新型农村社会养老保险的供需研究
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摘要
社会保障关系到国计民生和社会和谐,农村社会保障制度是整个社会保障体系中非常重要的组成部分,但我国农村社会保障制度一直发展落后,尤其是农村社会养老保险制度的发展水平,严重滞后于我国社会经济发展水平。近年来,我国农村老年人口不断增加,农村人口的老龄化形势越来越严峻。随着工业化和城镇化进程加快,农村原有的生产方式和生活方式发生了变化,我国农村传统的家庭养老保障功能正在逐渐弱化。传统的农村养老保障方式已经不能满足农民养老的需要,农民对农村社会养老保险的需求十分迫切。为了积极应对农村人口老龄化,解决广大农村居民老有所养问题,我国政府对农村社会养老保险事业给予了高度重视。2009年,国务院办公厅发布《关于开展新型农村社会养老保险试点的指导意见》,提出探索建立个人缴费、集体补助和政府补贴相结合的新型农村社会养老保险(以下简称“新农保”)制度,从2009年开始在全国选择10%的县(市、区、旗)开展新农保的试点。
     新农保政策的出台和试点推动,标志着我国农村养老保障事业发展进入到了一个新时期。但是我国新农保制度建设目前还处于起步探索阶段,新农保制度还存在有许多不足,比如,新农保试点扩面速度较慢,覆盖率较低,保障水平偏低等亟待解决的问题。在当前农村人口老龄化形势日趋严峻的背景下,以新农保政策的出台及试点实施为契机,深入研究新农保的供给和需求问题,对于完善我国新农保制度,促进新农保制度的可持续发展具有重要的意义。
     本文在农村人口老龄化的背景下,以新农保政策的出台及试点实施为契机,在分析我国农民对农村社会养老保险迫切需求的基础上,进一步分析我国现有新农保制度供给上的不足,探讨新农保供需之间的差距,并对完善我国新农保制度提出相应的对策建议。本文分为8章进行分析,各章主要内容及研究结论如下:
     第1章是导言部分,主要包括本文的研究背景、研究意义、研究方法、研究思路与内容、国内外研究动态及评述、论文可能的创新和不足等。通过对国内外关于农村社会养老保险研究的相关文献进行了梳理,发现目前国内外系统研究我国新农保供给和需求问题的文献较少。
     第2章是对新农保的概念界定及相关理论基础的概述。本章首先将新农保相关的概念进行界定,其次对公共产品理论、制度变迁理论、生命周期理论、福利经济学理论和公共财政理论等相关理论基础进行梳理,为新农保的供需分析提供理论支撑。
     第3章是对我国农村社会养老保险制度的发展历程进行回顾。根据制度变迁理论,将我国农村养老保险制度的发展划分为三个阶段:第一个阶段是老农保的初始试点以及停滞阶段;第二个阶段是地方农村社会养老保险制度创新阶段;第三个阶段是新农保制度正式建立并试点推广的阶段。重点描述新农保制度的主要内容,对新农保制度进行评析。
     第4章是对国外农村社会养老保险的发展经验进行总结借鉴。考察国外典型国家农村社会养老保险的制度模式,选取德国、日本和巴西等国家进行比较分析。国外农村社会养老保险制度对我国新农保的启示有:发挥政府在新农保制度建设中的主导作用;加强农村社会养老保险的法制建设;建立多层次的农村社会养老保险体系;注重城乡社会养老保险制度的衔接。
     第5章是分析农民对新农保制度的需求状况。利用序数效用理论分析农民在现有资源、制度和信息等约束条件下在家庭养老和新农保这两种养老保障方式中做出最优选择,实现养老效用最大化。以湖北省监利县为例,实地调查农民对新农保的需求,采用Binary Logistic回归模型对调查数据进行处理,实证检验影响农民参保的因素。实证检验结果表明,农民参加新农保的意愿较为积极,农民对新农保需求较大。农民年龄、务农年限、家庭规模、家庭人均纯收入、农民对新农保的了解程度、农民对新农保的缴费承受能力、新农保的养老保障待遇等因素对农民的参保需求影响显著。
     第6章是分析新农保制度的供给情况。根据公共产品的成本—收益法,分析新农保供给的成本和收益。在养老资源的配置上,政府供给新农保,供给行为的边际成本等于边际收益时,新农保的经济社会效益达到最大化。根据新农保的实施情况,分析新农保的供给现状,并重点分析新农保的财政供给能力。目前我国政府对新农保的财政供给还存在不足,比如总体财政投入有限,地方各级政府对新农保的财政补贴分担方式不明确,财政补贴激励机制设计不合理,财政投入的保障机制缺失等。新农保制度供给不足,养老保障待遇偏低,难以保证农村老年人达到基本生活水平,新农保供给的社会经济效益还未达到最大化。
     第7章是分析新农保的长期供需平衡情况。以现收现付制基本模型为基础,通过测算未来农村人口数量结构和农村人均纯收入,计算未来新农保帐户收支之间的缺口,找出供需之间的差距。针对新农保帐户的收支缺口,本文认为应该增加政府对新农保基础养老金的财政补贴,来解决新农保供需之间的矛盾。参照城镇职工基本养老保险的基础养老金替代率20%,新农保基础养老金按上一年度农民人均纯收入的20%进行补贴。通过测算未来国家财政收入,我国政府有实力为新农保制度的发展提供更多的财政支持。
     第8章在归纳前文主要研究结论的基础上,提出解决新农保供需矛盾的对策建议。主要包括:完善新农保的制度设计;加快新农保制度的立法;增加新农保的财政投入;加快农村经济发展,增加农民收入;加大对新农保的宣传力度,增强农民的参保信心。
The social security is related to the beneficial to the people's livelihood and social harmony. Rural social security system is an important part of the social security system. The rural social security system in China has lagged behind social economic development, especially in the rural social endowment insurance system. In recent years, our country rural elderly population continues to increase. Rural population aging is becoming more and more serious. With the industrialization and urbanization process accelerated, and the original