摘要
随着我国电力工业市场化改革的进行,电力管理体制的变迁使电力系统多元主体间的关联关系和利益格局发生了重大的变化。发电厂商、电网公司、电力用户和环境与社会等各利益主体的行为活动可能会对电力系统其他主体产生无法通过市场机制得到有效解决的影响,即电力系统多元主体间存在着一定的外部性影响,这可能会导致相关主体的经济性受到影响。因此,对电力系统多元主体间的外部性影响机理进行研究,设计外部性补偿机制并提出外部性补偿政策,能够有助于电力系统多元主体间外部性问题的有效解决,从而实现各主体间利益的合理补偿,促进各主体的良性发展,进而在保障电力系统安全稳定运行的基础上实现电力产业的结构优化和可持续协调发展。
本文以外部性理论和机制设计理论为基础,对电力系统多元主体间的物理关联性和经济关联性进行了分析,构建了电力系统多元主体间的外部性影响评估指标体系,设计了电力系统多元主体间的外部性补偿机制,从外部性影响定量分析、外部性补偿机制和外部性补偿政策这种研究思路对大规模风电机组并网发电、抽水蓄能电站投运和辅助服务提供的外部性问题进行了分析研究。
第一,对发电厂商、电网公司、电力用户及环境与社会等电力系统多元主体的功能和目标进行了详细地阐述,进而对多元主体间的物理关联性进行了分析。在此基础上,对电力系统多元主体间的经济体关联性进行了分析。
第二,对电力系统多元主体间的外部性影响进行了概况分析,对大规模风电机组并网发电、抽水蓄能电站投运和辅助服务提供的外部性影响机理进行了详尽地研究,构建了电力系统多元主体间的外部性影响评估指标体系。
第三,确定了电力系统多元主体间外部性补偿的目标和原则,提出了大规模风电机组并网发电、抽水蓄能电站投运及辅助服务提供的外部性补偿的一般思路和途径。
第四,基于随机生产模拟方法构建了大规模风电机组并网发电的外部性影响评估模型,并进行了实例测算；进而从正、负外部性两个方面对大规模风电机组并网发电的外部性补偿机制进行了设计；最后,提出了大规模风电机组并网发电的外部性补偿政策。
第五,基于随机生产模拟方法构建了抽水蓄能电站投运的外部性影响评估模型,并进行了实例测算；进而提出了抽水蓄能电站投运的外部性补偿机制；最后,提出了抽水蓄能电站投运的外部性补偿政策。
第六,考虑到辅助服务提供的特殊性和我国当前辅助服务市场的现状,借助AGC投运的贡献量、备用提供的贡献量来表征其对电力系统多元主体产生的外部性影响程度,进而构建了辅助服务提供的外部性影响评估模型并进行了定量测算；据此设计了辅助服务提供的外部性补偿机制,并提出了相应的补偿政策。
With the marketization reform of China's electric power industry, the change of electric power management regime has varied the associated relationships and interest patterns among the multiple components of power system. The activities of generation companies, grid corporation, electricity consumers, society and environment may bring some impact that can not be effectively addressed through market mechanisms.This indicates there exsits externality among the multiple components of power system, which may affect some components' economy. Therefore, to research the external impact mechanism among the multiple components of power system and to put forward some external compensation policies can contribute to effectively solve the externality issue among the multiple components of power system, achieve the reasonable compensation of interests of multiple components, and promote the sound development. Finally, on the basis of safeguarding the safe and stable operation of power system, the structural optimization and sustainable and coordinated development of power industry can be achived.
Based on Externality theory and mechanism design theory, the physical and economic relationships among the multiple components of power system were firstly analyzed; then the external impact evaluation index systems were built; furtherly, the external compensation mechanisms among the multiple components were designed; lastly, the external issues of grid-connected large-scale wind power, pumped storage power station operation and auxiliary service providion were studies from the three views of external quantitative analysis, external compensation mechanism and external compensation policy.
Firstly, the functions and goals of generation companies, Grid Corporation, electricity consumers, society and environment were explained in detail. The physical relationships among the multiple components were analyzed. After that, the economic relationships among the multiple components were analyzed, and the main characteristic of the economic relationships were elaborated.
