摘要
20世纪90年代，美国联邦政府制定并实施了“面向就业的教育机会”（School toWork Opportunity）政策。这一政策源自密歇根、威斯康星以及加利福尼亚等州对地方职业教育的局部问题所进行的改革实践，理论上以情境教育理论与职业生涯发展理论为指导。随着1994年《面向就业的教育机会法》(School to Work Opportunity Act)的颁布和实施，面向就业的教育机会项目在全美范围开展起来。面向就业的教育机会政策提出，职业教育要面向所有学生，通过多种途径整合已有课程资源，加强中等教育与中等后教育的联系，促进学生的升学与就业；认为，职业教育活动包括学校学习、工作学习、联系活动，号召雇主、学校、教师、家长、社区机构、教育专家等职业教育的多个相关者以及相关单位建立合作伙伴关系。这项改革性政策取得了诸多成效。然而，随着2001年《面向就业的教育机会法》到期以及克林顿政府任期结束，面向就业的教育机会项目于全国范围内逐渐落幕。此后，从学校到职业生计（School to Career）项目作为面向就业的教育机会政策的延续在各州和地方推行开来。
本文分为八个部分：前言；第一章，面向就业的教育机会政策制定的背景；第二章，1994年《面向就业的教育机会法》的出台和主要内容；第三章，对不同层面的政策实践进行案例式分析；第四章，研究政策实施过程中的参与主体——企业雇主与学校；第五章，研究政策参加项目实施的家长、学校顾问和青年项目问题；第六章，总结政策效用，提出面向就业的教育机会政策实施中存在的问题，并对其进行评价；结语。
前言中，就美、中两国学者对面向就业的教育机会法的相关研究作了综述性介绍，指出，美国学者的研究是点面结合、各种观点的综合体，其中包括美国联邦政府、智库以及大学教授们的研究。此外，还对本选题的意义、研究方法以及资料来源作了简要说明。
第一章，考查面向就业的教育机会政策制定的时代背景。首先对80年代里根以及90年代初老布什总统时期的教育改革进行了简要的梳理。进入90年代后，青年失业率和辍学率居高不下，经济全球化和信息化带来的新经济因素以及美国社会各界对80年代职业教育改革的反思促成了教育改革的新进展。同时，对克林顿的教育思想及其实践加以考察。
第二章，对1994年《面向就业的教育机会法》的制定与主要内容进行了研究。从该法的主要内容出发，可以看到这场职业教育改革不同于以往改革的特点所在：强调“联结”的作用。
第三章，分别以加州和费城学区为个案，对不同层面的面向就业的教育机会政策的实施情况进行详细的分析。从这些具有地方特色的政策实践中，我们可以窥见全国的大致情况。
第四章，分析了参与政策实施的两个重要主体——企业雇主和学校对改革进程的影响。就企业雇主而言，无论是其出于慈善还是盈利的目的，企业的参与都为政策实施注入了强大活力，为学生顺利实现从学校向就业的过渡提供了保障。而学校参与其中，则从根本上保证了学生们的基本技能与学识。
第五章，分析了参加政策实施的另外两个主要的主体——家长和学校顾问，对青年学徒机会和和青年过渡项目进行了重点分析。
第六章，对政策成效做出总结，并作简要评价。认为，面向就业的教育机会政策对学生以及教师、企业都有着积极影响。然而，与此同时，新的政策也不可避免地遭遇到社会阻力。而参与改革项目的学生数目有限、企业的参与具有不稳定性以及政策的可持续发展等则成为改革继续发展面临的问题。
在结论中，评价了美国面向就业的教育机会政策，探讨了影响教育机会政策体系的关键性要素，并且指出了面向就业的教育机会项目与传统职业教育的不同之处。
In the1990s, the Federal Government started a vocational education policy, School-to-WorkOpportunity policy. This policy initiated in few states like Michigan, Wisconsin, and Californiawhere vocational education were comparatively advanced. In the aspect of theory, it wasguided by the theory of contextual learning and career development. With the development of theSchool to Work Opportunity Act of1994, this reform spread to the whole nation. STWOA aimedto help every student further his/her study, found the first high salary job by integratingvocational and academic curriculum, strengthening relationships between secondary andpost-secondary schools. It insisted that every student should receive vocational education,school-based learning, work-based learning, and connecting activity that consist of vocationaleducation activities, states should build up partnerships of employers, schools, teachers, parents,communities, and education specialists. This reform has large number of achievements. However,with the end of the deadline of the School to Work Opportunity Act of1994and the ClintonAdministration, the nationwide policy came to an end. After that, as the development of STWO,School to Career policy was scheduled by different states and districts.
This paper has eight sections: preface; Section I states the background of this policy;Section II discusses the education conception of Clinton, the making process and the implementof the policy. Section III analyses the different aspects of the measurements of the policy by thecase study. Section Ⅳ discusses the role of the employers and schools during thereform.SectionⅤsummarizes the achievements and some disadvantages of the reform. SectionⅥresearches the STC policy.
