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技法与理论
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摘要
意大利文艺复兴时期的绘画理论,历来为美术理论研究的母题源之一。技法理论,则是绘画理论的重要组成部分。
     随着文艺复兴观念的兴起,绘画技法理论的写作也进入新的阶段,从14世纪晚期至16世纪,较为著名者包括琴尼尼的《艺匠手册》、阿尔贝蒂的《论绘画》、莱奥纳多的《论绘画》,以及瓦萨里的《论技法》等。从时间线索看,理论家们针对艺术的写作,从具体的颜料制备和技法操作,逐步扩展到技法原理和技法观念。阿尔贝蒂完成于1435年的《论绘画》,宣称要重新构建艺术的智性知识基础,如数学式空间营造法和色彩技法的相关原则。本书的出现宣告了文艺复兴技法理论的首次转型,而这种转型正是艺术获得自由学科的品质和艺术家地位获得提高的重要象征。在人文主义者们对绘画技法和艺术观念的热烈探讨中,绘画技法理论获得了前所未有的进展速度。莱奥纳多的技法理论吸收了中世纪和阿尔贝蒂的自然科学成果,在数学法则、光学原理、空气透视、人体比例、解剖等方面取得了新的突破性成就;他的科学式自然主义绘画观,以及“明暗对照法”、“隐没透视”等绘画技法和原理,表现了绘画艺术与视觉认知之间的关系。在文艺复兴走向极盛之后,瓦萨里的《名人传》首先成为记录大师生平与成就的巨著,而此书的导论《论技法》,则承担了为读者进行专业知识铺垫的功能,以及为人们了解往昔大师的辉煌成就提供依据。瓦萨里技法观念的核心词汇design因此获得了重要的理论意义。他对大师技法进行了整体关照,详述了构图、色彩、板画和壁画的操作等并表达了个人观点,尤其是前人未曾专门述及的草图(sketch)、大样(cartoon)、刮痕法(sgraffiti)等,说明瓦萨里时代的整个技法实践状况和风格取向已有根本的进展。尤其他对米开朗基罗“前缩短透视”的高度赞扬,既说明了透视技法的复杂性已达时代顶峰,也在理论上超越了前人的数学法则。而且,画家与理论家这两种身份,对瓦萨里的写作模式产生了显著影响。
     借助对这一特定时期绘画技法理论及其著述的研究,我们看到了它的源起、发生、发展。从琴尼尼开始,技法理论的内容、形态和叙述模式不断发生演变,而且与人文主义的兴起、社会观念的进展之间发生了密切的关联;在社会背景中,技法理论的价值体系,即它的功能和意义也同样不停发生着变化。在技法理论的整体嬗变过程中,作者身份在不同时期的技法理论写作中扮演了重要角色。总之,技法理论本身阐发出来的精神意象和艺术观念的嬗变,也正是其应该进入艺术史研究视野的关键。
Italian Renaissance painting theory has always been the Motif source of today's art theory, and the theory of technique is an important part of the painting theory.
     With the gradual rise of Renaissance ideas, the writing of technique theory also entered a new phase, from the late14th century to the16th century, the famous works emerged, such as Cennini's "The Craftsman's Handbook", Alberti's "On Painting", Leonardo's "On Painting", and Vasari "On Technique". From the cue of time, the writings about art by theorists have gradually extended from the specific pigment preparation and technique of operation, to the principles of technique and concept of technique. Alberti's On Painting completed in about1435, vowed to rebuild intellectual knowledge base of art, such as the space of mathematical formulas and the relevant principles of color.The book proclaimed the first transformation of Renaissance technique theory, this transformation is an important symbol of the art as free subjects and status of the artist getting raise.In the humanists'enthusiastic discussion on painting techniques and artistic concepts, theory of painting technique gain unprecedented rate of progress. Leonardo's technique theory absorbed the results of science of nature, the laws of mathematics, the principles of optics, air perspective, visual observation, body proportion, anatomy, has made a new breakthrough achievements; his concept of scientific naturalism in painting, and his techniques and principles of painting such as "chiaroscuro","perspective of disappearance", expressed the relationship between the art of painting and the visual cognition. After the zenith of Renaissance, Vasari's Lives become the first record of the great works of the master and of their lives. As an introduction to the book,"On technique", undertake to pave the way for readers to get expertise, as well as provide a basis for people to understand the glorious achievements of the past masters, so the core vocabulary "design" of Vasari's technique obtained important theoretical significance. Vasari took overall care of his masters'techniques, detailing the operation of composition, color, murals and frescoes etc., and expressed a personal point of view, especially the techniques predecessors never mentioned such as sketch, cartoon, sgraffiti, showed techniques situation and style orientation of Vasari's era has undergone fundamental progress. In particular, he highly praised Michelangelo's foreshortening of figures,and this not only illustrated the complexity of perspective had reached its pinnacle of the era, but it had been beyond the previous rules of mathematics theoretically. Moreover, both the identity of the painter and theorist of Vasari's made a significant impact on his writing.