Secondly, the external impacts among the multiple components were comprehensively analyzed. The external impact mechanisms of grid-connected large-scale wind power, pumped storage power station operation and auxiliary service providion were analyzed in detail and the external impact evaluation index system were built.
Thirdly, the goals and principles of external compensations among the multiple components were put forward, and the general thoughts and approaches of external compensation were discussed.
Fourthly, the external impact assessment model of grid-connected large-scale wind power was built based on probabilistic production simulation method, and the empirical calculation was done. The external compensation mechanisms were designed from the perspective of positive and negative externalities. The external compensation policies of grid-connected large-scale wind power were proposed.
Fifthly, the external impact assessment model of pumped storage power station operation was built based on probabilistic production simulation method, and the empirical calculation was done. The external compensation mechanisms of pumped storage power station operation were designed. The external compensation policies of pumped storage power station operation were proposed.
Sixthly, considering the particularity of ancillary services and current situation of China's ancillary service market, the contribution value of AGC operation and contribution value of reserve providion were used to indirectly characterize the external impact. Then, the external impact assessment model of auxiliary service providion was built, and the empirical calculation was done. After that, the external compensation mechanisms of auxiliary service providion were designed, and the external compensation policies were proposed.
引文
[1]沈满洪,何灵巧.外部性的分类及外部性理论的演化[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002,32(1)：152-160
[2]胡石清,乌家培.外部性的本质与分类[J].当代财经,2011,(10)：5-14
[3]黄敬宝.外部性理论的演进及其启示[J].生产力研究,2006,(7)：22-24
[4]李世涌,朱东恺,陈兆开.外部性理论及其内部化研究综述[J].中国市场,2007,(8)：117-119
[5]王冰,杨虎涛.论正外部性内在化的途径与绩效[J].东南学术,2002,(6)：158-165
[6]向昀,任健.西方经济学界外部性理论研究介评[J].经济评论,2002,(3)：58-62
[7]张宏军.西方外部性理论研究述评[J].经济问题,2007,(2)：14-16
[8]罗士俐.外部性理论的困境及其出路[J].当代经济研究,2009,(10)：26-31
[9]邸元,刘晓鸥.中国风电产业政策与产业发展——一项基于风电与传统电力替代性的研究[J].经济理论与经济管理,2011,(5)：67-74
[10]于立宏,郁义鸿.基于产业链效率的煤电纵向规制模式研究[J],中国工业经济,2006,219(6)：5-13
[11]赵高强,郭森,李泓泽,等.基于ANP-GCDM模型的风电项目经济外部性评价[J].华北电力大学学报(自然科学版),2012,39(4)：59-64
[12]孙媛.电煤基准价格：理论模型和应用探讨[J].价格理论与实践,2008,(5)：28-29
[13]肖霖,张婧,刘国跃.基于市场失效情况下发电投资商业化运营可行性研究[J].电力建设,2008,29(11)：12-15
[14]肖征文.核电价格的外部经济性探析[J].中国电力企业管理,2008,10：22-23
[15]陆华,周浩.电力市场下发电公司环境成本内部化探讨[J].企业经济,2004,287(7)：104-105
[16]田红,陈兴隆,王蕾,等.风电并网对电网公司的外部成本影响分析[J].商业文化(学术版),2010,(6)：131-132
[17]Choi H, Lee B. Examining network externalities and network structure for new product introduction [J]. Information Technology & Management,2012,13(3): 183-199
[18]Kono T, Joshi KK, Kato T, et al. Optimal regulation on building size and city boundary:An effective second-best remedy for traffic congestion externality [J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2012,42(4):619-630
[19]Stillwell DJ, Tunney RJ. Individuals'insight into intrapersonal externalities [J]. Judgment and Decision Making,2012,7(4):390-401
[20]Aravena C, Hutchinson WG, Longo A. Environmental pricing of externalities from different sources of electricity generation in Chile [J]. Energy Economics, 2012,34(4):1214-1225