In the preface, this paper surveys the American and Chinese studies of the STWOA. Itpoints out that the American studies of the STWOA is very comprehensive which have involvedstudies of American policymakers, think tanks, and intellectuals in the university. The basis forthe selection of the thesis proposal and its realistic significance is discussed.In the Section I, this paper looks for the background of this policy. As the policy has the sameorigin, it firstly discussed the educational reform during the Reagan-Bush years. After the1990s,with the high dropout rate of the young man, the new economic factors that led by globalizationand informatization and the reflection of the social from all walks of life to vocational education,the educational reform has a new opportunity to achieve new development.
In the Section II, this paper analyses the conception and the practices of the ClintonAdministraton. Moreover, it discusses the main contents of the School to Work Opportunity Actof1994which was the role of junction.
In the Section III, this paper does case studies on California and the Philadelphia SchoolDistrict. It discusses the measurements in different aspects of the STWOA.
In the Section IV, it analyses the impact of the employer and school during the reform. Inthe aspect of the employer, whether the intention for participating in this reform is charity or not,the employer’s attending gives a strong support to this reform. It gives the students a smoothpath that makes them transform school to work successfully. The schools guaranteed theacademic abilities of these students who attend the project of the reform.
In the Section V, it analyses the impact of the parents and school counsolers during thereform and the Youth programs of this reform.
In the Section VI, it discusses the achievements and the disadvantages of this policy.Meantime, it gives an evaluation for this reform. It argues that STWOA has a positive impact onthe teachers and the employers. But, the reform suffers the social oppositions. The limitation ofthe number of the students who attended the reform projects, the unsteady of the participation ofthe business and the sustainable development of the reform become the serious problems thatSTWO programs must deal with.
In the conclusion, it summarizes ten critical elements that have profound impact on theSTWO system.It also points out the difference between traditional vocational education and theSTWO system.
引文
③Katherine L. Hughes, Thomas R. Bailey and Melinda J. Mechur,―School-to-Work: Making a Difference in Education‖, AResearch report to America, Institute on Education and the Economy Teachers College, Columbia University,2001, p.4.
①Frankel, Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Massachusetts: MIT Press,2002. p.676.
②Frankel Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge: MIT Press,2002.
①Hughes, Katherine, Thomas R. Bailey, and Melinda J. Mechur.2001."School-to-Work: Making a Difference in Education: AResearch Report to America.” Institute On Education and the Economy, Teachers College, Columbia University report(February).
②Arthur M. Recesso,“First Year Implementation of the School to Work Opportunities Act Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping”, A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Electronic Journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999.
①Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis,―Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs", Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, The Changing Educational Quality of the Workforce,Sep.1998, pp.109-124.
②Thomas Bailey, Katherine Hughes and Tavis Barr,―Achieving Scale and Quality in School-to-Work Internships: Findings fromTwo Employer Surveys", Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol.22, No.1(Spring,2000), pp.41-64.
①William J. Rioux,“The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition”, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.（2009年7月）
②Alan M. Hershey, Paula Hudis, Marsha Silverberg and Joshua Haimson,“Partners in Progress: Early Steps in CreatingSchool-to-Work Systems”, Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.,1997.http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/PDFs/STWIGSUM.PDF.（2009年6月）
③Esther R. Johnson，Benefits of School-to-work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre andPost Grades and Attendance，Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in EducationalAdministration，October16,1997, Blacksburg, Virginia.
①Judith A. Vandegrift,―Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Studyof Counselors’ Time Use", Morrison Institute for Public Policy,1994.
②Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking,―Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives", Focus On Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Volume13, No2, Summer,1998.
③Hobart Harmon,“Building School-to-Work Systems in Rural America”, Source: ERIC clearinghouse on Rural Education andSmall Schools, Charleston WV, April1998. ERIC Digest.
②LeRoy, Barbara, Comp., Unemployed Youth: Counseling Issues. In Brief: An Information Digest from ERIC/CAPS.http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED260362.pdf.(2005年8月)
③Frank Linnehan and Donna de Carolis,―Strategic Frameworks for Understanding Employer Participation in School-to-WorkPrograms", Strategic Management Journal, Vol.26, No.6, Jun.,2005, pp.523-539.
④Office of Educational Research and Improvement，Study of School-To-Work Initiatives，Office of Educational Research andImprovement，1996.
⑤Rachelle DiStefano, From School-to-career: A Participatory Study of Urban African American Realities, University of SanFrancisco,1998.
⑥David Neumark, The Effects of School-to-career Programs On Postsecondary Enrollment, Public Policy Institute of California,2004.
⑦Jane O. Rochester, Jan B. Miller, Transition from School to Career: A Curriculum Developed to Facilitate the Transition fromCollege to the Workplace for Students with Learning Disabilities, Postsecondary Education Demonstration Program for LearningDisabled Persons,1990, p.154.
