基于光泄漏原理的光纤式飞机燃油液位测量方法研究
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摘要
飞机燃油液位传感器是飞机燃油系统的重要组成部分。下一代航空技术的发展对燃油液位测量提出了更高的要求,人们希望研制出更为安全、可靠、精确的燃油液位传感器。光纤传感器具有本质安全可靠、体积小、重量轻、灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,已经被列为下一代燃油液位测量技术的发展方向。
本论文工作结合飞机燃油液位测量技术的发展要求,对基于散射法的光泄漏式光纤液位传感器进行了深入研究。论文的主要研究内容包括：
为了对测量方法的基本理论进行解释,并为传感器的参数设计提供理论依据,论文首先利用几何光学模式分类的方法对侧发光光纤的衰减系数进行了研究。论文将散射光分为传导模、包层模、临界模与辐射模,从而解释了光纤的衰减系数随外部介质折射率增大而增大的原因。在对各模式光能量在散射中所占的比例进行计算的基础上,论文推导出了光纤衰减系数的具体形式,并证明可以通过增大传输光入射角或改变散射粒子半径来提高光纤从空气中浸没到液体中时的衰减系数变化。
为了克服直接式测量结构输出变化比例较小的缺点,论文提出了一种对射式光纤液位传感器,通过介质对光纤的发光强度与耦合系数的影响来进行液位测量。论文通过研究发射光纤的表面出射度与接收光纤的侧面耦合系数来分析了传感器的基本结构与测量原理,并通过只对接收光纤中传导模进行测量的方法,克服了对射结构中耦合系数和发光强度随液体折射率变化方向相反的缺点。论文通过静态液位实验验证了传感器的可行性,结果表明,对射式传感器可用于液位测量,但其输出功率较为微弱,不利于信号的放大处理。
为了克服对射式传感器输出功率较为微弱的缺点,论文在对侧发光光纤的弯曲衰减系数进行理论分析与实验研究的基础上,提出了螺旋形光纤液位传感器。该传感器直接对端输出光进行测量,提高了传感器的输出光强；通过光纤弯曲,使螺旋形传感器的功率相对输出变化率与对射式传感器处于同一水平；通过螺旋形弯曲,实现了光纤被浸没长度与液位之间的线性变化。论文通过静态液位实验与动态液位实验验证了螺旋形传感器的可行性,结果表明,螺旋形传感器的输出功率与对射式传感器相比有了很大的提高,在量程、分辨率、灵敏度上能够满足飞机燃油液位测量的要求,为构造一个实用的光纤式飞机燃油液位测量系统打下了坚实的基础。
Aircraft fuel gauge is an important part in the aircraft fuel system. In the next genera-tion of aircraft technology, engineers require the aircraft fuel gauge to be safer, more reliable and more accurate. The optical fiber sensor (OFS) is reported to be intrinsically safe, and have the advantages of small size, light weight, more sensitive and resistant to electromag-netic interference. It has been listed as the prior technology in the development of future aircraft fuel gauging technology.
This dissertation researched on light leaking type optical fiber liquid level sensor (OFLLS) based on light scattering, aimed to fulfill the requirement of the future aircraft fuel gauging technology. The dissertation focused on the following aspects:
The dissertation firstly researched on the attenuation coefficient of SEOF with mode division in geometrical optics, aimed to explain the basic principle of the sensor and pro-vide theoretical foundation for sensor design. The scattering in the fiber was studied and divided into conducting mode, cladding mode, critical mode and radiation mode to explain the change of fiber's lose in air and liquid. The expressions of the attenuation coefficient in SEOF were then derived based on the calculation of the ratio of each mode in scattering light, and the ways to increase the attenuation coefficient were also discussed.
The dissertation proposed a side-coupling OFLLS to avoid the weak output changing of the direct measurement structure. It is based on the modulation of the sensor's light leaking and coupling by the liquid level. The surface emergent of the emitting fiber and the side coupling efficient of the receiving fiber are the key parameters in the sensor, and were deeply studied in the dissertation. A liquid level sensor and the experimental setup were then fabricated, and the static experiments in the water were taken to demonstrate the sensor's principle. The experimental results were carefully analyzed and the feasibility of using this sensor for aircraft fuel gauging was then discussed. The results show that the output of the sensor is weak for signal processing.
The dissertation proposed a spiral OFLLS to get a larger output. The transmitting light in the fiber was directly detected to increase the sensor's output power, while fiber curving was used to increase the sensor's relative output changing ratio. A spiral bending was then used to make the fiber's submerged length to be proportionate to the liquid level. Several sensors were fabricated, one with a steadily changing screw pitch, three with fixed screw pitches of15mm,30mm,45mm, respectively. Static experiments and dynamic experiments were taken to study the sensors'performances. The results show that the outputs of the spiral OFLLS are much larger than that of the side-coupling OFLLS. The works in this dissertation will be important in the development of a practical OFLLS for aircraft fuel gauging.