[21]Pfeiffer L, Lin CYC. Groundwater pumping and spatial externalities in agriculture [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2012, 64(1):16-30
[22]Millock K, Xabadia A, Zilberman D. Policy for the adoption of new environmental monitoring technologies to manage stock externalities [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2012,64(1):102-116
[23]Cheng HK, Liu YP. Optimal Software Free Trial Strategy:The Impact of Network Externalities and Consumer Uncertainty [J]. Information Systems Research,2012,23(2):488-504
[24]Arifoglu K, Deo S, Iravani SMR. Consumption Externality and Yield Uncertainty in the Influenza Vaccine Supply Chain:Interventions in Demand and Supply Sides [J]. Management Science,2012,58(6):1072-1091
[25]Humphreys BR, Perez L. Network externalities in consumer spending on lottery games:evidence from Spain [J]. Empirical Economics,2012,42(3):929-945
[26]Silalertruksa T, Bonnet S, Gheewala SH. Life cycle costing and externalities of palm oil biodiesel in Thailand [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2012,28(6): 225-232
[27]Lu JF. Optimal auctions with asymmetric financial externalities [J]. Games and Economic Behavior,2012,74(2):561-575
[28]Timilsina GR, Dulal HB. Urban Road Transportation Externalities:Costs and Choice of Policy Instruments [J]. World Bank Research Observer,2011,26(1): 162-191
[29]Fujiwara K. Network externalities, transport costs, and tariffs [J]. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development,2011,20(6):729-739
[30]Pintea MI. Leisure externalities:Implications for growth and welfare [J]. Journal of Macroeconomics,2010,32(4):1025-1040
[31]Hurwicz L. The design of mechanisms for resource allocation [J]. American Economic Review,1973, (63):1-30.
[32]Myerson R. Incentive compatibility and the bargaining problem [J]. Econometrica,1979, (47):61-73.
[33]Maskin E, J Moore. Implementation and renegotiation [J]. Review of Economic Studies,1999,(66):39-56.
[34]于永臻.能源效率提升与需求侧管理融资：机制设计和政策重构[J].经济理论与经济管理,2011,(1)：77-86
[35]黄守军,任玉珑,孙睿,等.基于碳减排调度的激励性厂网合作竞价机制设计[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(5)：138-146
[36]尚金成.节能发电调度的经济补偿机制研究(一)基于行政手段的经济补偿机制设计与分析[J].电力系统自动化,2009,33(2)：44-48
[37]杨文培,朱红涛.浙江省提高能源利用效率促进能源节约的激励与约束机制设计[J].工业技术经济,2008,27(2)：91-95
[38]桂良军,谷增军,乔英伟.基于政府规制的我国煤电企业收益协调机制设计[J].中国软科学,2012,(7)：159-168
[39]Kaufman N, Palmer KL. Energy efficiency program evaluations:opportunities for learning and inputs to incentive mechanisms [J]. Energy Efficiency,2012, 5(2):243-268
[40]Meng XH, Gallagher B. The impact of incentive mechanisms on project performance [J]. International Journal of Project Management,2012,30(3): 352-362
[41]Alishahi E, Moghaddam MP, Sheikh-El-Eslami MK. A system dynamics approach for investigating impacts of incentive mechanisms on wind power investment [J]. Renewable Energy,2012,37(1):310-317
[42]Dionne G, Pinquet J, Maurice M, et al. Incentive Mechanisms for Safe Driving:A Comparative Analysis with Dynamic Data [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,2011,93(1):218-227
[43]Haikel KM. A Game Theoretic Model for Generation Capacity Adequacy: Comparison between Investment Incentive Mechanisms in Electricity Markets [J]. Energy Journal,2011,32(4):117-157
[44]Liu Z, Zhang XL, Lieu J, et al. Research on incentive bidding mechanism to coordinate the electric power and emission-reduction of the generator [J]. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,2010,32(9): 946-955