①张凤娟：《关注学生的就业能力——美国“从学校到工作”改革研究》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2011年。关于其书评详见后文。
②牛艳青：《20世纪90年代美国STW的理论与实践研究》，广西师范大学硕士学位论文，2008年。
③关晶：《20世纪90年代美国STW运动研究》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2004年。
④陈雪芬、吴雪萍的《浅析美国的STW运动》，《教育与职业》，2002年第6期。
⑤张慧娟：《美国STW策略述评》，《继续教育研究》，2008年第1期。
⑥马宁：《美国STW运动及其对我国职业教育的启示》，河北师范大学硕士学位论文，2011年。
①李德芳：《STW：研究现状、改革实践与内涵辨析》，《职教论坛》，2011年28期。
②谷贤林：《九十年代的美国教育改革》，《国家高级教育行政学院学报》，2000年第1期。
③史静寰：《八九十年代美国教育改革述评》，《清华大学教育研究》，1997年第4期。
④周加仙、石伟平：《20世纪美国中等职业教育模式的历史演变》，《外国教育资料》，2002年第2期。
⑤徐红：《克林顿政府的高等教育政策探析》，东北师范大学硕士学位论文，2006年。
⑥张兵：《美国赠地学院法案研究》，华南师范大学硕士学位论文，2007年。
⑦续润华：《美国<斯密斯-休斯法>的颁布及其历史意义浅析》，《河北师范大学学报（教育科学版）》，2006年第1期。
⑧谢宁：《美国克氏<2000年教育目标法>评介》，《比较教育研究》，1996年第4期。
⑨高嵩：《当代美国联邦政府大学生资助政策研究》，（《东北师大学报》，2007年第1期。
⑩韩伏彬：《美国特许学校研究》，河北师范大学硕士学位论文，2003年。
11付雪凌：《STC:21世纪美国职业技术教育走向》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2005年。史朝：《“探究教学”的理论和模式》，《辽宁师范大学学报（社科版）》，1992年第1期。
①任玥姗：《从STW到STC——美国职业教育的发展趋向》，《职教通讯》，2012年第10期。
②梁赛平、周衍安：《从STW到STC——美国职业教育的实践与启示》，《中国建设教育》，2008年第1期。
③王娟涓：《美国高中职业技术教育改革的新进展——生计和技术教育》，《西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）》，2004年第3期。
④张建党、刘晓鹏：《布克·T·华盛顿与美国黑人职业教育》，《吉林工程技术师范学院学报（教育研究版）》，2004年第1期。
①梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年版。
②Katherine L. Hughes, Thomas R. Bailey, Melinda J. Mechur,―School-to-Work:Making a Difference in Education‖, A Researchreport to America, Institute on Education and the Economy Teachers College, Columbia University,2001, p.4.
③Frankel, Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Massachusetts: MIT Press,2002, p.676.
①梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年，第252页。
①梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年，第267页。
②梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年，第245页。
③梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年，第282页。
④秦梦群：《美国教育法与判例》，北京：北京大学出版社，2006年，第12页。
⑤Ronald Reagan:"Memorandum Returning Without Approval the American Conservation Corps Act of1984," October30,1984. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=39340.（2006年7）
①Paul Bullock, Youth Training and Employment from New Deal to New Federalism, Los Angeles, Calif: Univ. of California,1985, p.103.
②U.S. Department of Labor, What’s Working and What’s No, pp.8-10; U.S. National Commission for Employment Policy, TheJob Training Partnership Act, p.83.
③梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年，第322页。
④A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform，http://www.educationnews.org/articles/a-nation-at-risk-the-imperative-for-educational-reform-.html.（2006年6月）
⑤A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform，http://www.educationnews.org/articles/a-nation-at-risk-the-imperative-for-educational-reform-.html.（2006年6月3号）
⑥A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform，http://www.educationnews.org/articles/a-nation-at-risk-the-imperative-for-educational-reform-.html.（2006年6月3号）
①A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform，http://www.educationnews.org/articles/a-nation-at-risk-the-imperative-for-educational-reform-.html.（2006年6月3号）
②George Bush:"Remarks at the Education Summit Welcoming Ceremony at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville,"September27,1989. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=17575.下载日期：2007年6月5号。
③George Bush:"Proclamation6273-National Education First Week,1991," April18,1991. Online by Gerhard Peters and JohnT. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47287,下载日期：2008年2月1号。
①George Bush:"Proclamation6273-National Education First Week,1991," April18,1991. Online by Gerhard Peters and JohnT. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47287,下载日期：2008年2月1号。
②George Bush:"Proclamation6273-National Education First Week,1991," April18,1991. Online by Gerhard Peters and JohnT. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47287,下载日期：2008年2月1号。
④One Hundred Third Congress, United States of America. School to Work Opportunities Act of1994.http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.（2006年6月）
⑤The Council of Economic Advisers of U.S.， Economic Report of the President2001, Washington D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office,2001, p.187.