     With the study of the theory of painting technique and related work in this particular period, we can find it's origin, occurrence and development. From Cennini, content, form and narrative mode of theory of technique continued to evolve,closely associated with the rise of humanism and progress of social perceptions; In social, value system of theory of technique, such as its function and meaning were also constantly changing. In the overall evolution process of the technique theory, the identity of writer played an important role in writing of technique theory in different periods. In short, the theory of painting technique elucidated the evolution of the mental imagery and artistic concepts, and this is the key reason the theory of technique should enter the field of view of art history.
引文
① Daniel V.Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting.,Dover Publications,Inc.,1956,p.19.
    ② 《艺匠手册》,原意大利文名为Il Libro dell'Arte,英文译名为The Craftsman's Handbook
    ③ 《论绘画》,原意大利文名为Della Pittura,英文译名为On Painting.
    ④ Leon Battista Albert. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.81.
    ⑤ 莱奥纳多·达·芬奇《论绘画》,精华本为Martin Kemp根据各种选本和手稿编译的Leonardo on Painting.
    ⑥ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.77.
    ⑦ Leon Battista Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.85.
    ⑧ 《论技法》,原为瓦萨里《名人传》1550年版的导论,意大利文通常对应parte teorica和capitoli delle teoriche.如今单独出版的英译本名为Vasari on Technique.
    ① Gombrich E.H.,The Story of Art, pocket edition, PHAIDON,2006,p.168.
    ② 英文名为An Eessay upon Various Arts.
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译.南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第3-4页
    ② Anthony Blunt Artistic theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,p.25.
    ① 马克斯·多奈尔:《欧洲绘画大师技法和材料》,杨红太杨鸿晏译,清华大学出版社,2006年,第295页。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第565页。
    ① 《缪灵珠美学译文集》,缪灵珠译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年,第189页。
    ② 《缪灵珠美学译文集》,缪灵珠译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年,第190页。
    ① 《缪灵珠美学译文集》,缪灵珠译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年,第188页。
    ② 《缪灵珠美学译文集》,缪灵珠译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年,第188页。
    ③ L·文杜里:《西方艺术批评史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第29页。
    ④ L·文杜里:《西方艺术批评史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第28页。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第572页。
    ① 柏拉图:《智者篇》[Sophist],P.233ff.
    ② 柏拉图:《国家篇》,X.602.
    ③ 阿瑟·艾夫兰:《西方艺术教育史》,邢莉常宁生译,成都:四川人民出版社,2001年,第25页。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第587页。
    ② 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第591页。
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第591页。
    ④ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第592页。
    ① 亚里士多德:《诗学》,罗念生译,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1986年,第7页。
    ② 亚里士多德:《诗学》,罗念生译,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1986年,第32页。
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第575页。
    ① Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed, A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,pp.1
    ① Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.8.
    ② Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,pp.6.
    ③ 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第273页。
    ④ 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第272页。
    ① 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第262页。
    ② Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol. I:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,pp.2.
    ① 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第253页。
    ② 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第253页。
    ③ 约翰·赫伊津哈:《中世纪的秋天》,何道宽译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2008年,第348页。
    ① Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.1
    ② 马克斯·多奈尔:《欧洲绘画大师技法和材料》,杨红太杨鸿晏译,北京:清华大学出版社,2006年,第288页。
    ③ 马克斯·多奈尔:《欧洲绘画大师技法和材料》,杨红太杨鸿晏译,北京:清华大学出版社,2006年,第289页。
    ① Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.65.
    ② 约翰·赫伊津哈:《中世纪的秋天》,何道宽译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2008年,第161页。
    ③ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.1.
    ① 即design,可参阅本文第四章的注释。
    ② Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.50.
    ③ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.50.
    ① Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.81.
    ② 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波等译.武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第514页。
    ① Artists on Art:from the 14h to the 20th century,compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,p.26.
    ① Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.136.
    ② Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.65.
    ③ 玛格丽特·L·金:《欧洲文艺复兴》(插图本),李平译,上海人民出版社,2008年,第111页。
    ① Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook.trans.by Daniel V. Thompson,JR., Dover Publications,Inc.,1960,p.3.
    ② Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.4.
    ③ Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.4.
    ④ Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol. l.The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.4.
    ⑤ Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook.trans.by Daniel V. Thompson,JR., Dover Publications,Inc.,1960,p.1.
    ⑥ Daniel V.Thompson在序言中描述了他在原手稿中对章节标题进行了必要的增补和完善,从而使读者更易于检索技法条目。本英文版的目录按《艺匠手册》原稿编辑了140个条目,此外增创了原稿中所没有的章节数字和标题,用来为文本内容提供索引。而且新增的章节数字与另外两位译者——Tambroni和Milanesi的版本中的章节数字相一致,这同样是为了给阅读提供不同版本间的对照参考之便。
    ① Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook.trans.by Daniel V. Thompson,JR., Dover Publications,Inc.,1960,p.6.
    ② Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.7.
    ③ Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.7.
    ④ Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.9.
    ⑤ 福西永:《形式的生命》,陈平译,北京:北京大学出版社,2011年,第93页。
    ① 福西永:《形式的生命》,陈平译,北京:北京大学出版社,2011年,第93页。
    ② 福西永:《形式的生命》,陈平译,北京:北京大学出版社,2011年,第39页。
    ① Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.52.
    ② 据载在古罗马只有帝国权贵才被允许穿着紫色,而这种紫色要从从地中海骨螺的性荷尔蒙腺体中提取,大约一万只骨螺中才能采集到制作一克左右的紫色原料。
    ③ Magi一词是希腊语magos复数的拉丁形式,源于泼斯语magus,乃占星术士之义,有贤士、智者的含义,是十分受尊敬的职业。此处译为博士。
    ④ Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Vol.6,trans.by W.H.S.Jones,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1961,p.197.
    ⑤ Cennino Cennini The craftsman's handbook.New York:Dover Publications,lnc.1960,p.36.
    ⑥ 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,广州:岭南美术出版社,1992年,第550页。
    ① Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience inFifteenth-century Italy, New York:oxford university press,1988,p.11.
    ② 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,广州:岭南美术出版社,1992年,第258页。
    ③ Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.135.
    ④ 维多利亚·芬利:《颜色的故事:调色板的自然史》,姚芸竹译,北京:三联书店,2008年,第28页。
    ⑤ 维多利亚·芬利:《颜色的故事:调色板的自然史》,姚芸竹译,北京:三联书店,2008年,第29页。
    ⑥ 拉尔夫·迈耶,《美术家手册:材料与技巧》,蒋达等译,尹戎生等校,广西美术出版社,1990,第70页。
    ① Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook.trans.by Daniel V. Thompson,JR., Dover Publications,Inc.,1960,p.73.
    ② 拉尔夫·迈耶,《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,岭南美术出版社,1992年,第56页。
    ③ 拉尔夫·迈耶,《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,岭南美术出版社,1992年,第221页。
    ④ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook.trans.by Daniel V. Thompson,JR., Dover Publications,Inc.,1960,p.29.
    ⑤ Pliny the Elder. Natural History.Vol.6,trans.by W.H.S.Jones,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1961,p.195.
    ⑥ 拉尔夫·迈耶,《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,岭南美术出版社,1992年,第70页。
    ① 注:琴尼尼没有把头顶作为1/3个脸长计入全身长度。
    ② Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications.Inc.,1960,n.1,p.48.
    ③ Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in the Visual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.56.
    ④ Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in the Visual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.74.
    ① Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in the Visual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.76.
    ② P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第443页。
    ③ 玛格丽特·L·金:《欧洲文艺复兴》(插图本),李平译,上海:上海人民出版社,2008年,第111页。
    ④ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第587页。
    ⑤ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第587页。
    ① Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.2.
    ② P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第438页。
    ③ P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第451页。
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.2.
    ① Artists on Art:from the 14h to the 20th century,compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,p.26.
    ② 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第704页。
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第594页。
    ④ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.92.
    ⑤ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.1.
    ⑥ Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook.New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.3.
    ⑦ 马克斯·多奈尔:《欧洲绘画大师技法和材料》,杨红太杨鸿晏译,北京:清华大学出版社,2006年底291页。
    ① L·文杜里:《西方艺术批评史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第33页。
    ② L·文杜里:《西方艺术批评史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第42页。
    ① L·文杜里:《西方艺术批评史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第42页。
    ① P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》,邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第438页。
    ② P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》,邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第439页。
    ③ P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译。载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第439页。
    ④ P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》,邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第451页。
    ① Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman s Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.2
    ② Carroll Westfall. "Painting and the Liberal Arts:Alberti s view",Journal of the History of Idea,Vol.30,No.4(1969),p.506.
    ③ 里斯特:《莱奥纳多·达·芬奇笔记》,郑福洁译,北京:三联书店,1998年版,第13页。
    ④ 里斯特:《莱奥纳多·达·芬奇笔记》,郑福洁译,北京:三联书店,1998年版,第11-12页。
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第2-3页。
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第3页。
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第3-4页。
    ① 亚里士多德:《诗学》,罗念生译,北京:人民文学出版社,1963年,第1页。
    ② 亚里士多德:《诗学》,罗念生译,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1986年,第4页。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第574页。
    ② 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第577页。
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第576页。
    ④ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第578页。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第580页。
    ② 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第580页。
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第580-581页。
    ④ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第581页。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《作为人文学科的艺术史》,载《艺术史的视野:图像研究的理论、方法与意义》,曹意强等编著,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2007年,第5页。
    ② 维拉尔,另译维拉德,即Villard De Honnecourt,见第五章的相关描述。
    ③ 贡布里希:《艺术发展史》,范景中译,天津:天津人民美术出版社,2004年,第404页。
    ① J.Schlosser, " Ueber einigeAntiken Ghibertis",Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des Allerhochsten Kaiserhauses,XXI V,1904,p.125ff.