[45]Zhong Y, Cai WG, Wu Y, et al. Incentive mechanism design for the residential building energy efficiency improvement of heating zones in North China [J]. Energy Policy,2009,37(6):2119-2123
[46]徐玥,魏晓平,班瑞凤.基于代际外部性视角的可耗竭能源产量配额机制设计[J].煤炭经济研究,2009,3：33-35
[47]朱新华,曲福田.基于粮食安全的耕地保护外部性补偿途径与机制设计[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(4)：1-7
[48]王小华.基于外部性理论的国内老工业基地重污染企业退出机制设计[J].全国商情(理论研究),2011,5：21-23
[49]林仁方,陈志俊.寡头联盟、外部效应与最优进入策略[J].世界经济,2006,8：88-95
[50]邝山.排污权拍卖的最优机制设计[J].上海管理科学,2006,3：76-77
[51]陈东平.关于抽水蓄能发展的理性思考[J].水力发电,2005,31(3)：1-4
[52]晏志勇,翟国寿.我国抽水蓄能电站发展历程及前景展望[J].水力发电,2004,30(12)：73-76
[53]王楠.我国抽水蓄能电站发展现状与前景分析[J].电力技术经济,2008,20(2)：18-21
[54]崔继纯,刘殿海,梁维列,等.抽水蓄能电站经济环保效益分析[J].电力技术经济,2007,40(1)：5-10
[55]娄素华,吴耀武,高苏杰,等.基于故障模式分析的抽水蓄能电站事故备用效益评估[J].电力系统自动化,2008,32(11)：34-37
[56]方军,牛东晓,黄元生.抽水蓄能电站动态效益的期权评价模型[J].电网技术,2005,29(16)：38-41
[57]曹昉,张粒子.抽水蓄能电厂的调峰服务分析及效益评估[J].现代电力,2005,22(4)：25-28
[58]王学良,于继来.分布式抽水蓄能系统的运营策略及其效益评估[J].电力系统保护与控制,2012,40(7)：129-137
[59]吴毅,李红艳,张东跃.新形势下抽水蓄能电站综合效益分析[J].水力发电,2008,34(10)：18-20
[60]武万才,李泓泽.基于外部性理论的抽水蓄能电站动态效益分析[J].水电自动化与大坝监测,2007,31(5)：1-5
[61]王伟,王高红,周翔,等.抽水蓄能电站服务电网评价指标体系及方法[J].电网与清洁能源,2010,26(8)：88-92
[62]赵洁,刘涤尘,雷庆生,等.核电机组参与电网调峰及与抽水蓄能电站联合运行研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(7)：1-6
[63]唐海华,黄春雷,丁杰.混合式抽水蓄能电站优化调度策略[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(21)：40-45
[64]胡泽春,丁华杰,孔涛.风电—抽水蓄能联合日运行优化调度模型[J].电力 系统自动化,2012,36(2)：36-41
[65]李强,袁越,李振杰,等.考虑峰谷电价的风电-抽水蓄能联合系统能量转化效益研究[J].电网技术,2009,33(6)：13-18
[66]陈峦,陈池.基于旋转备用和出力预测的风电抽水蓄能并网调度策略[J].水力发电,2011,37(12)：65-68
[67]任增,邱晓燕,林伟,等.风电场中抽水蓄能电站的优化配置[J].可再生能源,2012,30(5)：24-29
[68]祝瑞金,邴焕帅,王建军,等.考虑调峰效益和电量效益的风蓄联合运行优化模型及算法[J].华东电力,2012,40(4)：0564-0567
[69]周德建.基于节能环保综合效益的水火电联合调度[J].华东电力,2012,40(6)：1054-1059
[70]Caralis G, Papantonis D, Zervos A. The role of pumped storage systems towards the large scale wind integration in the Greek power supply system [J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(5):2558-2565
[71]Reuter WH, Fuss S, Szolgayova J, et al. Investment in wind power and pumped storage in a real options model [J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012,16(4):2242-2248
[72]Vespucci MT, Maggioni F, Bertocchi MI, et al. A stochastic model for the daily coordination of pumped storage hydro plants and wind power plants [J]. Annals of Operations Research,2012,193(1):91-105
[73]Varkani AK, Daraeepour A, Monsef H. A new self-scheduling strategy for integrated operation of wind and pumped-storage power plants in power markets [J]. Applied Energy,2011,88(12):5002-5012
[74]Duque AJ, Castronuovo ED, Sanchez I, et al. Optimal operation of a pumped-storage hydro plant that compensates the imbalances of a wind power producer [J]. Electric Power Systems Research,2011,81(9):1767-1111
[75]Sawa T, Sato Y, Tsurugai M, et al. Daily Integrated Generation Scheduling for Thermal, Pumped-Storage, and Cascaded Hydro Units and Purchasing Power Considering Network Constraints [J]. Electrical Engineering in Japan,2011, 175(1):25-34
[76]Kapsali M, Kaldellis JK. Combining hydro and variable wind power generation by means of pumped-storage under economically viable terms [J]. Applied Energy,2010,87(11):3475-3485
[77]Aghajani S, Kalantar M. Optimal Operation of Combined Wind Power Generation and Pumped-Storage Units in the Electricity Markets [J]. International Review of Electrical Engineering-IREE,2010,5(5):2385-2391