①Jeffrey A. Frankel and Peter R. Orszag eds. American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge, Massachusetts:MITPress,2002, p.664.
②A.P.. Climbing Tuition Tide to Shrinking Student Pool, The New York Times, April14,1990, p.19.
③Mark Kretovics and Steve O. Michael eds. Financing Higher Education in a Global Market. New York: Algora Publishing,2005, p.47.
④Jeffrey A. Frankel and Peter R. Orszag eds. American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,2002, p.665.
①Ivan Charner, Study Of School-To-Work Initiatives, Studies of Education Reform, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, October1996, p.47.
②Ivan Charner, Study Of School-To-Work Initiatives, Studies of Education Reform, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, October1996, p.5.
①Ivan Charner, Study Of School-To-Work Initiatives, Studies of Education Reform, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, October1996,p.47.
②David Maraniss, First In His Class: A Biography Of Bill Clinton, Simon&Schuster,1996, pp.357-359.
③David Maraniss, First In His Class: A Biography Of Bill Clinton, Simon&Schuster,1996, p.416.
④David Maraniss, First In His Class: A Biography Of Bill Clinton, Simon&Schuster,1996, pp.414-418.
⑤David Hill,"What Has the1980's Reform Movement Accomplished?" The Education Digest, No.1,55, No.6,Feb.1992. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
①David Hill,"What Has the1980's Reform Movement Accomplished?" The Education Digest, No.1,55, No.6,Feb.1992. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
②David Hill,"What Has the1980's Reform Movement Accomplished?" The Education Digest, No.1,55, No.6,Feb.1992. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
③Anne C. Lewis,"Washington Seen", The Education Digest, Vol,58, No.9May,1993. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
④Robert M. Huelskamp,"The Second Coming of the Sandia Report", The Education Digest, Vol,59, No.1Sept,1993. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
①David Hill "What Has the1980's Reform Movement Accomplished?" The Education Digest, No.1,55, No.6,Feb.1992. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
②David Hill "What Has the1980's Reform Movement Accomplished?" The Education Digest, No.1,55, No.6,Feb.1992. http://www.eddigest.com/.(2006年6月)
①Democratic Party Platforms:"Democratic Party Platform of1992," July13,1992. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29610.（2007年7月）
①Frankel Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge： MIT Press,2002, p.666.
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, in UnitedStates Code, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,p.538.
③U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.539.
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.539-541.
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.541.
③U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,p.541-542.
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.544.
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.540.
③U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.541.
④U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.544.
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.544.
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.544-545.
③U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.545-546.
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.568-569.
②William J. Clinton,"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.(2007年6月)
③William J. Clinton,"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.(2007年6月)
④William J. Clinton,"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.(2007年6月)
①William J. Clinton,"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.(2007年6月)
②William J. Clinton,"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.(2007年6月)
③William J. Clinton,"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.(2007年6月)
④U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,p.538.United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
⑤U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, p.553.United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.553-554. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.554-556. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.556-557. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.559-560. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.561-562. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
①U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.558-559. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
②U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.558-559. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
③U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.562-563. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
④U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994‖, United StatesCode, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St. Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4,pp.563-564. United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
①United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
②United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
③United States, One Hundred Third Congress(1994)，School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2005年5月)
①张维平、马立武：《美国教育法研究》，中国法制出版社，2004年版，第5页。
①William J. Clinton:"Remarks on Signing the Goals2000: Educate America Act in San Diego," March31,1994.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49895.（2009年8月）
②U.S. Congress, H.R.1804. Goals2000: Education America Act.http://www2.ed.gov/legislation/GOALS2000/TheAct/index.html.
③Frankel Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge： MIT Press,2002, p.524.
④Frankel Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge： MIT Press,2002, p.529.
⑤William J. Clinton:"Remarks on Signing the Goals2000: Educate America Act in San Diego," March31,1994. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49895.（2009年8月）
①关于《帕金斯法II》和《帕金斯法III》的研究，参见：高建民：《美国基础教育财政发展研究》，北京：人民教育出版社2005年版；史静寰主编：《当代美国教育》，.北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001年；王英杰等：《世界教育大系:美国教育》，吉林：吉林教育出版社，2000年；张维平、马立武：《美国教育法研究》，中国法制出版社，2004年版，第5页。
②Archived Information，School-To-Work Opportunity Act（CFDA No.84.278）. Prepared by Planning and Evaluation Service,Office of the Under Secretary, U.S. Department of Education, April1997, Chapter410-1.
③Archived Information，School-To-Work Opportunity Act（CFDA No.84.278）. Prepared by Planning and Evaluation Service,Office of the Under Secretary, U.S. Department of Education, April1997, Chapter410-1.
①Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，in Focus On Autism And Other Developmental Disabilities，Vol.13, No.2, Summer1998. PRO-ED, Inc，pp.6-7.
