公共建筑碳排放权交易机理及体系研究
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摘要
气候变化已成为国际社会共同关注的全球性热点问题,我国也确定了积极应对的行动方案,并向世界承诺了碳排放的削减计划。与此同时,伴随着城市化的进程,我国城镇建筑规模正在逐年扩大,消耗了大量的能源与资源并产生了大量的温室气体,对其采取碳排放控制已势在必行。然而,由于建筑碳排放和碳减排具有公共性和外部性等特征,导致了大气环境容量资源的过度使用、社会福利损失和市场效率损失等问题,由产权理论衍生的建筑碳排放权交易机制为解决上述问题开辟了新的思路。另外,相对于居住建筑,公共建筑具有产权单一、单体建筑碳排放量高与减排潜力大等特征,对其实施碳排放权交易机制更有意义且更为可行。本文通过采用定性分析与定量分析相结合、理论研究与应用研究相结合、统计分析等研究方法,综合运用管理学、经济学、公共物品理论、外部性理论、产权理论、机制设计理论、系统理论、博弈论、全生命周期理论、激励理论和决策理论等多学科的理论和知识,展开了对公共建筑碳排放权交易机理及体系的研究。
     通过清晰界定公共建筑碳排放的范围和明确公共建筑碳排放权交易的内涵,挖掘了公共建筑碳排放权的准公共物品属性和商品属性及其交易的权利与义务结合体特征;再利用公共物品理论、外部性理论、产权理论和机制设计理论对公共建筑碳排放权交易的本质和关键问题进行解析,从而搭建了本文研究的理论框架。
     利用系统分析的方法,对公共建筑碳排放权交易的过程进行了分析,并深入剖析了相关主体的构成及其行为特征,确立了相关主体的关系层次结构;接着运用博弈理论,对监管主体层与主要交易主体层之间的行为策略选择进行了进化博弈分析,挖掘了在政府的引导下业主进入交易市场前后的行为决策特点;在此基础上,揭示了公共建筑碳排放权交易的基本原理,建立了交易运作机理模型。
     运用全生命周期理论和生命周期成本方法,对公共建筑碳排放权交易全过程的增量成本与增量效益进行了全面分析,构建了监管主体层与主要交易主体层的净收益测算模型,包括测算公式和定量测算方法;以此为基础,通过进一步分析得出了公共建筑碳排放权交易合意性要素的关键影响因素及其作用效果,进而构建了公共建筑碳排放权交易的合意性条件。
     结合对公共建筑碳排放权交易机理与合意性分析的结果,利用机制设计理论和系统理论作为指导,设计了公共建筑碳排放权交易体系的总体框架,并提出了各部分系统的流程和实现方法;再分别运用激励理论、决策理论和系统理论,建立了保障公共建筑碳排放权交易体系有效运行的碳减排激励模型、违规排放监管模型和灵活保障机制。
     本文最后遵循理论研究与应用研究相结合的研究方法,以北京市为案例,对公共建筑碳排放权交易体系进行了应用研究。通过对北京市公共建筑规模与碳排放状况的分析,发掘了其碳减排的潜力,进一步结合北京市实施公共建筑碳排放权交易的现实条件,设计了北京市公共建筑碳排放权交易体系的基本框架,并提出了具体的实施建议。
     本文在对公共建筑碳排放权交易机理及体系的研究过程中,运用到了多种理论和方法,丰富和扩展了公共建筑碳排放权交易相关理论体系;对公共建筑碳排放权交易的本质和关键问题进行深入挖掘,揭示了交易的基本原理,建立了交易运作机理模型,有助于进一步推动公共建筑碳排放权交易的深入研究;构建了公共建筑碳排放权交易主要主体的净收益测算模型和合意性条件,为其行为策略选择提供了支持和依据;设计了完整的公共建筑碳排放权交易体系框架,并提出了各部分系统的流程和实现方法,有利于政府建立有效的公共建筑碳排放权交易体系。
Climate change has become a global hot issue which is common concernedby international community, in order to cope with it, China has already plannedthe project actively and made a commitment of carbon emissions abatement tothe world. At the same time, along with China's urbanization process, urbanconstruction scale become larger and larger every year and buildings haveconsumed a plenty of energy and resources with a large amount of greenhousegases emission, so it is imperative to control the emission now. However,publicity and externality characteristics of building carbon emissions and carbonabatement lead to the overuse of atmospheric environmental capacity resourcesand the loss of social welfare and market efficiency, on the other side, buildingcarbon emissions trading mechanism derived from property right theory canprovide a new method to solve these problems. In addition, compared toresidential building, characteristics of public building such as the single propertyrights, large amount of emissions of monomer building and great abatementpotential makes it feasible and meaningful to implement carbon emissionstrading mechanism on public building. In this research, through using themethods such as combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative anal ysis,the combination of theoretical research and application research, and statisticalanalysis, by comprehensively applying theories and methods of themultidisciplinary such as economics, public goods theory, externality theory,property rights theory, mechanism design theory, system theory, system theory,game theory, life cycle theory, incentive theory and decision theory, it studies onpublic building carbon emissions trading mechanism and system.