[78]Spyrou ID, Anagnostopoulos JS. Design study of a stand-alone desalination system powered by renewable energy sources and a pumped storage unit [J]. Desalination,2010,257(1-3):137-149
[79]Papaefthimiou S, Karamanou E, Papathanassiou S, et al. Operating policies for wind-pumped storage hybrid power stations in island grids [J]. IET Renewable Power Generation,2009,3(3):293-307
[80]Wu CC, Lee WJ, Cheng CL, et al. Role and Value of Pumped Storage Units in an Ancillary Services Market for Isolated Power Systems-Simulation in the Taiwan Power System [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2008,44(16): 1924-1929
[81]Anagnostopoulos JS, Papantonis DE. Simulation and size optimization of a pumped-storage power plant for the recovery of wind-farms rejected energy [J]. Renewable Energy,2008,33(7):1685-1694
[82]Brown PD, Lopes JAP, Matos MA. Optimization of pumped storage capacity in an isolated power system with large renewable penetration [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(2):523-531
[83]Anagnostopoulos JS, Papantonis DE. Pumping station design for a pumped-storage wind-hydro power plant [J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48(11):3009-3017
[84]葛炬,张粒子,周小兵.电力市场环境下辅助服务问题的研究[J].现代电力,2003,20(1)：80-85
[85]丁军威,沈瑜,康重庆,等.备用辅助服务市场的组织与交易决策[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(2)：29-32
[86]葛炬,张粒子,周小兵,等.AGC机组参与电力市场辅助服务的探讨[J].电网技术,2002,26(12)：61-65
[87]陈志姚,毕天妹,文福拴,等.运用保险理论的备用容量辅助服务分散决策机理初探[J].电力系统自动化,2002,26(20)：18-23
[88]赵大溥,陈志姚,钟金,等.电力市场环境下辅助服务市场的实现[J].中国电力,2007,40(2)：80-84
[89]周旭,顾洁,程浩忠.区域电力辅助服务市场评价体系[J].电力科学与技术学报,2011,26(1)：86-91
[90]陈乃仕,陈雪净,冶莉娟,等.发电厂并网运行与辅助服务评价系统的构建[J].电力建设,2011,32(8)：38-40
[91]曾鸣,马明娟,邹建平,等.我国备用辅助服务市场设计及交易决策研究[J]. 华东电力,2012,40(8)：1282-1287
[92]张金隆,丁世龙.关于电力市场有关辅助服务的定价机制研究[J].价格理论与实践,2006,(9)：78-79
[93]王林川,郑利娜,张伟,等.电力市场辅助服务的无功定价研究[J].东北电力大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(4)：50-54
[94]李雪凌,周杰娜.电力市场下水电厂的AGC辅助服务成本分析[J].电力系统保护与控制,2008,36(17)：47-50
[95]焦连伟,文福拴,祁达才,等.电力市场中辅助服务的获取与定价[J].电网技术,2002,26(7)：1-6
[96]蔡秋娜,文福拴,陈新凌,等.发电厂并网考核与辅助服务补偿细则评价指标体系[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(9)：47-53
[97]牟燕,袁兵,陈忠厚.清江梯级水电站的电网辅助服务及补偿问题[J].水电与新能源,2012,103(4)：58-60
[98]龚陈雄,姚建刚,杨先贵,等.AGC机组辅助服务考核与补偿评估方法[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2011,23(5)：138-142
[99]陈明辉,黄日星,文福拴.核电机组参与南方电网辅助服务提供与补偿的探讨[J].能源技术经济,2010,22(9)：1-4
[100]张森林.区域电力市场辅助服务运营模式研究[J].水电能源科学,2008,26(2)：188-191
[101]Madureira AG, Lopes JAP. Ancillary services market framework for voltage control in distribution networks with microgrids [J]. Electric Power Systems Research,2012,86(5):1-7
[102]Carlson B, Chen YH, Hong MG, et al. MISO Unlocks Billions in Savings through the Application of Operations Research for Energy and Ancillary Services Markets [J]. Interfaces,2012,42(1):58-73
[103]Van den Bosch PPJ, Jokic A, Frunt J, et al. Price-based control of ancillary services for power balancing [J]. European Transactions on Electrical Power, 2011,21(6):1889-1901
[104]Chen YH, Li J. Comparison of security constrained economic dispatch formulations to incorporate reliability standards on demand response resources into Midwest ISO co-optimized energy and ancillary service market [J]. Electric Power Systems Research,2011,81(9):1786-1795
[105]Chen YH, Keyser M, Tackett MH, et al. Incorporating Short-Term Stored Energy Resource Into Midwest ISO Energy and Ancillary Service Market [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(2):829-838