    ① Vitruvius,The Ten Books on Architecture, trans. by Morgan M.H.,Dover Publications,1960,p.72.
    ② 戴维·史密斯·卡彭,《维特鲁威的谬误:建筑学与哲学的范畴史》,王贵祥译,中国建筑工业出版社,2006,第4页。
    ③ Wittkower R., Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, Academy Editions,1973,p.26.
    ④ Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in theVisual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.94.
    ⑤ Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in theVisual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.94.
    ⑥ 恩斯特·克里斯奥拓·库尔茨,《关于艺术家形象的传说、神话和魔力》,邱建华、潘耀珠译,浙江美术学院出版社,1990,第77页。
    ① Alberti,De Re aedificatoria incipit...,Floratence,1486;trs.J.Rykwert,N.Leach and R.Tavernor,On the Art of Building in Ten Books,Cambridge(Mass.)and London,1988,pp.304-5.
    ② Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in theVisual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.56.
    ① Alberti,De Re aedificatoria incipit...,Florence,1486;trs.J.Rykwert,N.Leach and R.Tavernor,On the Art of Building in Ten Books,Cambridge(Mass.)and London,1988,p.303.
    ② Leon Battista. Alberti. On painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.39.
    ③ Leon Battista. Alberti. On painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.40.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson.with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.11.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.12.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.12.
    ④ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.12.
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里,《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003,第95页。
    ① 哈贝森,《艺术家之镜:历史背景下的北部欧洲文艺复兴》,陈颖译,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010年,第34页。
    ② 哈贝森,《艺术家之镜:历史背景下的北部欧洲文艺复兴》,陈颖译,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010年,第34页。
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.13.
    ④ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.13.
    ① 哈贝森,《艺术家之镜:历史背景下的北部欧洲文艺复兴》,陈颖译,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010年,第36页。
    ② Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.21.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.65-66.
    ② Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.16.
    ① Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp.Penguin Books,2004,p.85.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson.with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.23.
    ① Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience inFifteenth-century Italy, New York,oxford university press,1988,p.121.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Paintng,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Marti Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.61.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.44.
    ④ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.5
    ⑤ L.文杜里:《西方艺术评论史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第28页。
    ⑤ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.82.
    ① 据迈耶的《美术术语与技法辞典》解释:veneda,温尼达黑,一种用于湿壁画的带灰色的黑颜色,用黑色料和石灰混制而成;用于上有白粉底料的画底板或羊皮纸上的蛋胶画时,用黑色料和铅白混制而成。
    ② 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第262页。
    ③ 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,广州:岭南美术出版社,1992年,第561页。
    ④ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.6
    ① Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman s Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.16
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman s Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.57
    ③ Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-century Italy, New York,oxford university press,1988,p.122.
    ④ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.82.
    ⑤ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson.with an Introduction and Notes by Mart Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.81.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.83.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.84.
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第601页。
    ④ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.84.
    ⑤ Leonardo on Painting. edi.&trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.88.
    ① 达·芬奇;《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第103页。
    ② 里希特汇编的Dover版The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci,即是首版于1883年的由Sampson Low, Marston, Searlr & Rivington出版的the Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci的未删减版,并纠正了文中错误,且将原版的彩图改为黑白图。
    ③ The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter,Dover,1970,p.69.
    ④ The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter,Dover,1970,p.67.
    ⑤ The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter,Dover,1970,p.73.
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第77页。
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第77页。
    ③ Leonardo on Painting, edi.&trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.88.
    ④ Victoria Finlay, Color:A Natural History of the Palette, Random House, p.26.
    ① Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.127
    ② Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience inFifteenth-century Italy, New York,oxford university press,1988,p.81.
    ③ 安妮·谢弗-克兰德尔:《中世纪艺术》,钱乘旦译,南京:译林出版社,2009年,第84页。
    ① Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-century Italy, New York:oxford university press,1988,pp.17.
    ② Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.85.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.85.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.45.
    ③ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.70.
    ④ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.73.
    ⑤ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.72.
    ⑥ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.72.
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第102页。
    ② Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale University Press New Haven and London.1989,p.72.
    ③ Leonardo on Painting. edi.&trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale University Press New Haven and London.1989.pp.76.
    ④ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale University Press New Haven and London.1989,p.77.
    ① Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale University Press New Haven and London.1989,p.78.
    ② Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale University Press New Haven and London.1989,pp.78.
    ③ Leonardo on Painting. edi.&trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale University Press New Haven and London.1989,pp.80.