②Archived Information，School-To-Work Opportunity Act（CFDA No.84.278）. Prepared by Planning and Evaluation Service,Office of the Under Secretary, U.S. Department of Education, April1997, Chapter410-2,410-3.
①One Hundred Third Congress, United States of America, School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994, May,1994.http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2007年3月)
①One Hundred Third Congress, United States of America, School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994, May,1994.http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.(2007年3月)
②关于巴瑞.A.厄里克森，详见：http://www.nj.gov/education/genfo/overview/staff.htm.(2007年8月)
③Bari Anhalt Erlichson, School to Work Governance, In William J. Stull, Nicholas M. Sanders(Eds), The School to WorkMovement: Origins and Destinations, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,2003, p.111.
①Bari Anhalt Erlichson, School to Work Governance, in William J. Stull, Nicholas M. Sanders(Eds), The School to WorkMovement: Origins and Destinations, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,2003, p.106.
①Alan Hershey&Linda Rosenberg, School to Work Implementation Progress: The State Perspective in Early1996, Princeton,NJ: Mathematica Policy Research,1996, p.7.
②Bair Anhalt Erlichson, School to Work Governance, in William J. Stull&Nicholas M. Sanders (Eds), The School to WorkMovement: Origins and Destinations, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,2003, p.106.
①Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement,1996, p.23.
①Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement,1996, p.23.
②Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement,1996, pp.24-25.
③Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement,1996, p.25.
①Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement,1996, p.26.
②Bari Anhalt Erlichson, School to Work Governance,in William J. Stull&Nicholas M. Sanders(Eds), The School to WorkMovement: Origins and Destinations, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,2003, p.9
③Bari Anhalt Erlichson, School to Work Governance, in William J. Stull&Nicholas M. Sanders(Eds), The School to WorkMovement: Origins and Destinations, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,2003, p.106.
④One Hundred Third Congress, United States of America, School to Work Opportunity Act of1994, May,1994.http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.（2008年9月）
②One Hundred Third Congress, United States of America, School to Work Opportunity Act of1994, May,1994.http://www.fessler.com/SBE/act.htm.（2008年9月）
③Alan M. Hershey, Marsha K. Silverberg&Joshua Haimson et al. Expanding Options for Students: Report to Congress on theNational Education of School to Work Implementation, Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research,1999,p.56.
①Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work Opportunities Act Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,p.4.
①Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work Opportunities Act Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,pp.4-5.
②Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work OpportunitiesAct Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,p.11.
③Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work OpportunitiesAct Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,p.14.
④Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work OpportunitiesAct Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,p.26.
⑤Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work OpportunitiesAct Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,p.29.
①Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work Opportunities Act Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", Apeer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,pp.30-31.
①Congress of the U.S., Office of Technology Assessment, Learning to Work: Making the Transition from School to Work,Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,1995,p.76.
②Miguel Urquiola, David Stern and Ilana Horn et al., School to Work, College and Career: Review of Policy, Practice, andResults1993-1997, Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education,1997, p.147.
③Peter Cappelli, Danial Shapiro&Nichole Shumanis,―Employer Participation in School to Work Programs‖, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science,1998, Vol.599, pp.109-124.
①Thomas Bailey, Katherine Hughes&Travis Barr,―Achieving Scale and Quality in School to Work Internship: Finding from anEmployer Survey", Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Spring2000, Vol.22(1), pp.41-46.
②Peter Cappelli, Danial Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis,―Employer Participation in School to Work Programs", Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science,1998, Vol.599, p.112.
③Frank Linnerhan and Donnade Carolis,―Strategic Frameworks for Understanding Employer Participation in School-to-WorkPrograms", Strategic Management Journal,2005, pp.523-539.
⑤Thomas Bailey, Katherine Hughes, Employer Involvement in Work-Based Learning Programs, National Center for Research inVocational Education,1999, pp.11-12.
①Steven G. Klein, Employer Incentives to Participate in a Comprehensive School to Work Transition Program, Berkeley, CA:MPR Association,1994, p.234.
②Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis, Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, TheChanging Educational Quality of the Workforce (Sep.,1998),pp.109-124.
③Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis, Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, The Changing Educational Quality of the Workforce (Sep.,1998),pp.112-113
④Thomas Bailey, Katherine Hughes, Employer Involvement in Work-Based Learning Programs, National Center for Research inVocational Education,1999, p.11.
⑤Thomas Bailey, Katherine Hughes, Employer Involvement in Work-Based Learning Programs, National Center for Research inVocational Education,1999, p.11.
⑥Peter Cappelli, Danial Shapiro&Nichole Shumanis,―Employer Participation in School to Work Programs", Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science,1998, Vol.599, p.113.
①Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis, Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, The Changing Educational Quality of the Workforce，Sep.1998, p.113.
②Thomas Bailey, Katherine Hughes, Employer Involvement in Work-Based Learning Programs, National Center for Research inVocational Education,1999, pp.11-12.