[106]Moradi MH, Dehghan S, Mirzaei A. Improving Congestion Relief Management as Ancillary Service in Operation Planning Phase with Demand Side's Presence [J]. International Review of Electrical Engineering-IREE,2011, 6(3):1447-1454
[107]Pindoriya NM, Singh SN, Singh, SK. Application of adaptive wavelet neural network to forecast operating reserve requirements in forward ancillary services market [J]. Applied Soft Computing,2011,11(2):1811-1819
[108]Wang JH, Shahidehpour M Mohammad, Li ZY. Contingency-Constrained Reserve Requirements in Joint Energy and Ancillary Services Auction [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2009,24(3):1457-1468
[109]Kazempour SJ, Moghaddam MP, Haghifam MR, et al. Risk-constrained dynamic self-scheduling of a pumped-storage plant in the energy and ancillary service markets [J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2009,50(5):1368-1375
[110]Havel P, Horacek P, Cerny V, et al. Optimal planning of ancillary services for reliable power balance control [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008, 23(3):1375-1382
[111]Costa AL, Costa AS. Energy and ancillary service dispatch through dynamic optimal power flow [J]. Electric Power Systems Research,2007,77(8): 1047-1055
[112]张瑞明,张新燕.基于普通异步发电机和双馈风力发电机静态数学模型的系统静态电压稳定性研究[J].电网技术,2011,35(1)：175-179
[113]Ha L T, Saha T K. Investigation of power loss and voltage stability limits for large wind farm connections to a subtransmission network[C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Denver, USA,2004
[114]Yongning Chi, Yanhua Liu, Weisheng Wang, et al. Voltage Stability Analysis of Wind Farm Integration into Transmission Network [A]. International Conference on Power System Technology (PowerCon) [C], Chongqing,2006:1-7
[115]Le H. T, Santoso. S. Analysis of Voltage Stability and Optimal Wind Power Penetration Limits for a Non-radial Network with an Energy Storage System [A]. Power Engineering Society General Meeting, IEEE [C]. Tampa, FL:2007:1-8
[116]Ullah. N. R. Small Scale Integration of Variable Speed Wind Turbines into the Local Grid and Its Voltage Stability Aspects [A]. Future Power Systems,2005 International Conference[C], Amsterdam,2005:8-8
[117]Nguyen Tung Linh. Voltage Stability Analysis of Grids Connected Wind Generators [A]. Industrial Electronics and Applications, ICIEA 2009,4th IEEE Conference[C], Xi'an,2009:2657-2660
[118]DongxuZhou, Xiaoming Li. Research on the Voltage Stability Control for Wind Turbine Group Based on Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation[A] Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC),2010 Asia-Pacific[C], Chengdu,2010:1-5
[119]郎永强,张学广.双馈电机风电场无功功率分析及控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(9)：77-82
[120]王正明,陆正南.风电项目投资及其运行的经济性分析[J].可再生能源,2008,26(6)：21-24
[121]刘佳明.风电成本的简易估算[J].内蒙古电力技术,2007,25(4)：45-47
[122]曾鸣,刘万福,未瑞,等.风力发电可行性评价指标体系及方法研究[J].华东电力,2008,36(8)：85-88
[123]相娟.风电场运行经济性综合评价方法[J].时代经贸,2007,5(2)：16-18
[124]吕太,张连升,李卓,等.层次分析法在风电场运行经济性评价中的应用[J].中国电力,2006,39(9)：42-44
[125]靳静,艾芊.我国风电场建设及运行现状评估与发展前景研究[J].华东电力,2007,35(8)：44-49
[126]谭志忠,刘德有,欧传奇,等.风电-抽水蓄能联合系统的优化运行模型[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2008,36(1)：58-62
[127]杨振斌,朱瑞兆,薛桁.风电场风能资源评价两个新参数——相当风速、有功风功率密度[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(3)：248-251
[128]陈雷,邢作霞,钟明方,等.分布式风电场规划中的若干效益量化指标分析[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2007,29(6)：637-641,666.