本论文工作结合飞机燃油液位测量技术的发展要求,对基于散射法的光泄漏式光纤液位传感器进行了深入研究。论文的主要研究内容包括：
为了对测量方法的基本理论进行解释,并为传感器的参数设计提供理论依据,论文首先利用几何光学模式分类的方法对侧发光光纤的衰减系数进行了研究。论文将散射光分为传导模、包层模、临界模与辐射模,从而解释了光纤的衰减系数随外部介质折射率增大而增大的原因。在对各模式光能量在散射中所占的比例进行计算的基础上,论文推导出了光纤衰减系数的具体形式,并证明可以通过增大传输光入射角或改变散射粒子半径来提高光纤从空气中浸没到液体中时的衰减系数变化。
为了克服直接式测量结构输出变化比例较小的缺点,论文提出了一种对射式光纤液位传感器,通过介质对光纤的发光强度与耦合系数的影响来进行液位测量。论文通过研究发射光纤的表面出射度与接收光纤的侧面耦合系数来分析了传感器的基本结构与测量原理,并通过只对接收光纤中传导模进行测量的方法,克服了对射结构中耦合系数和发光强度随液体折射率变化方向相反的缺点。论文通过静态液位实验验证了传感器的可行性,结果表明,对射式传感器可用于液位测量,但其输出功率较为微弱,不利于信号的放大处理。
为了克服对射式传感器输出功率较为微弱的缺点,论文在对侧发光光纤的弯曲衰减系数进行理论分析与实验研究的基础上,提出了螺旋形光纤液位传感器。该传感器直接对端输出光进行测量,提高了传感器的输出光强；通过光纤弯曲,使螺旋形传感器的功率相对输出变化率与对射式传感器处于同一水平；通过螺旋形弯曲,实现了光纤被浸没长度与液位之间的线性变化。论文通过静态液位实验与动态液位实验验证了螺旋形传感器的可行性,结果表明,螺旋形传感器的输出功率与对射式传感器相比有了很大的提高,在量程、分辨率、灵敏度上能够满足飞机燃油液位测量的要求,为构造一个实用的光纤式飞机燃油液位测量系统打下了坚实的基础。
Aircraft fuel gauge is an important part in the aircraft fuel system. In the next genera-tion of aircraft technology, engineers require the aircraft fuel gauge to be safer, more reliable and more accurate. The optical fiber sensor (OFS) is reported to be intrinsically safe, and have the advantages of small size, light weight, more sensitive and resistant to electromag-netic interference. It has been listed as the prior technology in the development of future aircraft fuel gauging technology.
This dissertation researched on light leaking type optical fiber liquid level sensor (OFLLS) based on light scattering, aimed to fulfill the requirement of the future aircraft fuel gauging technology. The dissertation focused on the following aspects:
The dissertation firstly researched on the attenuation coefficient of SEOF with mode division in geometrical optics, aimed to explain the basic principle of the sensor and pro-vide theoretical foundation for sensor design. The scattering in the fiber was studied and divided into conducting mode, cladding mode, critical mode and radiation mode to explain the change of fiber's lose in air and liquid. The expressions of the attenuation coefficient in SEOF were then derived based on the calculation of the ratio of each mode in scattering light, and the ways to increase the attenuation coefficient were also discussed.
The dissertation proposed a side-coupling OFLLS to avoid the weak output changing of the direct measurement structure. It is based on the modulation of the sensor's light leaking and coupling by the liquid level. The surface emergent of the emitting fiber and the side coupling efficient of the receiving fiber are the key parameters in the sensor, and were deeply studied in the dissertation. A liquid level sensor and the experimental setup were then fabricated, and the static experiments in the water were taken to demonstrate the sensor's principle. The experimental results were carefully analyzed and the feasibility of using this sensor for aircraft fuel gauging was then discussed. The results show that the output of the sensor is weak for signal processing.
The dissertation proposed a spiral OFLLS to get a larger output. The transmitting light in the fiber was directly detected to increase the sensor's output power, while fiber curving was used to increase the sensor's relative output changing ratio. A spiral bending was then used to make the fiber's submerged length to be proportionate to the liquid level. Several sensors were fabricated, one with a steadily changing screw pitch, three with fixed screw pitches of15mm,30mm,45mm, respectively. Static experiments and dynamic experiments were taken to study the sensors'performances. The results show that the outputs of the spiral OFLLS are much larger than that of the side-coupling OFLLS. The works in this dissertation will be important in the development of a practical OFLLS for aircraft fuel gauging.
引文
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