mode of production and way of life have changed, our country rural traditional family old-age security function is gradually weakening. The traditional old-age security has been unable to meet the need of the rural elderly. The farmers'demand of social endowment insurance is very urgent. In order to actively cope with the aging of the rural population and solve rural residents' old-age security problems, the government attaches importance to the rural social endowment insurance. In2009, the State Council issued the policy of guiding opinions on the development of China's rural social endowment insurance, put forward to establish the new rural social endowment insurance system. The fund is provided by individual contribution, collective allowance and government subsidies. From2009, the government selects10%counties to implement the new rural social endowment insurance.
     The policy of the new rural social endowment insurance is implemented, marking China's rural old-age security cause has developed into a new period. But the new rural social endowment insurance system is still in the initial stage of development, the new rural social endowment insurance system still has many deficiencies. For example, the new rural social endowment insurance is lower coverage, lower security level and other problems to be solved. In the current rural population aging situation is becoming increasingly serious background. According to the policy of the new rural social endowment insurance, we studied on the supply and demand of the new rural social endowment insurance, and explored the gap between supply and demand of the new rural social endowment insurance. It is important significance to improve the new rural social endowment insurance system and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the new rural social endowment insurance.
     In the rural population aging background, this paper, as an opportunity of the implementation of the new rural social endowment insurance, based on analysis of farmers'demand for the new rural social endowment insurance, further analysis of the insufficient supply of the new rural social endowment insurance, explore the gap between the supply and demand of the new agricultural insurance. we proposed several recommendations to improve the new rural social endowment insurance system.
     This paper was divided into8chapters, which main contents and research conclusions were as follows:
     Chapter1was the introduction, which mainly included background, significance, methods, frame, main contents, theoretical reviews, innovation and lack of this paper. Based on the relevant historical documents and research findings of the rural social endowment insurance, it had rarely seen the research of the combination of the new rural social endowment insurance.
