煤田火区煤岩体裂隙渗流的热—流—固多场耦合力学特性研究
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摘要
煤田火灾已成为全球性的灾难，我国煤田火区分布范围广、火灾程度严重，据初步调查，新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏、陕西、山西、内蒙古等七个产煤大省（自治区）现共有200多个煤田火区，火区总面积达720km2。露头煤体经自燃而发展为充分燃烧的火源，继续往深部扩展，形成大面积煤田火区，这是一个复杂的多场耦合力学作用过程。本文围绕煤田火区煤岩体裂隙场的形成及分布、气体渗流的热-流-固耦合力学角度开展研究，揭示煤田火区进一步往深部扩展的过程，主要研究内容和成果如下：
煤田火区发展和演化过程：煤田火区煤体由于煤氧复合作用产生热效应，并具备蓄热环境，当温度达到着火点后，煤体开始燃烧，燃烧中心在持续供氧的条件下，沿着煤层走向往深部扩展，同时，高温致使煤岩体形成热破坏裂隙，烧过后的煤层形成烧空区，引起上覆岩层垮落形成大范围的裂隙场，在热力风压的作用下，裂隙场为地表新鲜空气向火区供氧提供了输运通道，维持煤体的燃烧，同时又为燃烧中心释放的气体和热量向大气环境排放提供了畅通路径，如此形成一个循环的过程，解释了煤田火区煤体燃烧中心进一步往深部发展的规律。
采用μCT225FCB型高精度显微CT扫描系统，实验研究了煤岩体的热破坏裂隙扩展及分布规律。在无烟煤试样从常温至600℃的升温过程中，实验结果表明：随着温度升高，煤样从200℃时开始形成裂隙，并逐渐增多、加宽、扩展，并得出无烟煤试样的热破裂阈值为300℃；而泥岩试样从常温至600℃热处理后基本上没有形成明显的裂隙，其外观表现为颜色变浅，形状变得不规则。
建立了煤田火区煤岩体破坏的热-固耦合数学模型，基于泛函分析理论，将现有的有限元模型从二维扩展至三维，得到了三维环境下的控制方程。采用数值方法，研究了煤田火区煤岩体热破裂随温度的变化关系。研究结果表明：随着温度升高，煤体、岩体、煤岩组合体的热破裂率增大，在同样的温度值范围内，煤体的热破裂率大于岩体，煤岩组合体的热破裂率表现出阶段性变化，其主要出现在煤岩的交界面处。煤样过300℃后发生热解反应，在325℃时其热破裂率达23.302%，而岩样在320℃时为12.992%，煤岩组合体在300℃时就达到12.6258%，并在交界面处发生热破坏。
采用MTS815.02测试了煤样、岩样在单轴、三轴、温度作用下的三轴全应力应变过程，得到了相应的峰值应力值、峰值轴向应变值和峰值侧向应变值。分析显示在围压的作用下，煤样、岩样的峰值应力值有所增加，但在温度作用产生的热应力影响下又有所降低。另外，还进行了煤样的全应力应变过程渗透特性测定，得出了Darcy流渗透率、非Darcy流渗透率、非Darcy流β因子和加速度系数。结果表明实际流动与Darcy流差异大，非Darcy流的渗透率比Darcy流的渗透率低，压力梯度较大，容易出现渗流失稳。在煤田火区煤岩体中，燃烧中心往前推移，其附近煤岩体受到高温热应力和围岩应力的共同作用下，大多处于峰后应力状态，而在煤岩体和烧空区之间形成较大的压力梯度，由于煤体烧过后引起围岩压力加大，加之燃烧中心引起的较大的高温热应力，使其发生渗流失稳的可能性增大。
建立了煤田火区煤岩体裂隙场渗流的热-流-固耦合数学模型，并结合乌达煤田火区实际，采用有限元方法数值模拟和分析了煤田火区热-流-固的耦合过程，得出了煤田火区煤体燃烧中心发展推进至不同位置时的剪应力场、主应力应变场、位移场、温度场分布规律，当煤体燃烧中心往深部发展到72～78m之间时发生断裂破坏，形成上覆岩层大面积垮落裂隙场，此时的垂直方向最大位移为0.157m；同时分析了煤田火区煤岩体流场分布，主要包括：氧气浓度场、渗流速度场和压力场。
The coalfield fires burning around the world are an environmental catastrophe, whichhave a large distribution range and serious degree in China. According to investigation, thereare more than200coalfield fires with the total area of720km2in seven coal-rich provinces orautonomous regions included Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and InnerMongolia. This is a complicated kinetics process with multi-field coupling when the largearea coalfield fires are formed by the outcrop coal from self-igniting to fire source burningand developing along its deep part. In this dissertation, the formation and distribution of thefissure field of coal-rock mass in coalfield fires are paid more attention, and its mechanicalcharacteristics of coal-rock mass of coalfield fires with thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling inseepage for fissure field are discussed in order to reveal the reason of coalfield fires developingalong the deep part of the coal seam. The main contents and contributions are summerized asfollows:
The coal mass produces a thermal effect by the physics and chemical action of coal andoxygen and forms a thermal storage environment. When the temperature reaches the ignitionone, the coal mass happens burning. If the oxygen is supplied continuously, the burning centerdevelops along the deep part of the coal seam. Simultaneously, the fissure of the coal-rockmass in coalfield fires duo to the thermal destruction is formed by the high temperature, andthe burnt empty area is developed after the coal seam is burning, which can cause overlyingstrata collapse and produce a wide range of fissure field. Under the action of heat-pressure,the fissure field provides the transport channels of supplying oxygen for the new air from the surface to the fire area, which keeps burning coal mass. In the meantime, it also provides theways for emission gases and heat from burning center of coal mass to atmosphericenvironment, accordingly, a circular process is formed. Therefore, this is the development andevolvement process of the coalfield fires, which reveals the rule that the burning center ofcoal mass further develops along its deep part in coalfield fires.
