摘要
在水利工程建设中，涉及到大量的土石填方工程，如港口陆域填方，土石堤坝，土石地基等，但是作为填料的土石复合介质是由土颗粒、岩石颗粒、颗粒间的孔隙以及孔隙中的气体和水等部分组成的典型多相体，由于其颗粒组成复杂，粒径分布范围较广，级配变化较大，其物理力学学特性受到粒径的组成、颗粒的特性、压实程度、含水量等多种因素的影响。由于土石介质的电阻率与其物理特征参数息息相关，因此利用电阻率测试技术对水利工程中各种土石填方进行健康诊断具有显著的效果。利用电阻率测试技术对土石填方进行质量评价的基础是岩土介质的电阻率特性及理论模型，对于单纯的岩石介质或者土体介质，国内外已经开展了大量的电阻率特性的研究，并且基本形成了相应的理论体系。然而由于多相土石复合介质的土石颗粒特性、含石量、含水量、压实程度等均对电阻率特性产生重要影响，且各影响因素之间具有关联性，使得多相土石复合介质的导电性能变得极其复杂，对其电阻率理论的研究很少，从而阻碍了电阻率测试技术在各类土石填方工程勘探和检测中的应用。鉴于此，本文依托国家自然科学基金项目（50779081）、江西省交通厅科技项目（2010C0016），采用室内试验、模型试验和理论分析等研究方法，就多相土石复合介质的电阻率特性及应用开展了系统深入的研究，主要研究内容如下：
（1）岩土体介质的导电性能及电阻率结构模型研究
对单纯的岩石介质和土体介质的导电性能和电阻率理论进行总结，对典型的岩土体介质的电阻率特性进行分析，研究了影响岩土体介质电阻率特性的主要因素，为多相土石复合介质电阻率理论的研究奠定基础。
（2）土石复合介质的界定及物理力学特性的研究
通过对国内外土体分类体系研究的基础上，对土石复合介质的概念和内容进行界定；对不同级配类型的土石混合料进行击实试验和土石填方地基模型试验研究，分析了不同类型土石复合介质的工程特性，研究了石料粒径、含石量、压实干密度、综合含水量等因素对其物理力学特性的影响。
（3）多相土石复合介质电阻率特性的试验研究
制作了大批量的具有不同含水量、孔隙率、饱和度、土石比的土石复合介质试样，分别测定其在不同物理状态下的电阻率特性和物理力学参数指标，研究了多相土石复合介质综合含水量、孔隙率、土石比等物理特征参数对电阻率特性的影响规律，为分析土石复合介质物理特征参数与电阻率特性的理论关系奠定基础；
（4）多相土石复合介质电阻率特性理论模型研究
在试验获得的规律基础上，基于现有的非饱和纯土介质和岩石介质的电阻率模型，构建了土石复合介质宏观等效导电结构模型，推导多相土石复合介质的电阻率和物理特征参数之间的理论模型，得到了多相土石复合介质电阻率与综合含水量、孔隙率、土石比、干密度等结构性参数的理论关系，初步构建了多相土石复合介质电阻率特性的理论体系。在此基础上提出了利用多相土石复合介质电阻率理论模型反演土石复合介质特征参数的方法；
（5）多相土石复合介质电阻率理论的应用研究
针对水利工程中土石填方的特点，设计了两种不同类型的土石填方模型，分别利用电阻率测试技术进行渗漏诊断和压实质量评价。其一设计了不同渗漏类型的土石坝渗漏模型，通过电阻率测试方法对土石坝中的裂缝及渗漏通道进行探测，把不同的电阻率成像结果与模型实际的渗漏裂缝进行对比，通过电阻率成像反演与渗漏相关的物理参数，从而对土石坝的渗漏情况进行诊断；其二设计不同缺陷的土石填方地基模型，通过电阻率成像反演了与土石地基压实质量相关的物理参数，对土石填方地基的压实质量进行了评价。
主要创新点在于：
（1）从多相土石复合介质电阻率的影响因素出发，通过试验研究了含水量、饱和度、孔隙率、土石比等参数对土石复合介质电阻率的影响关系，获得了土石复合介质电阻特性的试验规律；
（2）从多相土石复合介质的导电性能出发，构建了土石复合介质宏观等效导电结构模型，推导多相土石复合介质的电阻率和物理特征之间的理论模型，初步构建了多相土石复合介质电阻率理论体系；
（3）基于多相土石复合介质电阻率理论模型，提出了土石填方工程电阻率成像反演土石介质物性参数的方法，从而针对土石填方工程质量诊断的不同需要（如渗漏诊断、压实质量评价等）进行定量分析。
The construction of hydraulic engineering involves a tremendous amount of earth-rock filling, such as filling of harbor land, earth-rock dam and earth-rock foundation.While the filling of earth-rock composite medium is a typical multiphase material whichis consist of soil particles, rock particles, pore among particles, air and water in pore,whose gradation changes greatly and moisture content is extremely heterogeneous.There has a great impact on engineering properties with particle size, rock types, rockcontent, moisture content and compaction degree. Because the resistivity of earth-rockmedium is closely related to its structural parameter, it has significant effect on healthdiagnosis with resistivity testing technique for each earth-rock filling in hydraulicengineering. The resistivity characteristics and theoretical model of soil media is basedon the quality evaluation of earth-rock filling with resistivity testing technique. Atpresent, for pure rock medium or soil medium, lots of researches on resistivitycharacteristics have been done at home and abroad, the corresponding theoreticalsystem is formed basically. It has a great important effect on resistivity characteristicswith earth-rock particles features, rock content, moisture content and compaction degree,because of the correlation on each factor, the conductivity of multiphase earth-rockcomposite medium becomes very complicated, the application of engineeringexploration and detection in each earth-rock filling with testing technique is impeded bythe little theoretical research on resistivity. For this reason, in this paper, the resistivitycharacteristics of multiphase soil-rock composite medium have been researthed in depthbased on national natural science foundation (No.50779081), science and technologyprogram of JiangXi province ministry of transportation (No.2010C0016). The majorresearch content is as follows:
(1) Research on conductivity and resistivity structure model of rock and soil medium.