    ① 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,广州:岭南美术出版社,1992年,第524页。
    ② Daniel V. Thompson.The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.62
    ③ 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术家手册:材料与技巧》,蒋达等译,尹戎生校,南宁:广西美术出版社,1990年,第18页。
    ① 一种红色,含有优质的sinopia(华铁丹,天然红氧化铁;另一引申的意义为湿壁画底稿或草图本身)。
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman s Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.51
    ③ 即希腊画师,采用的是拜占庭风格。(笔者注)
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.223
    ① 维多利亚·芬利:《颜色的故事:调色板的自然史》,姚芸竹,译,北京:三联书店,2008年,第80页。
    ② 马克斯·多奈尔:《欧洲绘画大师技法和材料》,杨红太杨鸿晏译,北京:清华大学出版社,2006年,第240页。
    ① Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.69.
    ② Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.69.
    ③ 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,广州:岭南美术出版社,1992年,第337页。
    ① Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1956,p.70.
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.42
    ③ 关于湿壁画的整个制作程序,详见Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,pp.42.
    ① 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术术语与技法辞典》,罗永进等译,邵宏等校,广州:岭南美术出版社,1992年,第165页。
    ② 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第253页。
    ③ 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,39页。
    ① 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第253页。
    ② 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第97页。
    ① 拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术家手册:材料与技巧》,蒋达等译,尹戎生校,南宁:广西美术出版社,1990年,第20页。
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman s Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.4
    ③ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman s Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.64
    ① Martin Wackernagel. The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs,Toronto:university of Toronto press,Inc.2011,p.146
    ② Martin Wackernagel. The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs,Toronto:university of Toronto press,Inc.2011,pp.146.
    ① Martin Wackernagel. The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs,Toronto:university of Toronto press,Inc.2011,p.153.
    ② 即公元前5世纪的希腊雕刻家和建筑家Polycletes,曾有创作雕塑《持矛者》,并依据其技法原则写成了《法式》一书,探讨了人体比例,头部与身长是1:7,但已遗失。
    ③ Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in theVisual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.55.
    ① 奥托·本内施:《北方文艺复兴艺术》,戚印平毛羽译,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2001年,第5页。
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting.trrans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.35.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.43.
    ① Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.81.
    ② Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.81.
    ③ 贡布里希:《文艺复兴:西方艺术的伟大时代》,李本正范景中编选,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2000年,第222页。
    ④ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,tr6ans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.23.
    ⑤ 大卫·霍克尼:《隐秘的知识:重新发现西方绘画大师的失传技艺》,万木春等译,杭州:浙江人民美术出版社,2013年,第238页。
    ① Adamson, Peter (2006). "Al-Kindi and the reception of Greek philosophy". In Adamson, Peter; Taylor, R... The Cambridge companion to Arabic philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p.45.
    ② Wolf, K. B. (1995), "Geometry and dynamics in refracting systems", European Journal of Physics 16,p.14-20.
    ③ Rashed, Roshdi. A pioneer in anaclastics:Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses. Isis.1990,81 (3),pp.464-491
    ④ Mihas, Pavlos. Use of History in Developing ideas of refraction, lenses and rainbow. Eighth International History, Philosophy, Sociology & Science Teaching Conference. University of Leeds, England July 18,2005.
    ⑤ Ian P. Howard; Brian J. Rogers. Binocular Vision and Stereopsis. Oxford University Press.1995,p.7.
    ⑥ Elena Agazzi; Enrico Giannetto; Franco Giudice. Representing Light Across Arts and Sciences:Theories and Practices. V&R unipress GmbH.2010,p.42.
    ⑦ 大卫·霍克尼:《隐秘的知识:重新发现西方绘画大师的失传技艺》,万木春等译,杭州:浙江人民美术出版社,2013年,第238页。
    ⑦ Anthony Blunt. Artistic theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,p.28
    ① 贡布里希:《文艺复兴:西方艺术的伟大时代》,李本正范景中编选,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2000年,第213页。
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.82.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.82.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti.,On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.85.
    ② Kenneth Clark, Leonardo Da Vinci, revised and introduced by Martin Kemp, Penguin Book,1988,p.129.
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第79页。
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第79页。
    ② 《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第79页,第80页。
    ③ Artists on Ar:from the 14th to the 20th Century, compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves, John Murray,1976,p.53.
    ① E.H.Gombrich, Light,Form and texure in Fifteenth Century Painting North and South of the Alps,The Heritage of Apelles,London Phaidon,
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第95页。
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第96页。
    ① 贡布里希.文艺复兴:西方艺术的伟大时代.李本正范景中编选.杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2000:221
    ② Kenneth Clark, Leonardo Da Vinci, revised and introduced by Martin Kemp, Penguin Book,1988,p.129.
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第123页。
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第123页。
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第123页。
    ① Kenneth Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, New York:Penguin Books,1993,p.130.
    ② Kenneth Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, New York:Penguin Books,1993,p.132.
    ① Kenneth Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, New York:Penguin Books,1993,p.127.
    ② 潘诺夫斯基:《作为人文学科的艺术史》,载《艺术史的视野:图像研究的理论、方法与意义》,曹意强等编著,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2007年,第5页。
    ① 贡布里希:《文艺复兴:西方艺术的伟大时代》,李本正 范景中 编选,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2000年,第215页。
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第110页。
    ① Kenneth Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, New York:Penguin Books,1993,p.130.
    ② Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.85.
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第99页。
    ④ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.71.
    ① Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.71.
    ② Leonardo on Painting. edi.&trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.7
    ③ 维克霍夫:《罗马艺术:它的基本原理及其在早期基督教绘画中的运用》,陈平译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第109页。
    ① Anthony Blunt. Artistic Theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,p.49.
    ② The Literary Works of Leonardo da vinci,ed. Jean Paul Richter,I,2nd ed.(London,1939),31 ff.
    ③ P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年452页。
    ④ Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.52
    ⑤ The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter,Dover,1970,p.27.
    ① Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.52.
    ② Gombrich E.H.,The Story of Art, pocket edition, PHAIDON,2006,p.170.配原书图72.
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第43页。
    ④ Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.51.
    ⑤ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting.trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.52.
    ① Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.57.
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第47页。
    ③ 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第44页。
    ① 库克:《西洋名画家绘画技法》,杜定宇译,北京:人民美术出版社,1981年,第25页。
    ② Leonardo on Painting. edi.& trans. by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker, Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.77.
    ① 维克霍夫:《罗马艺术:它的基本原理及其在早期基督教绘画中的运用》,陈平译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第109页。
    ① 米歇尔·福柯:《马奈的绘画》,谢强马月译,长沙:湖南教育出版社.2009年,第19页。
    ① 维克霍夫:《罗马艺术:它的基本原理及其在早期基督教绘画中的运用》,陈平译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第109页。
    ① Artists on Art:from the 14th to the 20th century,compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,p.51.
    ② Artists on Art:from the 14th to the 20th century,compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,pp.51.
    ① 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第45页。
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第45页。
    ③ Anthony Blunt. Artistic theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,p.26
    (?)edi.& trans.by Martin Kemp and Margatet Walker,Yale university press new haven and (?)
    (?)Painting.edi.& trans.by Martin Kemp and Margaret Walker,Yale university press new haven and London.1989,p.13
    ① Benedetto Dei,Cronica,1427,转引自:Anabel Thomas. The Painter's Practice in Renaissance Tuscany. Cambridge University Press.pp.33.
    ② 佩夫斯纳:《美术学院的历史》,陈平译,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2003年,第37页。
    ① Disegno,意大利文词汇,其英文译为design,但这一翻译并不能完美匹配disegno的原意,尤其再将design翻译成中文的“素描”或“设计”,更是勉强之为。因本文主要使用英文文献,所以文中大都选择使用design,除非引文本身保留了disegno的用法。(笔者注)
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960.
    ① Sketch,草图、速写。
    ② 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波刘耀春等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第364页。
    ③ Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by G.Baldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.205
    ④ Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.207.
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.208.
    ② Colorire,敷色法、色彩涂绘,与disegno相对。
    ③ The Dictionary of Art, Editor Jane Turner, in thirty four volumes, Macmillan Publishers,1996.9th volume.p.7
    ④ 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波刘耀春等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第296页。
    ① Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.382
    ② Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,pp.382.
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by G.Baldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.14
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.15
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.15
    ① Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.83
    ② Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.83
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第515页。
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari. on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.226.
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by G.Baldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.220.
    ① Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in the Visual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.56.
    ② Erwin Panofsky. Meaning in theVisual Arts, New York:Doubleday & company,Inc.1955,p.56.
    ③ Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.216.
    ① Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.360.
    ② Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists, trans. by George Bull, penguin books,1965,p.355.
    ③ 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第277页。
    ① 范景中著译:《艺术的故事》笺注,南宁:广西美术出版社,2011年,第119页。
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.217.
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第487页。
    ① Anthony Blunt. Artistic theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,pp.99.
    ② 苏珊·伍德福德:《古希腊罗马艺术》,钱乘旦译,南京;译林出版社,2009年,第17页
    ③ 这本名为《法式》的书探讨了人体比例,头部与身长是1:7。
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第614页。
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(下),徐波等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第497页。
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:辉煌的复兴》第二部分序言,徐波刘君等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第3页。
    ② 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:辉煌的复兴》第二部分序言,徐波刘君等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第4页。
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:辉煌的复兴》第二部分序言,徐波刘君等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第8页。
    ② 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:辉煌的复兴》第二部分序言,徐波刘君等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第8页。
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.221
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.216
    ③ Erwin Panofsky. Perspective as Symbolic Form.trans.by Christopher S. Wood, New York:ZONE BOOK. 1997,p.43
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》写在全书前面的话,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第16页。
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.22.
    ① Artists on Art:from the 14th to the 20th century, compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,p.28.
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbooky,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.2.
    ① 阿·古贝尔:《艺术大师论艺术》第一卷,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年,第258页。
    ② Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol. l:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.2.
    ③ Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.1.
    ① 雅各布·布克哈特:《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》,何新译,商务印书馆,1979年,第184页。
    ② Artists on Art:from the 14th to the 20th century,compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,p.29.