③Thomas Bailey edit, Learning to Work: Employer Involvement in School to Work Transition Programs, Washington, DC: TheBrookings Institution,1995, p.93.
④Thomas Bailey edit, Learning to Work: Employer Involvement in School to Work Transition Programs, Washington, DC: TheBrookings Institution,1995, p.95.
①Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis, Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, The Changing Educational Quality of the Workforce (Sep.,1998), p.114.
②Congress of the U.S.，Office of Technology Assessment, Learning to Work: Making the Transition from School to work,Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,1995, p.76.
③Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis, Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, The Changing Educational Quality of the Workforce (Sep.,1998),pp.114-115.
④Peter Cappelli, Daniel Shapiro and Nichole Shumanis, Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs, Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.559, The Changing Educational Quality of the Workforce (Sep.,1998), p.114.
①Miguel Urquiola, David Stern&Ilana Horn et al., School to Work, College and Career: Review of Policy, Practice, andResults1993-1997, Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education,1997, p.147.
②Committee for Economic Development, The Employer’s Role in Linking School and Work, Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publcation Data,1998, p,39.
③Committee for Economic Development, The Employer’s Role in Linking School and Work, Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publcation Data,1998, p.112.
④Marc S. Miller, Finding Common Ground: Local Intermediaries and National Industry Associations, Jobs for the Future&New Ways to Work,2001,p.11. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED457388.(2007年7月)
①Katherine L. Hughes, Thomas R. Bailey, Melinda J. Mechur, School-to-Work:Making a Difference in Education, Institute onEducation and the Economy Teachers College, Columbia University,2001, p.36.
②Katherine L. Hughes, Thomas R. Bailey, Melinda J. Mechur, School-to-Work:Making a Difference in Education, Institute onEducation and the Economy Teachers College, Columbia University,2001, p.36.
①Karen Yeok-Hwa Ngeow, School-to-Work Transition in Language Arts Classrooms: School-Based Learning Approaches andPractices.1998. ERIC Digest. ED424590.
②Jngham Intermediate School District, A Guide to Work-Based Learning Programs, Pert II-Career Exposure, Michigan StateDept. Of Education, Lansing, Office of Career and Technical Education,1995, p.32.
③Karen Yeok-Hwa Ngeow, School-to-Work Transition in Language Arts Classrooms: School-Based Learning Approaches andPractices.1998. ERIC Digest. ED424590.
①The National School to Work Office, STW Glossary of Terms, The Maple River Education Coalition,1996.Http://education.org/New/arti0011.htm.(2006年5月)
②Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work OpportunitiesAct Policy: An Effort at BackwardMapping", A peer-reviewed Scholarly Electronic Journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999,p.10.
③Karen Yeok-Hwa Ngeow, School-to-Work Transition in Language Arts Classrooms: School-Based Learning Approaches andPractices.1998. ERIC Digest. ED424590.
①Roger Harris, Peter Willis, Michele Simons and Emily Collins, The Relative Contributions of Institutional and WorkplaceLearning Environments: An Analysis of Apprenticeship Training．Journal of Vocational Education and Training, Vol.53, No.2,2001.http://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+Relative+Contributions+of+Institutional+and+Workplace+Learning+Environments+%3a+An+Analysis+of+Apprenticeship+Training&id=EJ636493.(2006年5月)
②Karen Yeok-Hwa Ngeow, School-to-Work Transition in Language Arts Classrooms: School-Based Learning Approaches andPractices.1998. ERIC Digest. ED424590.
①Jobs for the Future, Essential Elements of Youth Apprenticeship Programs: A Preliminary Outline, Cambridge, MA: Author,1991，p.12.
②Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，in Focus On Autism And Other Developmental Disabilities，Vol.13, No.2, Summer1998. PRO-ED, Inc.p.9.
①Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，in Focus On Autism And Other Developmental Disabilities，Vol.13, No.2, Summer1998. PRO-ED, Inc.p.8.
②Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，in Focus On Autism And Other Developmental Disabilities，Vol.13, No.2, Summer1998. PRO-ED, Inc.p.3.
③Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，in Focus On Autism And Other Developmental Disabilities，Vol.13, No.2, Summer1998. PRO-ED, Inc.p.9.
①William J. Rioux,―The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition‖, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995, p.8. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.(2008年)
②William J. Rioux,―The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition‖, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995, p.8. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.(2008年)
③William J. Rioux,―The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition‖, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995, p.8. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.(2008年)
①William J. Rioux,―The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition‖, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995, p.9. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.(2008年)
②William J. Rioux,―The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition‖, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995, p.11. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.(2008年)
①William J. Rioux,―The Role of Parents in School-to-Work Transition‖, Prepared for National Institute for Work and Learning/Academy for Educational Development, November,1995, p.12. http://niwl.fhi360.org/pdfs/Role_of_Parents.pdf.(2008年)
②Economic Report of the President2001, United States Government Office Washington,2001, p.212.