The conductivity and resistivity theory of pure rock medium and soil medium issummarized, resistivity characteristics of typical rock and soil medium is analyzed, themajor affecting factors on resistivity characteristics of rock and soil medium are studied,which lays the groundwork for theoretical research on resistivity of multiphase earth-rock composite medium.
(2) Definition and study of physical mechanical properties on earth-rock compositemedium.
Based on the study of domestic and international soil classification system, theconcept and content of earth-rock composite medium is defined, it has been studiedwith experiment respectively through continuous gradation and discontinuous gradation,the engineering properties are analyzed, the affecting factors for physical properties ofearth-rock composite medium are researched such as particle diameter, particle content,density and moisture content.
(3) Experimental research of resistivity characteristics on multiphase earth-rockcomposite medium.
Large quantities of earth-rock composite medium samples are made with different water content, porosity, saturation and soil-rock ratio, whose resistivity characteristicsand indexes of physical mechanical parameters are measured under different physicalstate. The affecting law of resistivity characteristics is studied with structure parametersof multiphase earth-rock composite medium such as comprehensive moisture content,porosity and soil-rock ratio, which lays the groundwork for analyzing the theoreticalrelationship between structural parameters and resistivity characteristics of earth-rockcomposite medium.
(4) Theoretical model research of resistivity characteristics on multiphase earth-rockcomposite medium.
Based on the existing resistivity model of unsaturated pure soil medium and rockmedium, the macroscopic equivalent conductive model of multiphase earth-rockcomposite medium is established with experiment law, structure model of resistivitycharacteristics on multiphase earth-rock composite medium is deduced, the theoreticalrelationship between structural parameters and resistivity characteristics of earth-rockcomposite medium is obtained, the theoretical system of characteristics on multiphaseearth-rock composite medium is built primary. On this basis, the inversion method onfeature parameter of earth-rock composite medium with theoretical model of resistivityis proposed.
(5) Applied research on resistivity theory of multiphase earth-rock compositemedium.
For the characteristics of earth-rock filling in hydraulic engineering, two differenttypes earth-rock filling model are designed, seepage diagnosis and compaction qualityevaluation is done respectively by resistivity testing technique. Firstly, the earth-rockdams are designed with different seepage, the crack and seepage paths in dam isdetected by different arrangement and spacing of electrode, compare the differentinversion results to the actual seepage crack in model, then the seepage of earth-rockdam is diagnosed with inversion and related physical parameters. Secondly, thefoundation models of earth-rock filling are designed with different defects, the physicalparameters is inverted with resistivity imaging which are closely related to compactionquality on earth-rock foundation that is evaluated with the method.
The main innovation point is as follows：
(1) According to the influencing factors of the electricity risitivity of the multiphaseearth-rock composite medium, the experimental law of resistivity characteristics isstudied with structure parameters of multiphase earth-rock composite medium such ascomprehensive moisture content, porosity and soil-rock ratio by test of the electricityrisitivty.
(2) Based on the existing resistivity model of unsaturated pure soil medium and rockmedium, the macroscopic equivalent conductive model of multiphase earth-rockcomposite medium is established with experiment law, structure model of resistivitycharacteristics on multiphase earth-rock composite medium is deduced, the theoreticalrelationship between structural parameters and resistivity characteristics of earth-rockcomposite medium is obtained, the theoretical system of characteristics on multiphaseearth-rock composite medium is built primary.
(3) Based on the theoretical relationship between structural parameters and resistivity characteristics of earth-rock composite medium, the inversion method on featureparameter of earth-rock composite medium with theoretical model of resistivity isproposed. For the characteristics of earth-rock filling in hydraulic engineering, seepagediagnosis and compaction quality evaluation is done respectively by resistivity testingtechnique.
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