摘要
基于无线传感器网络的输电线路监测数据快速可靠地传至监测中心,对于线路维护人员及时获取输电线路的状态参数以及线路灾变后的快速恢复具有重要意义。然而,无线传感器网络是应用相关的,不同的应用背景,其体系结构和网络协议也不尽相同。面向输电线路监测的长链树状无线传感器网络中数据量较大,传感器节点的资源约束相对更为严峻,各种类型的数据传输对网络服务质量(QoS)提出了不同的要求。本文针对输电线路状态监测这一特殊应用,研究基于WSN的输电线路监测数据传输的相关问题。
(1)针对输电线路这一监测对象的特殊性,设计了长链状无线传感器网络(WSN)结构及组网模型；设计了适用于输电线路监测WSN的数据传输模式,并结合具体应用提出了相应模式下对WSN性能的要求。
(2)提出了基于数据传送“波(wave)"的改进MAC协议机制,此机制使用一种新的帧RTR (Ready TO Receive)作为令牌(token)来触发邻居节点的状态过渡,使得数据流以一种控制方式进行传输。该机制提高了网络吞吐量,同时使MAC协议轻量化,节省了网络资源。
(3)输电线路监测用的无线传感器网络呈长链型部署,Sink节点附近的瓶颈效应更加明显,针对这一问题,提出了邻近部署的多个无线传感器网络的Sink节点协作机制,采用多模网络技术,将网络负载分流并合理利用网络资源,较好地解决了Sink节点及其附近几跳节点处的瓶颈问题。
(4)对传统的蚁群优化算法进行改进,运用跨层设计方法,提出了一种低开销蚁群路由算法(LOARA)。算法中用了三种互补策略：在路由发现的过程中,采用一种新的广播机制—被控邻居广播机制(CNB)来减少网络中控制包的数量,降低网络开销；在路由维护阶段,仅仅更新活跃通信路径的信息,再次降低网络开销；在路由恢复、重新发起阶段,采用深度搜索的方法来限制修复路径的节点数目从而进一步降低开销。
(5)提出了基于传输可靠性、节点负载和网络拥塞联合优化的数据转发的动态博弈模型,并求解了博弈模型的纳什均衡。分析了节点的理性偏好,设计了数据博弈转发算法(CSG),该算法在降低节点负载的同时,提高了数据传输的成功率。
The transfer of power lines monitoring data in wireless sensor network (WSN) is of great significance to help power line maintenance crews obtain the condition parameters and restore service quickly after the disaster. However, under the backgrounds of different applications, the architectures and network protocols are also different. The data amount in power line monitoring oriented WSN with long chain structure is large, and the network resource constraints are relatively more serious. The network QoS requirements are different according to various types of data. In this paper, aiming at the special application of power line condition monitoring, the related issues of WSN based monitoring data transfer are studied.
Aiming at the particularity of transmission line, the long chain WSN structure and network model are designed. Subsequently, the data transfer modes applicable to transmission line monitoring are designed. Combining with the specific application, the corresponding QoS (quality of service) requirements are put forward.
A improved MAC protocol mechanism is proposed based on data transfer "wave". A new frame RTR (Ready TO Receive) as a token is used in the mechanism to trigger the state transition of the neighbor node, thus make the data stream transmitted in a controlled manner. This mechanism can improve the network throughput, make the MAC protocol lightweight and save network resources.
The WSN used in power line monitoring are long chain structure, the bottleneck near the Sink node is more obvious. In view os this, A Sink nodes'cooperation mechanism is presented, and the Sink nodes from different WSNs are adjacently deployed. Adopting multimode network technology, the network loads are shunted and the network resources are rationally utilized. Thus the bottlenecks at the Sink node and its near several jump nodes are solved.
To improve the traditional ant colony optimization algorithm, using cross-layer design method, a kind of low overhead ant colony routing algorithm (LOARA) is put forward. Three complementary strategies are used in LOARA to offer a low overhead solution. During the route discovery, a new broadcast mechanism, called the Controlled Neighbor Broadcast (CNB) is used. During the route maintenance phase, the overhead is further reduced by only using data packets to refresh the paths of active sessions. Finally, the route repair phase is also enhanced, by using a deep search procedure as a way of restricting the number of nodes used to recover a route.
A dynamic game model based data forwarding method is proposed. The joint optimization of transmission reliability, node load and network congestion is use in the dynamic game model, and the Nash equilibrium of the game model is solved. The node's rationality of preferences is analyzed, the game data forwarding algorithm (CSG) is designed. The success ratio of data transmission is improved by the algorithm and the node load is reduced at the same time.
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