③Feller, Rich W., Aligning School Counseling, the Changing Workplace, and Career Development Assumptions, ProfessionalSchool Counseling, Apr.2003, Vol.6， Issue4, pp.208-209.
①Judith A. Vandegrift, Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Study ofCounselors’Time Use, Arizona School To Work Briefing Paper#16, Morrison Institute for Public Policy Morrison,1999, p.1.
②Judith A. Vandegrift, Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Study ofCounselors’Time Use, Arizona School To Work Briefing Paper#16, Morrison Institute for Public Policy Morrison,1999, p.2.
①Judith A. Vandegrift, Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Study ofCounselors’Time Use, Arizona School To Work Briefing Paper#16, Morrison Institute for Public Policy Morrison,1999, p.2.
②Judith A. Vandegrift, Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Study ofCounselors’Time Use, Arizona School To Work Briefing Paper#16, Morrison Institute for Public Policy Morrison,1999, p.2.
①Judith A. Vandegrift, Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Study ofCounselors’Time Use, Arizona School To Work Briefing Paper#16, Morrison Institute for Public Policy Morrison,1999, p.4.
②Judith A. Vandegrift, Are Arizona Public Schools Making the Best Use of School Counselors? Results of a Three-Year Study ofCounselors’Time Use, Arizona School To Work Briefing Paper#16, Morrison Institute for Public Policy Morrison,1999, p.4.
①LeRoy, Barbara, Comp, Unemployed Youth: Counseling Issues. In Brief: An Information Digest from ERIC/CAPS, ERICClearing house on Counseling and Personnel Services Ann Arbor MI,1984, p.1.
②参见：Bailey, T., and Merritt, D.(1992, November), School-to-Work Transition and Youth Apprenticeship in the United States.San Francisco, CA: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation; Cheek, G. D., and Campbell, C. P.(1994), Improving theschool-to-employment transition with lessons from abroad, in A. J. Pautler, Jr.(Ed.), High school to employment transition:Contemporary issues, Ann Arbor, MI: Prakken Publications, Incorporated,1994, pp.115-128; Dowling, M. J., and Albrecht, K.O., Technical Workers and Competitive Advantage: What We Can Learn from the Germans. V,34, No.6,1991, pp.68-75;Hamilton, S. F., Prospects for an American-style Youth Apprenticeship System, Educational Researcher, Vol.22, No.3,1993,pp.11-16.
③Hamilton, S. F., Excellence and the Transition from School to Work, Phi Delta Kappan, Vol.68,No.4,1986, pp.239-242.
④Levine, D., The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: A flawed Prescription for Education Reform, Educational Foundations,Vol.8, No.3,1994, pp.33-51.
⑤Esther R. Johnson，Benefits of School–to-work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre andPost Grades and Attendance，Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The degree of Doctor Of Education in Educational Administration，October16,1997，Blacksburg, Virginia, p.12.
①Esther R. Johnson，Benefits of School–to-work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre andPost Grades and Attendance，Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Of Education in Educational Administration，October16,1997，Blacksburg, Virginia, p.12.
②Esther R. Johnson，Benefits of School–to-work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre andPost Grades and Attendance，Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Of Education in Educational Administration，October16,1997，Blacksburg, Virginia, p.30-31.
③Esther R. Johnson，Benefits of School–to-work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre andPost Grades and Attendance，Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in EducationalAdministration， October16,1997，Blacksburg, Virginia, p.32.
①Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, US Department ofEducation, October1996. p.52.
②Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, US Department ofEducation, October1996. p.59.
③Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, US Department ofEducation, October1996. p.63.
①James A. Gregson, The School-to-Work Movement and Youth Apprenticeship in the U.S.: Educational Reform and DemocraticRenewal? The Journal of Industry, Volume32, Number3, Spring1995, pp.7-29.
②Johnson，Benefits of School to Work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre and Post Gradesand Attendance，Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Of Education in Educational Administration，October16,1997，Blacksburg, Virginia, p.104.
③Simon, R. I., Dippo, D., and Schenke, A., Learning work: A Critical Pedagogy of Work Education, New York: Bergin&Garvey,1991, p.5.
④Shor, I. Working hands and critical minds: A Paulo Freire Model for job training, Journal of Education, Vol.170, No.2,1988,pp.103-12; Simon, R. I., and Dippo, D., What Schools Can Do: Designing Programs for Work Education that Challengethe Wisdom of Experience, Journal of Education, Vol.169, No.3,1987,pp.101-116; Rehm, M. Emancipatory VocationalEducation: Pedagogy for the Work of Individuals and Society, Journal of Education, Vol.171, No.3,1989, pp.109-123; Lakes, R.D., Critical pedagogy for vocational-technical educators: Some considerations. Journal of Studies in Technical Careers, Vol.13,No.4,1991,pp.299-305.