     Chapter2defined the concept of the new rural social endowment insurance and indicated relevant theoretical basis. Firstly, this chapter defined the relative concept; secondly, the public product theory, institutional change theory, life cycle theory, the theory of welfare economics and public finance theory and other related theories were reviewed.
     Chapter3reviewed the development course of the rural social endowment insurance system. According to the theory of institutional change, we divided China's rural social endowment insurance system development into three stages. The first stage is the old rural social endowment insurance system; the second stage is the local rural social endowment insurance system innovation; the third stage is the new the new rural social endowment insurance system establishment and implement. This chapter focused on the description of the main content of the new rural social endowment insurance system, evaluation and analysis of the new rural social endowment insurance system.
     Chapter4summarized and learnt from the development experience of foreign rural social endowment insurance. This chapter investigated the pattern of rural social endowment insurance system, and analyzed the rural social endowment insurance system of Germany, Japan and Brazil and other countries. The enlightenment of foreign rural social endowment insurance system:firstly, playing the leading role of the government in the new rural social endowment insurance system. Secondly, strengthening the legal construction of the new rural social endowment insurance; thirdly, establishing a multi-level rural social endowment insurance system; finally, connecting urban and rural social endowment insurance system.
     Chapter5analyzed the farmers' demand for the new rural social endowment insurance. This chapter used ordinal utility theory to analyze the farmers' choice. In order to achieve the farmers'utility maximization, the farmers'made a choice from the family endowment and the new rural social endowment insurance, under the existing resource, system and information condition. Taking Jianli County of Hubei Province for example, we investigated farmers'demand for the new rural social endowment insurance. Using Binary Logistic regression model to process the investigated data, test the factors that influence farmers to participate in the new rural social endowment insurance. We found that farmers'age, farming years, the number of family, per capita net income of farmers, education, the pension income of the new rural social endowment insurance and other factors had significant influence on farmers.
     Chapter6analyzed the supply of the new rural social endowment insurance. According to cost-benefit method of the public product, analyzed the costs and benefits of the new rural social endowment insurance. In the allocation of resources, the government provides new rural social endowment insurance. When the marginal cost equals marginal benefit of supply behavior, the economic and social benefits reach maximum of the new rural social endowment insurance. According to the implementation of the new rural social endowment insurance, analyzed the supply capacity of the new rural social endowment insurance. We found that the new rural social endowment insurance was insufficient supply. At present, the new rural social endowment insurance system has many deficiencies. For example, lack of stability, lower level of legislation, local system difference, lower coverage, lower security level, lack of job network, weak agency services. It is difficult to meet the needs of the rural elderly people, because the new rural social endowment insurance is lower security level. The social and economic benefits of the new rural social endowment insurance have not yet reached the maximum.
     Chapter7analyzed the long-term supply and demand of the new rural social endowment insurance. Based on the pay-as-you-go model, through calculating the future rural population structure and rural per capita net income, calculated the future account deficit of the new rural social endowment insurance and found out the gap between supply and demand of the new rural social endowment insurance. In view of the account deficit of the new rural social endowment insurance, this paper argued that the government should increase financial subsidies, to solve the gap between supply and demand of the new rural social endowment insurance. According to pension substitution rate20%of the urban workers' pension insurance, the government should increase financial subsidies based on20%of the annual per capita net income of farmers. Through calculating the future national revenue, we found that the government can provide more financial support to develop the new rural social endowment insurance system.
     Chapter8proposed several recommendations to solve the problem of supply and demand of the new rural social endowment insurance on the basis of the above analysis conclusion. The main proposals of this paper as follows:improving the design of the new rural social endowment insurance system; accelerating legislation of the new rural social endowment insurance; increasing financial subsidies for the new rural social endowment insurance; developing rural economics to increase farmers' income; expanding propaganda of the new rural social endowment insurance to enhance farmers' insurance confidence.
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