Based on the μCT225kvFCB high precision CT system, the experiments of anthraciteand mudstone samples are carried out from the atmospheric temperature to600℃in order toobtain the laws of expansion and distribution of coal and rock mass by thermal destruction.The results indicated that when the temperature at200℃, the fissure in the coal sample isstarted to form and its number is gradually to increase, its width is to grow and expand, itsthreshold of thermal destruction for anthracite sample is about300℃. However, for themudstone sample, the obvious fissures are not found from the atmospheric temperature to600℃, its appearance is pale in color and shape becomes irregularly.
The mathematical model with thermo-mechanical coupling for fissure field of coal-rockmass in coalfield fires is established. Based on the Functional Theory, the dimension of thefinite element model is extended from2D to3D, and the control equations are obtained. Therules of rate of thermal destruction of coal and rock mass as rising the temperature areanalyzed by numerical method, and the results indicated that the rates of thermal destructionfor coal sample, rock sample and coal-rock combine sample increase with increasing thetemperatures. At the same temperature, the rate of thermal destruction of coal sample isgreater than that of the rock sample, and the coal-rock combine sample has a phased variationin the interface between the coal and rock. The coal sample takes place the pyrolytic reactionafter300℃and its rate of thermal destruction is23.302%at325℃, however, they are12.992%at320℃and12.6258%at300℃for the rock sample and the coal-rock combine one,respectively.
The stress-strain relationships of the coal and rock sample are tested by using the testerMTS815.02under uniaxial, triaxial and temperature conditions, in which the peak stresses aswell as strains in axial and lateral directions are obtained, respectively. The analysis showsthat the peak stresses of coal and rock sample are increased under the action of confiningpressure, however, they are decreased by the effect of thermal stress. On the other hand, thepercolation features of coal sample for all process stress-strain are measured, on which thepermeability of Darcy flow, the permeability of non-Darcy flow, the factor β of non-Darcyand acceleration coefficient are obtained. By comparative analysis, the difference of the actualflow and Darcy is obviously, the permeability of non-Darcy flow is lower than that of the Darcy flow and its pressure gradient is greater, thus, the phenomenon of seepage instabilityoccurs easily. As the burning center of coal-rock mass in coalfield fires goes forward, thenearby coal-rock mass is mostly in the state of post-peak stress by the thermal stress of hightemperature and stress of surrounding rock, however, the larger pressure gradient is formedbetween the coal-rock mass and the burnt empty area because the rock pressure increases dueto coal burning and temperature stress is from the combustion center, which intensifies thepossibility of seepage instability.