[129]沈又幸,刘琳,曾鸣.风电社会效益的评价模型及其应用研究[J].华东电力,2009,37(5)：852-855
[130]吴昌南.中国电力市场化改革研究[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2011：12-13,15-17
[131]Korovesis P.N., Vokas GA., Gonos I.F., et al. Influence of large-scale installation of energy saving lamps on the line voltage distortion of a weak network supplied by photovoltaic station. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2004,19(4):1787-1793
[132]唐祖爱.中国电力监管机构研究[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2008：50-52
[133]国家电力监管委员会.并网发电厂辅助服务管理暂行办法[S],北京：国 家电力监管委员会,2006
[134]王锡凡,王秀丽.随机生产模拟及其应用[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(8)：10-15
[135]WANG Xifan. Equivalent energy function approach to power system probabilistic modeling [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1988,3(3):823-829
[136]王锡凡.电力系统随机生产模拟的等效电量函数法[J].西安交通大学学报,1984,18(6)：13-26
[137]Wen-Tsao Pan. A new fruit fly optimization algorithm:taking the financial distress model as an example[J]. Knowledge-Based Systems,2012,26 (2):69-74
[138]D.F. Specht. A general regression neural network [J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,1991,2 (11):568-576
[139]刘吉成,王素花.风能并网发电经济性研究[J].中国电力,2011,44(6)：63-66
[140]栾士岩,蒋传文,张焰,等.含风电场的电力系统节能减排优化调度研究[J].华东电力,2010,38(1)：39-43
[141]陈赞.风力发电和光伏发电并网问题研究[D].上海：上海交通大学电气工程系,2009
[142]谭伦农,张保会.市场环境下的负荷备用容量[J].电力自动化设备,2003,23(6)：10-12
[143]高效,彭建春.电压暂降的定量评价与失电损失分摊[J].电网技术,2005,29(12)：22-26
[144]马军杰,张信,王恩琦,等.并网光伏发电价值的综合评价[J].水电能源科学,2011,29(6)：169-171
[145]李泓泽,郭森,王宝.我国风力发电的环境价值分析[J].能源技术经济,2011,23(7)：35-39
[146]Suykens J.A.K., Vandewalle J. Least squares support vector machine classifiers[J]. Neural Process Lett,1999,9:293-300
[147]周莉梅,范明天.城市电网用户停电损失估算及评价方法研究[J].中国电力,2006,39(7)：70-73
[148]韩少晓,孙嘉,延峰.AGC机组辅助服务定量评估[J].电网技术,2005,9(18)：26-29
[149]龚陈雄,姚建刚,杨先贵,等.AGC机组辅助服务考核与补偿评估方法[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2011,23(5)：137-141
[150]李丹,梁吉,孙荣富,等.并网电厂管理考核系统中AGC调节性能补偿措施[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(4)：107-111
[151]齐先军,丁明.电力市场环境下旋转备用费用分摊的新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(16)：69-74
[152]陈明辉.发电机组参与辅助服务的机制研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,2010
[153]高俊萍.县级电网无功优化补偿及无功补偿效益分析[J].中小企业管理与科技(下旬刊),2012,(11)：322-324