。自2002年以来,湿地水域、芦苇沼泽、翅碱蓬草甸、河流水体四种景观类型呈增加趋势,2002-2010年时期芦苇沼泽、湿地水域面积分别增加84.81km2、50.92km2,退化的潮滩地、裸地逐步被湿地水域、芦苇沼泽替代。2002-2010年研究区域景观类型多样性与异质性增加,整体景观破碎化状况非常微弱,基本保持着自然原貌。从重点景观类型层次看,湿地水域斑块聚合度增加,趋向黄河两侧分布；芦苇沼泽聚集度、连通度、形状复杂性增加；翅碱蓬草甸斑块内聚力指数与连接度指数保持平稳,灌丛林景观类型存在一定的破碎化与细化过程。依据景观格局指标的生态学意义及对河口环境因子的敏感性,从整体景观、重点景观类型2个水平选取了关键景观格局指标：景观水平多样性指数、连接度指数、蔓延度指数、分离度指数、形状指数,重点景观类型水平连接度指数、丛聚指数、分离度指数、形状指数、核心区面积。
(5)采用相关关系法与逐步回归分析法,识别影响景观格局特征的关键水文因子,构建了关键水文因子与格局指标的定量关系。研究表明,整体景观水平、湿地水体的景观格局特征与洪峰过程(流量≥3500m3/s)具有非常显著的相关性；芦苇沼泽景观格局特征与4-5月流量、4-5月水文变化率、极大值流量、洪峰流量过程均具有较强的相关性；翅碱蓬草甸景观格局指数与生态水文指标间的相关性较差。通过逐步回归法识别的影响湿地景观格局特征的最关键生态水文因子为Qav-3500。
(6)采用情景分析法,探讨景观格局特征在关键水文因子变化情景下的响应规律,提出了河口湿地生态修复的水文措施建议。洪峰流量增加500m3/s的情景下,整体景观多样性指数、景观蔓延度指数增加,景观生态状况有所改善；湿地水域与芦苇沼泽景观类型的核心面积分别增加4.51km2、4.25km2;当4-5月水文退水率降低5%时,芦苇沼泽连通性增加15.6%。结合本文研究成果与环境水流需求分析,提出改善河口湿地生态状况的水文措施与建议：4-5月适当塑造一定流量脉冲过程,脉冲流量达800m3/s,持续时间7d以上,退水率降低5%以上；借助黄河调水调沙活动,洪峰流量增加500m3/s以上,并尽可能出现洪水漫滩过程。
本文对水文过程与湿地景观格局特征之间相互关系的研究,丰富与拓展了我国湿地生态水文学与河流生态修复理论的理论方法体系。同时,结合黄河口湿地具体情况,初步验证了水文过程—湿地景观格局响应的理论框架的合理性与可行性,并为今后黄河口湿地生态修复提供理论支持与依据。
Hydrological processes control the formation and evolution of wetlands. They are recognized as the significant driving forces of shaping structure, function and landscape pattern characteristics of wetland ecosystems. According to the interaction relationships between hydrological processes and wetland landscape pattern, a theoretical framework combining hydrological processes and the responses of wetland landscape pattern is proposed based on the drive-state-response model. The theoretical method is applied to the wetland ecosystem of the Yellow River Estuary. Firstly, the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration with great ecological significance are adopted to estimate the alteration of eco-hydrologic regime of river estuary. Secondly, the evolution characteristics of estuarine wetland landscape pattern are analysed using remote sensing and geographic information system technology. Thirdly, the quantitative relationships between eco-hydrologic factor and key landscape pattern index are established. Additionally, the response regularities of wetland landscape pattern characteristics are discussed under the circumstances of hydrological regime alteration. Finally, the environmental flow demands for estuarine wetland are summarized for ecological restoration.
The primary contents and results of this research are described as follows.
(1) The wetland ecosystem is a landscape mosaic consisting of various types of marsh plant communities and geomorphic units, where water serves as the controlling environmental factor. First, wetland hydrological processes influence the life history behaviors of plant communities and mosaic pattern directly. On the other hand, the hydrological processes act on environmental conditions, for example, biological, chemical and geomorphic characteristics, and induce dynamic change of structural and functional characteristics of wetland plant landscape indirectly. In view of this, conceptual model about wetland hydrological processes-chemical and geomorphic characteristics--landscape spatial-temporal heterogeneity is established based on the drive-state-response model.