The mathematical model of seepage in fissure field of coal-rock mass withthermo-hydro-mechanical coupling for the coalfield fires is established. For Wuda coalfieldfire, the process of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling is numerical simulated on finiteelement method, its the distributions of fields of displacement, the shear, the principal stresses,the principal strain and temperature are obtained when the burning center of coal mass goes todifferent locations along its deep part. While the burning center goes to72-78m, the overlyingstrata fractures, accordingly, a large area collapse fissure field is formed, in which themaximum displacement in vertical direction is0.157m. Additionally, the laws of flow field ofcoal-rock mass are also obtained, which included the oxygen concentration, seepage velocityand pressure fields.
煤田火区发展和演化过程：煤田火区煤体由于煤氧复合作用产生热效应，并具备蓄热环境，当温度达到着火点后，煤体开始燃烧，燃烧中心在持续供氧的条件下，沿着煤层走向往深部扩展，同时，高温致使煤岩体形成热破坏裂隙，烧过后的煤层形成烧空区，引起上覆岩层垮落形成大范围的裂隙场，在热力风压的作用下，裂隙场为地表新鲜空气向火区供氧提供了输运通道，维持煤体的燃烧，同时又为燃烧中心释放的气体和热量向大气环境排放提供了畅通路径，如此形成一个循环的过程，解释了煤田火区煤体燃烧中心进一步往深部发展的规律。
采用μCT225FCB型高精度显微CT扫描系统，实验研究了煤岩体的热破坏裂隙扩展及分布规律。在无烟煤试样从常温至600℃的升温过程中，实验结果表明：随着温度升高，煤样从200℃时开始形成裂隙，并逐渐增多、加宽、扩展，并得出无烟煤试样的热破裂阈值为300℃；而泥岩试样从常温至600℃热处理后基本上没有形成明显的裂隙，其外观表现为颜色变浅，形状变得不规则。
建立了煤田火区煤岩体破坏的热-固耦合数学模型，基于泛函分析理论，将现有的有限元模型从二维扩展至三维，得到了三维环境下的控制方程。采用数值方法，研究了煤田火区煤岩体热破裂随温度的变化关系。研究结果表明：随着温度升高，煤体、岩体、煤岩组合体的热破裂率增大，在同样的温度值范围内，煤体的热破裂率大于岩体，煤岩组合体的热破裂率表现出阶段性变化，其主要出现在煤岩的交界面处。煤样过300℃后发生热解反应，在325℃时其热破裂率达23.302%，而岩样在320℃时为12.992%，煤岩组合体在300℃时就达到12.6258%，并在交界面处发生热破坏。
采用MTS815.02测试了煤样、岩样在单轴、三轴、温度作用下的三轴全应力应变过程，得到了相应的峰值应力值、峰值轴向应变值和峰值侧向应变值。分析显示在围压的作用下，煤样、岩样的峰值应力值有所增加，但在温度作用产生的热应力影响下又有所降低。另外，还进行了煤样的全应力应变过程渗透特性测定，得出了Darcy流渗透率、非Darcy流渗透率、非Darcy流β因子和加速度系数。结果表明实际流动与Darcy流差异大，非Darcy流的渗透率比Darcy流的渗透率低，压力梯度较大，容易出现渗流失稳。在煤田火区煤岩体中，燃烧中心往前推移，其附近煤岩体受到高温热应力和围岩应力的共同作用下，大多处于峰后应力状态，而在煤岩体和烧空区之间形成较大的压力梯度，由于煤体烧过后引起围岩压力加大，加之燃烧中心引起的较大的高温热应力，使其发生渗流失稳的可能性增大。
建立了煤田火区煤岩体裂隙场渗流的热-流-固耦合数学模型，并结合乌达煤田火区实际，采用有限元方法数值模拟和分析了煤田火区热-流-固的耦合过程，得出了煤田火区煤体燃烧中心发展推进至不同位置时的剪应力场、主应力应变场、位移场、温度场分布规律，当煤体燃烧中心往深部发展到72～78m之间时发生断裂破坏，形成上覆岩层大面积垮落裂隙场，此时的垂直方向最大位移为0.157m；同时分析了煤田火区煤岩体流场分布，主要包括：氧气浓度场、渗流速度场和压力场。
The coalfield fires burning around the world are an environmental catastrophe, whichhave a large distribution range and serious degree in China. According to investigation, thereare more than200coalfield fires with the total area of720km2in seven coal-rich provinces orautonomous regions included Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and InnerMongolia. This is a complicated kinetics process with multi-field coupling when the largearea coalfield fires are formed by the outcrop coal from self-igniting to fire source burningand developing along its deep part. In this dissertation, the formation and distribution of thefissure field of coal-rock mass in coalfield fires are paid more attention, and its mechanicalcharacteristics of coal-rock mass of coalfield fires with thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling inseepage for fissure field are discussed in order to reveal the reason of coalfield fires developingalong the deep part of the coal seam. The main contents and contributions are summerized asfollows:
The coal mass produces a thermal effect by the physics and chemical action of coal andoxygen and forms a thermal storage environment. When the temperature reaches the ignitionone, the coal mass happens burning. If the oxygen is supplied continuously, the burning centerdevelops along the deep part of the coal seam. Simultaneously, the fissure of the coal-rockmass in coalfield fires duo to the thermal destruction is formed by the high temperature, andthe burnt empty area is developed after the coal seam is burning, which can cause overlyingstrata collapse and produce a wide range of fissure field. Under the action of heat-pressure,the fissure field provides the transport channels of supplying oxygen for the new air from the surface to the fire area, which keeps burning coal mass. In the meantime, it also provides theways for emission gases and heat from burning center of coal mass to atmosphericenvironment, accordingly, a circular process is formed. Therefore, this is the development andevolvement process of the coalfield fires, which reveals the rule that the burning center ofcoal mass further develops along its deep part in coalfield fires.