    ② 雅各布·布克哈特:《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》,何新译,商务印书馆,1979年,第185页。
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p,34.
    ① 据保存下来的作品手稿判断,他可能出生于10世纪,而不是如以前认为的11世纪或12世纪。
    ② Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol. 1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,pp.2
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.9.
    ② Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.89.
    ① Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.90.
    ② 奥托·本内施:《北方文艺复兴艺术》,戚印平毛羽译,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2001年,第50页。
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.11.
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.11
    ① Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History ofArt, Vol.1:The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.171
    ② Erwin Panofsky,Perspective as Symbolic Form, trans. by Christopher S. Wood, zone book,1997,p.13
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.88.
    ② 大卫·霍克尼:《隐秘的知识:重新发现西方绘画大师的失传技艺》,万木春等译,杭州:浙江人民美术出版社,2013年,第278页。
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.73.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.91.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.89.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson.with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.46.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.60.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.61.
    ④ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.90.
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》。高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,605页。
    ② 奥托·本内施:《北方文艺复兴艺术》,戚印平毛羽译,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2001年,第50页。
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.61.
    ① Anthony Blunt. Artistic Theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,p.26
    ② 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(上),刘耀春等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第8页。
    ③ 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年595页。
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.90.
    ② 达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉译,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003年,第174页。
    ③ 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:巨人的时代》(上)序言,刘耀春等译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003,第5页、第6页。
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传.中世纪的反叛》写在全书前面的话,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第17页。
    ① Martin Wackernagel,The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs,Toronto:university of Toronto press,Inc.2011,p.316.
    ① Martin Wackernagel,The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,Inc.2011,p.323
    ② Henri Focillon, The Life of Forms in Art, trans. by George Kubler, Zone Books,1992,p.51.
    ③ Martin Wackernagel,The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,Inc.2011,p.320
    ① George Kubler,The Shape of Time:Remarks on the History of Things, Yale University Press,2008,p.42.
    ② Martin Wackernagel,The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,Inc.2011,p.324
    ① Martin Wackernagel,The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,Inc.2011,p.321
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.212
    ③ Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.213
    ① Martin Wackernagel,The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,Inc.2011,p.322
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.8
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.14
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.205
    ② 转引自:Anthony Blunt. Artistic theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962.p.89.
    ③ Anthony Blunt. Artistic Theory in Italy 1450-1600. Oxford University Press.1962,p.89.
    ④ Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.205.
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.218.
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.218.
    ③ Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.218.
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》写在全书前面的话,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第16页。
    ① 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》写在全书前面的话,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第16页。
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.5.
    ③ 根据上下文,“他们”是泛指以艺术为职业的艺术家和业余的艺术爱好者。
    ④ 乔尔乔·瓦萨里:《意大利艺苑名人传:中世纪的反叛》写在全书前面的话,刘耀春译,武汉:湖北美术出版社,2003年,第16页。
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.17
    ② Erwin Panofsky,Perspective as Symbolic Form, trans. by Christopher S. Wood, zone book,1997,p.13.
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.17.
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by G.Baldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,p.17
    ③ Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,Dover Publications.Inc.,1956,p.9.
    ① Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.61.
    ② P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,438页。
    ① 《缪灵珠美学译文集》第一卷,章安祺 编订,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年,第3页。
    ① 苏珊·伍德福德:《古希腊罗马艺术》,钱乘旦译,南京:译林出版社,2009年,第54页。
    ② L·文杜里:《西方艺术批评史》,迟轲译,海口:海南人民出版社,1987年,第29页。
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.82.
    ① Elizabeth Gilmore Holt ed., A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1.The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957,p.1.
    ② Cennino Cennini. The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.2.
    ③ Cennino Cennini.The Craftsman's Handbook,New York:Dover Publications,Inc.1960,p.3.
    ① Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.9.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.35.
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.47.
    ① Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.61.
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.& intro.by G.Baldwin Brown, Dover Publications.lnc.New York,1960,p.13
    ③ Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.74.
    ① Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.89.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,p.87.
    ③ Artists on Art:from the 14h to the 20th century,compiled and edited by Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves,John Murray,1976,p.28.
    ④ 贡布里希:《文艺复兴:西方艺术的伟大时代》,李本正范景中编选,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2000年,第363页。
    ① Giorgio Vasari.Vasari on Technique.trans.by Louisa S.Maclehose.edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown,Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.15.
    ① 潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年,第594页。
    ② Martin Wackernagel.The World of Florentine Renaissance Artist, trans. by Alison Luchs,Toronto:university of Toronto press,Inc.2011,p.323.
    ① Leon Battista. Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.61.
    ② Leon Battista.Alberti. On Painting,trans.by Cecil Grayson,with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Kemp,Penguin Books,2004,pp.61.
    ③ 大卫·霍克尼:《隐秘的知识:重新发现西方绘画大师的失传技艺》,万木春等译,杭州:浙江人民美术出版社,2013年,第278页。
    ① 约翰·赫伊津哈:《中世纪的秋天》,何道宽译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2008年,第348页。
    ① Daniel V. Thompson. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting,Dover Publications,Inc.,1956,p.7.
    ② Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique. trans. by Louisa S. Maclehose. edi.&intro.by GBaldwin Brown, Dover Publications.Inc.New York,1960,pp.20.
    ③ Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-century Italy, New York,oxford university press,1988,p.14.
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    4、Leonardo Da Vinci. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci, Vol.1& 2,compiled and edited by Jean Paul Richter, New York:Dover Publications Inc.,1970.
    5、Leonardo Da Vinci. Treatise on Painting, trans. by Philip McMahon, Princeton University Press,1956.
    6、Leonardo Da Vinci.Leonardo on Painting, edited by Martin Kemp, New Haven and London:Yale university press,1989.
    7、Giorgio Vasari. Vasari On Technique, New York:Dover Publications,Inc.,1995.
    8、Elizabeth Gilmore Holt. A Documentary History of Art, Vol.1.The Middle Ages and the Renaissence, New York:Doubleday Anchor Books,1957.
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    10、Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves. Artists on Arf:from the 14th to the 20th Century, London:John Murray,1976.
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    22、Margaret L. King.The Idea of Renaissance.London Laurence King Public Ltd.,2003.
    23、George Kubler,The Shape of Time:Remarks on the History of Things, Yale University Press,2008.
    24、Henri Focillon, The Life of Forms in Art, trans. by George Kubler, Zone Books,1992.
    25、Carmen Bambach.Drawing and Painting in the Italian Renaissance Workshop:Theory and Practice,1300-1600, Cambridge University Press,1999.
    26、Victoria Finlay. Color:A Natural History of the Palette, Random House,2002.
    27、[美]拉尔夫·迈耶:《美术家手册:材料与技巧》,蒋达等译,尹戎生等校,南宁:广西美术出版社,1990年。
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    29、[德]马克斯·多奈尔:《欧洲绘画大师技法和材料》,杨红太杨鸿晏译,北京:清华大学出版社,2006年。
    30、[美]库克:《西洋名画家绘画技法》,杜定宇译,北京:人民美术出版社,1981年。
    31、[意]列奥纳多·达·芬奇:《论绘画》,戴勉编译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003年。
    32、[英]维多利亚·芬利:《颜色的故事:调色板的自然史》,姚芸竹译,北京:三联书店,2008年。
    33、[英]爱德华·露西-史密斯:《艺术词典》,殷企平等译,北京:三联书店,2005年。
    34、[英]尼古斯·斯坦戈斯编纂:《艺术与艺术家词典》,刘礼宾等译,北京:三联书店,2010年。
    35、[美]潘诺夫斯基:《理念》,高士明译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年。
    36、[美]P.克里斯特勒:《艺术的近代体系》邵宏李本正译,载《美术史与观念史Ⅱ》,范景中、曹意强编,南京师范大学出版社,2006年。
    37、[法]福西永:《形式的生命》,陈平译,北京大学出版社,2011年。
    38、[美]潘诺夫斯基:《视觉艺术的含义》,傅志强译,沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1987年。
    39、[美]潘诺夫斯基:《图像学研究:文艺复兴时期艺术的人文主题》,戚印平范景中译,上海三联书店,2011年。
    40、[英]贡布里希:《文艺复兴:西方艺术的伟大时代》,李本正范景中编选,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2000年。
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    43、[苏]阿·古贝尔编:《艺术大师论艺术》,刘惠民译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1987年。
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    50、[英]罗萨·玛利亚·莱茨:《剑桥艺术史文艺复兴艺术》,钱乘旦译,南京:译林出版社,2009年。
    51、[奥]维克霍夫:《罗马艺术:它的基本原理及其在早期基督教绘画中的运用》,陈平译,北京大学出版社,2010年。
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    54、[美]哈贝森:《艺术家之镜:历史背景下的北部欧洲文艺复兴》,陈颖译,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010年。
    55、[英]罗素:《西方哲学史及其与从古代到现代的政治、社会情况的联系》,何兆武李约瑟译,北京:商务印书馆,1976年。
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    60、[中]《缪灵珠美学译文集》第一卷,缪灵珠译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年。
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    62、[中]曹意强:《艺术与历史》,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2001年。
    63、[美]温尼·海德·米奈:《艺术史的历史》,李建群等译,上海人民出版社,2007年。
    64、[德]佩夫斯纳:《美术学院的历史》,陈平译,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2003年。
    65、[中]邵宏:《美术史的观念》,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2003年。
    66、[中]陈平:《西方美术史学史》,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2008年。
    67、[美]巫鸿:《美术史十议》,北京:三联书店,2008年。
    68、[中]《美术译丛》(杭州,1986年第1-4期)。
    69、[中]《美术史的形状》,范景中主编,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,2003年。
    70、[美]大卫·霍克尼:《隐秘的知识》,万木春等译,杭州:浙江人民美术出版社,2013年

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