加拿大研究型大学国际化研究
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摘要
进入21世纪,全球化呈现加速的发展趋势,国家进入全球化的竞争,不论是经济的竞争,还是综合国力的竞争,归根到底是人与人的竞争。全球化的现实环境对高等教育的发展产生了深刻的影响,世界各国要在这种新一轮的合作和竞争中取得优势和先机,就需要培养具有全球视野、较强国际意识、了解国际文化、制度、规则、语言和惯例,并具有国际交往能力的综合型国际化人才。在全球化的背景下,高等教育国际化已成为当今世界教育改革和发展的主流。国际化人才的培养依赖于以培养高级专门人才的国际化的高等教育,只有高等教育国际化才能培养出专门的国际型人才。
     世界扁平化、经济全球化、政治多级化、教育国际化和文化多元化促进社会朝着全球一体化衍进,也深刻地影响着置身于世界舞台的加拿大研究型大学。加拿大联邦政府没有全国性的教育管理部门,开放的政治制度和教育政策为加拿大研究型大学实现国际化提供了良好的外部环境;加拿大参与全球经济的能力和水平使加拿大政府意识到了教育和科技对个人和国家利益的重要性,对研究型大学提出了开展国际性教学和科研,培养国际化人才的要求;多元文化教育是加拿大研究型大学国际化的客观条件,为加拿大研究型的大学的国际化奠定了良好的理念基础。随着高等教育的不断发展,高等教育的国际化给研究型大学国际化发展灌输了国际化的教育理念,要求研究型大学从全球化的视角认识国际化发展的问题,以适应世界潮流,实现教育国际化目标。
     在全球环境下,国际化是加拿大研究型大学参与世界竞争的必然趋势,加拿大研究型大学重视国际化发展的责任,制定了各自的国际化发展战略,从研究生教育、师资培养、科学研究等多方面积极发展国际关系,成立专门的国际化职能部门,提升研究型大学在全球的综合实力和竞争力。围绕宏观的国际化发展战略,加拿大研究型大学在统筹学校国际化发展的过程中制定了具体的国际化政策,在学术项目、教学科研、师生和职能部门参与、国际形象等全方位多领域付诸实践,通过制定全面的国际化战略、课程国际化、教师国际化、国际学生招募、教师和学生的国际流动性、联合办学和建立以国际科研为核心的国际合作伙伴关系等方式实现研究型大学的全面国际化。加拿大研究型大学国际化的内涵和维度丰富,形式也非常多元,而且不同的大学往往还有不同的国际化特色。本研究选择不列颠哥伦比亚大学、西安大略大学、阿尔伯塔大学和滑铁卢大学这四所国际化程度非常高,而且与中国有良好合作的加拿大著名研究型大学作为研究样本。
     加拿大研究型大学拥有成熟的国际化信息系统,实行教师聘用和考核制度的国际化指标,学生和教师参与国际化程度高,注重国际间研究成果的转化,实行文化共融的开放态度,主管部门高度重视并参与国际化工作。加拿大研究型大学在国际化领域取得了巨大的发展,积累的丰富经验得到人们广泛的认可,但是在此过程中也存在一些问题。加拿大研究型大学在与中国等非西方国家进行交流和合作的过程中,对文化差异的跨文化敏感度低;课程的国际化程度需要进一步提高;用于国际化发展活动经费的短缺一直也是阻碍大部分研究型大学国际化的因素之一。
     我国研究型大学在全球环境中不断走向国际化,但较之世界一流研究型大学还存在差距,尤其是存在课程国际化程度不够,国际学习资源少;双语教学或者全外文教学能力较弱;教学形式国际化程度不够;师生参与国际化活动机会少;部分国际交流注重形式,层次不高等问题。加拿大研究型大学国际化的许多方面值得我国研究型大学借鉴,在国际化建设中主要从以下方面着手:将国际化纳入评估体系:确定国际化重点方向,不盲目投入资源;加强国际化能力建设;加强课程的国际化;加强教师的国际化;加强科研的国际合作;加强留学生与本土学生的融合;加强国际化校园网站的建设;重视学生和教师的国际流动,最终实现我国研究型大学的国际化。
When we inter into the21st century, globalization is accelerating. Members of the international community compete globally. Economic competition or competition on comprehensive competitive advantage of nations are in essence competitions between human beings. A globalized environment has a deep impact on the development of higher education. All nations must endeavor to cultivate talents equipped with an a strong international vision, global dimensions, good understanding of multicultural rules and practices as well as the ability to communicate and act internationally. Against the backdrop of globalization, the internationalization of higher education represents the mainstream of world education reform and development these days. The cultivation of talents with international dimensions depends on the internationalization of higher education.
     A flat world, economic globalization, political multi-polarization, educational internationalization and multiculturalism represent significant drivers for globalization. These factors also have a deep impact on Canadian research intensive universities in a global context. Education is not a federal responsibility in the Canadian system. Canada's open political system and education policies provide an enabling and supportive external environment for the internationalization of Canadian research intensive universities. The Canadian Government has come to realize the importance of what education and research matter to Canadian interests through its participation in global affairs. The Government of Canada encourages Canadian research intensive universities to undertake international teaching, research and student mobility collaborations. Multicultural education lays a solid foundation for the internationalization of Canadian research universities. With the growth and development of higher education, the internationalization of higher education has provided the internationalization of research universities with an empowering international perspective. The internationalization of higher education requires research universities to understand the parameters of international development from a global perspective with a view to adapting into world trends and to realizing all objectives of educational internationalization.
     In a global environment, all Canadian research intensive universities are committed to internationalization. Canadian research universities place priority on their responsibility to internationalize their campuses. In addition, Canadian research universities have formulated their respective internationalization strategies with priorities focused on academic programming, teaching, research, faculty and student engagement and international banding. Ways to realize the internationalization of Canadian research universities include formulation of comprehensive internationalization strategy, curriculum internationalization,faculty internationalization, internatonal student recruitment, faculty and student mobility, joint progamming and the establishment of research-oriented international partnerships.
     The internationalization of research universities in Canada has diverse dimensions. This paper adapts case study method and conducts a comprehensive of the internationalization strategies in the case of UBC, University of Alberta, Western and the University of Waterloo, four top-rated and globally significant Canadian research universities with extensive China connections.
     Canadian research universities have in place sophisticated international information system, international performance and appraisal indicators for faculty engagement and assessment, high level faculty and student engagement, active international commercialization of research outcomes, a commitment to openness and university administration's leadership and involvement on the internationalization front. Canadian research universities have achieved high level internationalization with many best practices recognized internationally. Some challenges are also identified in this process such as low cultural sensitivity on the part of Canadian universities in their dealings with non-Western cultures such as China, efforts to increase the international dimension of curriculum design and development as well as insufficient budgeting to support internationalization initiatives.
     Research universities in China are being internationalized within a global context. However, there is an obvious gap if we look at the levels of internationalization amongst Chinese research universities and top research universities in the world. China's challenges relate to low level of the internationalization of curriculum design and development, insufficient international learning sources, poor capacity to teach in English, low level of international teaching methodology, limited international mobility opportunities for faculty and students, as well as the poor quality of certain international partnerships. These are areas in which Canadian research intensive universities have a lot of best practices to share with China. Research universities in China should place priority on including internationalization as a key performance indicator, identifying key priorities, focusing resources on doing the right things, building internationalization capacity, encouraging international research partnerships, strengthening the international dimension of curriculum development, promoting faculty and student mobility, reinforcing international content of university websites and encouraging students' international outreach and engagement.
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