Based on the μCT225kvFCB high precision CT system, the experiments of anthraciteand mudstone samples are carried out from the atmospheric temperature to600℃in order toobtain the laws of expansion and distribution of coal and rock mass by thermal destruction.The results indicated that when the temperature at200℃, the fissure in the coal sample isstarted to form and its number is gradually to increase, its width is to grow and expand, itsthreshold of thermal destruction for anthracite sample is about300℃. However, for themudstone sample, the obvious fissures are not found from the atmospheric temperature to600℃, its appearance is pale in color and shape becomes irregularly.
The mathematical model with thermo-mechanical coupling for fissure field of coal-rockmass in coalfield fires is established. Based on the Functional Theory, the dimension of thefinite element model is extended from2D to3D, and the control equations are obtained. Therules of rate of thermal destruction of coal and rock mass as rising the temperature areanalyzed by numerical method, and the results indicated that the rates of thermal destructionfor coal sample, rock sample and coal-rock combine sample increase with increasing thetemperatures. At the same temperature, the rate of thermal destruction of coal sample isgreater than that of the rock sample, and the coal-rock combine sample has a phased variationin the interface between the coal and rock. The coal sample takes place the pyrolytic reactionafter300℃and its rate of thermal destruction is23.302%at325℃, however, they are12.992%at320℃and12.6258%at300℃for the rock sample and the coal-rock combine one,respectively.
The stress-strain relationships of the coal and rock sample are tested by using the testerMTS815.02under uniaxial, triaxial and temperature conditions, in which the peak stresses aswell as strains in axial and lateral directions are obtained, respectively. The analysis showsthat the peak stresses of coal and rock sample are increased under the action of confiningpressure, however, they are decreased by the effect of thermal stress. On the other hand, thepercolation features of coal sample for all process stress-strain are measured, on which thepermeability of Darcy flow, the permeability of non-Darcy flow, the factor β of non-Darcyand acceleration coefficient are obtained. By comparative analysis, the difference of the actualflow and Darcy is obviously, the permeability of non-Darcy flow is lower than that of the Darcy flow and its pressure gradient is greater, thus, the phenomenon of seepage instabilityoccurs easily. As the burning center of coal-rock mass in coalfield fires goes forward, thenearby coal-rock mass is mostly in the state of post-peak stress by the thermal stress of hightemperature and stress of surrounding rock, however, the larger pressure gradient is formedbetween the coal-rock mass and the burnt empty area because the rock pressure increases dueto coal burning and temperature stress is from the combustion center, which intensifies thepossibility of seepage instability.
The mathematical model of seepage in fissure field of coal-rock mass withthermo-hydro-mechanical coupling for the coalfield fires is established. For Wuda coalfieldfire, the process of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling is numerical simulated on finiteelement method, its the distributions of fields of displacement, the shear, the principal stresses,the principal strain and temperature are obtained when the burning center of coal mass goes todifferent locations along its deep part. While the burning center goes to72-78m, the overlyingstrata fractures, accordingly, a large area collapse fissure field is formed, in which themaximum displacement in vertical direction is0.157m. Additionally, the laws of flow field ofcoal-rock mass are also obtained, which included the oxygen concentration, seepage velocityand pressure fields.
引文
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