     Through defining the range of public buildings carbon emissions andclarifying the connotation of public buildings carbon emissions trading, thisresearch obtains the quasi-public goods attribute, commodity property of publicbuilding carbon emissions trading and the combination characteristics of itsrights and duties. And then, it builds a theoretical framework of this study byusing public goods theory, externality theory, property rights theory andmechanism design theory to analysis the essence and the key problems of publicbuilding carbon emissions trading.
     This research analyzes the process of public buildings carbon emissionstrading by using systems analysis methods, and it establishes the stakeholders’levels; and then by using game theory, it makes evolutionary game analysis on behavior strategy selection between supervision subjects level and transactionagents level, meanwhile, it finds characteristics of behavior strategies made bystakeholders pre-and post entering the market under the government guide. Onthis basis, it reveals the basic principles of public buildings carbon emissionstrading and establishes a trading operation mechanism model.
     After that, this research makes a comprehensive analysis on incrementalcost and incremental benefit in the whole process of public buildings carbonemissions trading using life cycle theory and life cycle cost method. It constructsnet benefit calculation model of supervision subjects level and transaction agentslevel, including net benefit expression and net benefit calculation methods. Onthat basis, by further analysis it obtains the key influencing factors and the actioneffect of public buildings carbon emissions trading desirability factors, and then,it constructs the desirability conditions of public buildings carbon emissionstrading.
     Combined with the results of analyzing the public buildings carbonemissions trading mechanism and desirability, guiding by mechanism designtheory and system theory, this research designs the overall framework of publicbuildings carbon emissions trading system, and it puts forward the process andimplementation of each part of the system. Furthermore, it constructs the carbonabatement incentive model, regulation model of illegal discharge and flexibleprotection mechanism to guarantee the operation of public buildin gs carbonemissions trading system.
     Finally, in order to follow the research method of combing the theoreticalresearch with application research, this research regards Beijing as a case tomake an application research on public buildings carbon emissions tradingsystem. Through analyzing the public building scale and the carbon emissionsquantity, it studies on the potential for carbon emission abatement, and then,combing the realistic conditions of the implementation of public buildingscarbon emissions trading in Beijing, it designs the basic framework of publicbuildings carbon emissions trading system in Beijing, and it also puts forwardsspecific implementation recommendations.
     In the course of the study of public buildings carbon emissions tradingmechanism and system, this research applies a variety of theories and methods toenrich and extend the theoretical system of public buildings carbon emissionstrading research; and through digging deeply into the essence and the key issuesof public buildings carbon emissions trading, it reveals the basic principles oftrading and establishes trading operation mechanism model, which are helpful to promote the further study of public buildings carbon emissions trading. It alsostudies on the net benefit calculation model and desirability conditions of publicbuildings carbon emissions trading stakeholders which provide basis for itsbehavior strategy selection. The framework of public buildings carbon emissionstrading system is designed, also the process and implementation method is putforward which is beneficial for the government to establish effective publicbuildings carbon emissions trading system.
引文
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