(2) The eco-hydrological index including five flow components with great ecological significance are adopted to estimate the effects of the integrated water regulation and water-sediment regulation on the eco-hydrology of river estuary. The results indicate that the distribution of estuarine monthly discharge within the year has changed obviously. The averaged discharge from May to November has significant change, and the averaged discharge of June has the greatest increasing extent. The annual minimum flows and base flow index have substantial increase simultaneously. The timing of annual1-day maximum flow is15days in advance, while the mean duration of low pulses has moderate increase. The rising rate and falling rates of two adjacent days are decreased, meanwhile, the flood pulse process disappears. After the integrated water regulation and water-sediment regulation, the estuarine hydrologic regime has improved effectively, while the hydrologic processes become flat due to the decrease of change rate and disappearance of flood pulse.
(3) Environmental flows are effective management tools for river ecological conservation and restoration. Environmental flows are not only the simple ecological water requirements or suitable flow magnitude, but also the dynamic hydrograph with various hydrological elements and pulsing fluctuation.The current hydrological regime of estuary could meet the appropriate ecological flows during the dry period and that of the flood period could achieve the river channel scouring except for the lack of flood pulse process. While, the hydrological processes during April to June are incapable of meeting the ecological flows and short of the flow pulsing for fish reproduction.
(4) The evolution characteristics of wetland landscape pattern after the water-sediment regulation are quantified using remote sensing technology and landscape pattern metrics. From2002to2010, the area of Wetland water, Reed swamp, Suaeda meadow and River increase, and the former two landscape types have increased by50.92km2and84.81km2respectively. It suggests that the degraded bare lands are replaced by wetland and swamp gradually. At the whole landscape level, landscape diversity and heterogeneity have improved. The landscape maintains natural features basically with rather feeble fragmentation. At the major landscape types level, aggregation of Wetland water patches increases accompanying by the distribution of patches close to the Yellow River; the aggregation, connectivity and structural complexity of Reed swamp also have an increasing trend; while, the aggregation and connectivity metrics of Suaeda meadow remain stable; moreover, the Shrub forest is subject to fragmentation and division processes. According to the ecological significance and sensitivity to environmental factors, the key landscape pattern metrics are selected at the level of whole landscape and major landscape types. The key pattern metrics include the diversity, connectivity, contagion, division and shape metric of the whole landscape, the connectivity, clumping, division, shape metric and total core area of the major landscape types.
(5) The critical hydrological factors influencing landscape pattern characteristics are recognized based on the correlation method and stepwise regression analysis. Then the quantitative relationships between critical hydrological factors and pattern metrics are established. The results demonstrate that the pattern characteristics of whole landscape and Wetland water have significant correlations with flood peak processes, especially with the hydrological processes whose peak discharge is more than3500m3/s. The pattern characteristics of Reed swamp correlate with the flow discharge and change rates of April and May, the maximum discharge and flood peak processes. While, there is no obvious correlations between eco-hydrological factors and pattern characteristics of Suaeda meadow. The most critical eco-hydrological metric recognized by the stepwise regression models is the averaged peak discharge above3500m3/s.
(6) The response regularities of landscape pattern characteristics to critical eco-hydrological factors are discussed based on the stepwise regression models. In addition, the hydrologic measures for estuarine wetland ecological restoration are proposed incorporating the environmental flow demands. When the flood peak discharge increases by500m3/s, the diversity and contagion metrics of whole landscape would improve obviously, and the total core areas of Wetland water and Reed swamp would increase by4.51km2and4.25km2respectively. If the falling rate of hydrological processes during April to May decrease by5%, the connectivity metric of Reed swamp would increase by15.6%. Combining the research results with environmental flow demands, the hydrological measures for improving the wetland ecological conditions are summarized as follows:flow pulsing processes taking place at least once during April to May with the pulsing discharge above800m3/s, the duration of pulsing process more than7days, the falling rate of pulsing process decreasing by5%; in addition, in virtue of the water-sediment regulation, the flood peak discharge increasing by500m3/s and the flood overbank process taking place as much as possible.
The researches of relationships between hydrological processes and wetland landscape pattern extend the theoretical system of wetland eco-hydrology and river ecological restoration. The example of the Yellow River estuary wetland validates the reasonability and practicability of the theoretical framework combining hydrological processes and the responses of wetland landscape pattern. In addition, the results will provide theoretical foundations and references for estuarine wetland ecological restoration in the future.
引文
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