氧化沟工艺污水处理厂优化与综合评价研究
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摘要
污水处理厂是控制水环境污染缓解城市水资源紧缺的重要公共基础设施,在其设计和运营过程中,存在很多尚未明确的问题,这些问题的决策过程许多按照实际工程人员的经验确定,不但缺乏理论支持而且带有一定的片面性和局限性。本文针对曝气机叶轮与中间隔墙间距、弯道导流墙的偏心距按经验设计、污水处理表面曝气设备充氧机理尚不明确,同时表面曝气设备和鼓风曝气设备选用上的困难和争议以及如何综合对比污水处理厂运营绩效的问题,通过流体力学模拟、现场实验以及对各种评价和优化方法的对比与应用,对上述问题进行了研究,具体包括：
1.氧化沟工艺倒伞型表面曝气机叶轮与中间隔墙间距优化研究。叶轮与中间隔墙的间距直接影响到沟内的水力特性和叶轮的能耗,之前该参数的设计仅根据工程人员的经验和直觉决定,缺乏一定的理论支持。文中基于计算流体力学模拟得到了不同速度段的面积分布,并结合不同间隔下的速度云图,对结果分别利用均值法、层次分析法、灰色关联法评价进行了评价。通过三种评价方法的分析,结果分析认为采用均值法对沟内水力特性进行评价是不合理的；层次分析法得出的最佳间距范围中包括能耗不可接受的情况；灰色关联分析法评价得出的最佳间距范围适中,在该评价法得出的范围内叶轮的能耗适中,同时沟内0.3m/s-0.5m/s的流速分布面积最大,因此可以采用灰色关联分析法来评价氧化沟内流场的改善情况。
2.氧化沟弯道半宽导流墙偏心距优化研究。氧化沟弯道半宽导流墙的设置可以有效改善沟内的流场状况,基于流体力学软件探讨了弯道半宽导流墙设置前后以及设置不同的偏心距时整个沟内的流速改变情况,通过速度云图分布及各速度段分布面积百分比的分析,借助灰色关联分析法评价了氧化沟内的流态,证实了导流墙设置适宜的偏心距有助于改善整个沟内的流速分布,但也会带来叶轮额外的功率消耗。对于同样的沟型,当曝气机叶轮改变后会对最佳偏心距产生影响。
3.基于生命周期成本法的不同曝气方式综合评价。针对表面曝气和鼓风曝气设备选用上的困难和争议,文中对于两个处理水量、处理工艺相同,分别采用表面曝气系统和鼓风曝气系统的污水厂,利用生命周期成本法对曝气系统进行分析评价,结果显示在达标排放的前提下,虽然鼓风曝气系统年运行电耗比表面曝气节约90万元,但是在20年的生命周期内,表面曝气系统因其维修方便、使用寿命长的优点使其综合经济成本小于鼓风曝气系统的综合运行成本,因此在现阶段鼓风曝气头的寿命没有革命性更新的前提下,从长远考虑应首先选择表面曝气设备。工作在最佳工况点的曝气机可以有效的节省能耗成本,为了研究小型倒伞形表面曝气机的充氧性能和高效工况,以提高曝气设备的能量利用率,采用间歇非稳态法测试水中溶解氧浓度并记录相关参数,最终得到反应表曝机充氧性能的动力效率与浸没深度和转速之间的关系,研究结果表明每个曝气机都存在一个特征曲面,在该特征曲面上存在一个与电机和减速机无关的最佳匹配点,在该点处曝气机的动力效率最高。
4.基于投影寻踪模型的多污水处理厂运营绩效综合评价。污水处理厂的综合运营绩效代表了该厂的技术水平和可持续发展的能力,本文将投影寻踪模型引入到污水处理领域中,实现了不同工艺、不同地域污水厂综合运营绩效的比较,并证实了比较结果的可信性。与主成分分析法的结果相比,投影寻踪模型不但可以实现绩效的正确排序,还可以利用最佳投影方向找出绩效较差污水厂的症结所在并给出诊断方案,从而实现污水处理厂的自我改善和相关部门的监管。
以上研究结论可以直接用于优化污水处理厂的设计与运行,不断提高污水厂生命周期内的综合运营绩效,以便最大程度的发挥其优势,从而在控制水资源污染过程中发挥其重要作用。
The wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) is an essential public infrastructure to control the pollution and shortage of water. In the process of design and operation in WWTP. There are a lot of issues that should be give a definite answer, but now they are usually determined by the practical engineering experience, which lead to a lack of theoretical support and a certain one-sidedness and limitations. The issues that the spacing of aerator impeller and the intermediate guide wall, and eccentric position of half-width of the guide wall of bend, the oxygenation mechanism of surface aeration equipment and how to choose the right aeration equipment, comprehensive comparison of operational performance of WWTP always perplex the engineering. Fluid dynamics simulation, experiments and various evaluation and optimization methods are applied to solve the above questions, the main contexts are summarized as follows:
1.The Optimization of spacing between umbrella-type surface aerator impeller and the intermediate guide wall in Oxidation ditch process. The optimal spacing between the impeller and the intermediate guide wall directly affects the hydraulic characteristics and the energy consumption of the impeller, but now the design of the parameters is based on the experience, and it must be lack of theoretical support. Based on computational fluid dynamics simulation, mean method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP)and gray correlation method(GRA) were used to evaluate the distribution of the different speed ranges, the results shows that:mean method can't be unreasonable to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics in the Oxidation ditch; the optimal spacing range obtained by AHP contains the energy consumption of the impeller beyond the acceptable quantity; the optimal spacing range obtained by GRA is moderate,in which energy consumption of the impeller can be accepted and the area of speed in0.3-0.5m/s is maximum, so GRA method can be used to evaluate the flow field characteristics in oxidation ditch.
2. The Optimization study of eccentricity of the half-width guide wall in oxidation ditch bend. In the bend of the oxidation ditch, if the eccentricity of the half-width guide wall is set appropriate, the hydraulic characteristics can be effectively improved. By the analysis of results of the FLUENT and GRA method, confirmed that the setting of half-width guide wall could improve the velocity distribution in the entire ditch, but it could also cause additional power consumption. To the same oxidation ditch,when the aeration impeller changes will affect the best eccentricity.
3. The comprehensive evaluation of different aeration equipments based on life cycle cost method. Currently, the selection of the surface aeration and blast aeration equipment is difficult and has controversy. In order to solve this puzzle, two WWTPs were selected,which have the same water consumption and treatment process and different aeration, to compare the costs of life cycle.The results show that in normal operation time, blast aeration can save electricity charges about900OOOyuan compared with surface aeration every year, but the number of the total costs in20years of surface aeration are only one-half compared with blast aeration, because surface aeration has the feature of easy maintenance and long service life. Therefore, for the long-term consideration, surface aeration equipment should be selected of the first until the life of the diffuser has revolutionary update. Based on the above results, the intermittent unsteady state method was adopted to study the performance and efficient conditions of inverted umbrella surface aerator impeller, and showed that there is a characteristic curved surface and have a best matching point in the surface for each aerator, and in the point the aerator impeller has the highest power efficiency and no matter with the reducer and motor.
4. The evaluation of operation performance of WWTPs based on projection pursuit. The operational performance of the WWTP behalves the technical level and the capacity for sustainable development, genetic algorithm and projection pursuit(PP) model are used to make multidimensional evaluation indexes project to the one-dimensional space, horizontal comparison of complex systems is achieved for the plants having the different processes and in different regions, and confirmed the credibility of results. Compared with the evaluation results of principal component analysis, PP model can not only achieve the sort of performance of WWTPs,optimum projection direction of PP model can also be used to improve the operation performance of WWTP with the poor performance. The results can contribute to the continuous self-improvement of the WWTP and compare operation performance of different WWTPs.
The conclusion of the research can be directly used to optimize the design and operation of the WWTP to continuously improve the operational performance in the whole life cycle, so as to achieve the purpose that WWTP plays its important role in the control of water pollution.
1.氧化沟工艺倒伞型表面曝气机叶轮与中间隔墙间距优化研究。叶轮与中间隔墙的间距直接影响到沟内的水力特性和叶轮的能耗,之前该参数的设计仅根据工程人员的经验和直觉决定,缺乏一定的理论支持。文中基于计算流体力学模拟得到了不同速度段的面积分布,并结合不同间隔下的速度云图,对结果分别利用均值法、层次分析法、灰色关联法评价进行了评价。通过三种评价方法的分析,结果分析认为采用均值法对沟内水力特性进行评价是不合理的；层次分析法得出的最佳间距范围中包括能耗不可接受的情况；灰色关联分析法评价得出的最佳间距范围适中,在该评价法得出的范围内叶轮的能耗适中,同时沟内0.3m/s-0.5m/s的流速分布面积最大,因此可以采用灰色关联分析法来评价氧化沟内流场的改善情况。
2.氧化沟弯道半宽导流墙偏心距优化研究。氧化沟弯道半宽导流墙的设置可以有效改善沟内的流场状况,基于流体力学软件探讨了弯道半宽导流墙设置前后以及设置不同的偏心距时整个沟内的流速改变情况,通过速度云图分布及各速度段分布面积百分比的分析,借助灰色关联分析法评价了氧化沟内的流态,证实了导流墙设置适宜的偏心距有助于改善整个沟内的流速分布,但也会带来叶轮额外的功率消耗。对于同样的沟型,当曝气机叶轮改变后会对最佳偏心距产生影响。
3.基于生命周期成本法的不同曝气方式综合评价。针对表面曝气和鼓风曝气设备选用上的困难和争议,文中对于两个处理水量、处理工艺相同,分别采用表面曝气系统和鼓风曝气系统的污水厂,利用生命周期成本法对曝气系统进行分析评价,结果显示在达标排放的前提下,虽然鼓风曝气系统年运行电耗比表面曝气节约90万元,但是在20年的生命周期内,表面曝气系统因其维修方便、使用寿命长的优点使其综合经济成本小于鼓风曝气系统的综合运行成本,因此在现阶段鼓风曝气头的寿命没有革命性更新的前提下,从长远考虑应首先选择表面曝气设备。工作在最佳工况点的曝气机可以有效的节省能耗成本,为了研究小型倒伞形表面曝气机的充氧性能和高效工况,以提高曝气设备的能量利用率,采用间歇非稳态法测试水中溶解氧浓度并记录相关参数,最终得到反应表曝机充氧性能的动力效率与浸没深度和转速之间的关系,研究结果表明每个曝气机都存在一个特征曲面,在该特征曲面上存在一个与电机和减速机无关的最佳匹配点,在该点处曝气机的动力效率最高。
4.基于投影寻踪模型的多污水处理厂运营绩效综合评价。污水处理厂的综合运营绩效代表了该厂的技术水平和可持续发展的能力,本文将投影寻踪模型引入到污水处理领域中,实现了不同工艺、不同地域污水厂综合运营绩效的比较,并证实了比较结果的可信性。与主成分分析法的结果相比,投影寻踪模型不但可以实现绩效的正确排序,还可以利用最佳投影方向找出绩效较差污水厂的症结所在并给出诊断方案,从而实现污水处理厂的自我改善和相关部门的监管。
以上研究结论可以直接用于优化污水处理厂的设计与运行,不断提高污水厂生命周期内的综合运营绩效,以便最大程度的发挥其优势,从而在控制水资源污染过程中发挥其重要作用。
The wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) is an essential public infrastructure to control the pollution and shortage of water. In the process of design and operation in WWTP. There are a lot of issues that should be give a definite answer, but now they are usually determined by the practical engineering experience, which lead to a lack of theoretical support and a certain one-sidedness and limitations. The issues that the spacing of aerator impeller and the intermediate guide wall, and eccentric position of half-width of the guide wall of bend, the oxygenation mechanism of surface aeration equipment and how to choose the right aeration equipment, comprehensive comparison of operational performance of WWTP always perplex the engineering. Fluid dynamics simulation, experiments and various evaluation and optimization methods are applied to solve the above questions, the main contexts are summarized as follows:
1.The Optimization of spacing between umbrella-type surface aerator impeller and the intermediate guide wall in Oxidation ditch process. The optimal spacing between the impeller and the intermediate guide wall directly affects the hydraulic characteristics and the energy consumption of the impeller, but now the design of the parameters is based on the experience, and it must be lack of theoretical support. Based on computational fluid dynamics simulation, mean method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP)and gray correlation method(GRA) were used to evaluate the distribution of the different speed ranges, the results shows that:mean method can't be unreasonable to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics in the Oxidation ditch; the optimal spacing range obtained by AHP contains the energy consumption of the impeller beyond the acceptable quantity; the optimal spacing range obtained by GRA is moderate,in which energy consumption of the impeller can be accepted and the area of speed in0.3-0.5m/s is maximum, so GRA method can be used to evaluate the flow field characteristics in oxidation ditch.
2. The Optimization study of eccentricity of the half-width guide wall in oxidation ditch bend. In the bend of the oxidation ditch, if the eccentricity of the half-width guide wall is set appropriate, the hydraulic characteristics can be effectively improved. By the analysis of results of the FLUENT and GRA method, confirmed that the setting of half-width guide wall could improve the velocity distribution in the entire ditch, but it could also cause additional power consumption. To the same oxidation ditch,when the aeration impeller changes will affect the best eccentricity.
3. The comprehensive evaluation of different aeration equipments based on life cycle cost method. Currently, the selection of the surface aeration and blast aeration equipment is difficult and has controversy. In order to solve this puzzle, two WWTPs were selected,which have the same water consumption and treatment process and different aeration, to compare the costs of life cycle.The results show that in normal operation time, blast aeration can save electricity charges about900OOOyuan compared with surface aeration every year, but the number of the total costs in20years of surface aeration are only one-half compared with blast aeration, because surface aeration has the feature of easy maintenance and long service life. Therefore, for the long-term consideration, surface aeration equipment should be selected of the first until the life of the diffuser has revolutionary update. Based on the above results, the intermittent unsteady state method was adopted to study the performance and efficient conditions of inverted umbrella surface aerator impeller, and showed that there is a characteristic curved surface and have a best matching point in the surface for each aerator, and in the point the aerator impeller has the highest power efficiency and no matter with the reducer and motor.
4. The evaluation of operation performance of WWTPs based on projection pursuit. The operational performance of the WWTP behalves the technical level and the capacity for sustainable development, genetic algorithm and projection pursuit(PP) model are used to make multidimensional evaluation indexes project to the one-dimensional space, horizontal comparison of complex systems is achieved for the plants having the different processes and in different regions, and confirmed the credibility of results. Compared with the evaluation results of principal component analysis, PP model can not only achieve the sort of performance of WWTPs,optimum projection direction of PP model can also be used to improve the operation performance of WWTP with the poor performance. The results can contribute to the continuous self-improvement of the WWTP and compare operation performance of different WWTPs.
The conclusion of the research can be directly used to optimize the design and operation of the WWTP to continuously improve the operational performance in the whole life cycle, so as to achieve the purpose that WWTP plays its important role in the control of water pollution.
引文
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