①James A. Gregson, The School-to-Work Movement and Youth Apprenticeship in the U.S.: Educational Reform and DemocraticRenewal? The Journal of Industry, Volume32, Number3, Spring1995, pp.7-29.
②Evine, D., The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: A flawed Prescription for Education Reform, Educational Foundations, Vol.8, No.3,1994, pp.33-51.
③Bailey, T., Can Youth Apprenticeship Thrive in the United States? Educational Researcher, Vol.22, No.3,1993,pp.4-10.
④Levine, D, The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: A flawed Prescription for Education Reform, Educational Foundations,Vol.8, No.3,1994, pp.33-51.
⑤James A. Gregson, The School-to-Work Movement and Youth Apprenticeship in the U.S.: Educational Reform and DemocraticRenewal? The Journal of Industry, Volume32, Number3, Spring1995. pp.7-29.
⑥Levine, D, The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: A flawed Prescription for Education Reform, Educational Foundations,Vol.8, No.3,1994, pp.33-51.
①参见：Braddock, J. H.,&Slavin, R., WhyAbility Grouping Must End:Achieving Excellence and Equity in AmericanEducation, Journal of Intergroup Relations, Vol.20, No.11,1993,11-23; Levine, D, The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: Aflawed Prescription for Education Reform, Educational Foundations, Vol.8, No.3,1994, pp.33-51.
②James A. Gregson, The School-to-Work Movement and Youth Apprenticeship in the U.S.: Educational Reform and DemocraticRenewal? The Journal of Industry, Volume32, Number3, Spring1995. pp.7-29.
①Public Forum Inst., Perspectives on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogues, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunity Office,2000,p.45.
②Mary G. Visher etc., School to Work in the1990s：A Look at Programs and Practices in American High Schools, MPRAssociates, Inc.1998, p.47.
①Public Forum Inst., Perspectives on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogues, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunity Office,2000,p.45.
②N.L. Maxwell&V. Rubin, Career Academy Programs in California: Implementation and Student Outcome, Hayward, CA:The Human Investment Research and Education Center,2000, p.113
③N.L.Maxwell&V. Rubin, Career Academy Programs in California: Implementation and Student Outcome, Hayward, CA: TheHuman Investment Research and Education Center,2000,p.113.
④Kemple&Snipes, Career Academies: Impacts on Students’ Engagement and Performance in High School, New York:Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation,2000, p.50.
⑤Ester R. Johnson, Benefit of School to Work Programs Participation: Perceptions of Students and Comparison of Pre and PostGrades and Attendance, Graduates Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute,2000,p.132.
⑥Katherine L, Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege, Columbia University,2001,p.21.
⑦Public Form Inst, Prospective on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogue, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunities Office,2000, p.57.
①Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege. Columbia University,2001, pp.21-22.
②Public Form Inst, Prospective on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogue, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunities Office,2000, p.13.
③Public Form Inst, Prospective on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogue, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunities Office,2000, p.14.
④Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege, Columbia University,2001, p.23.
①Katherine L, Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege, Columbia University,2001, p.23.
②Hamilton M.A&Hamilton S, Learning Well at Work: Choices for Quality, Washington, DC: National School to WorkOpportunity Office, p.25.
③Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege. Columbia University,2001, p.27.
④Job for the Future, School to Career Initiative Demonstrates Significant Impact on Young People, Boston: Author,1998,pp.3-4.
⑤Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work： Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege, Columbia University,2001, p.29.
①Public Form Inst, Prospective on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogue, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunities Office,2000, p.14.
②Hamilton M.A and Hamilton S, Learning Well at Work: Choices for Quality, Washington, DC: National School to WorkOpportunity Office, p.46.
③Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work： Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege. Columbia University,2001,p.31.
④Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2，p.11.
⑤Balsezye, J. and Bialek, S. Improving&Sustaining Kentucky’s System of School to Work: Summary Report and DataSupplement, WI: Center on Education and Work,1999, p.7.
①Vandegrift, J.A.and Wright, J., Arizona’s School to Work Initiative: Four Year Trends in Public Opinion, Temple, AZ:Morrison Institute for Public Policy,1999,p.6.
②Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege, Columbia University,2001,p.34.
③Katherine L Hughes, School-to-Work：Making a Difference in Education. Institute on Education and the Economy, TeachersCollege, Columbia University,2001，p.35.
④Public Form Inst, Prospective on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogue, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunities Office,2000,p.15.
⑤Public Form Inst, Prospective on Progress: The School to Work National Costumer Dialogue, Washington, DC: NationalSchool to Work Opportunities Office,2000,p.15.
①Ronald D. Elving, Congress and the Great Issues:1945-1995, Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.1996, p.159.
③Janet Kroll, Learning to Do: An Analysis of the School to Work Opportunities Act of1994, University of Pennsylvania,2002,pp.134-135.
④Janet Kroll, Learning to Do: An Analysis of the School to Work Opportunities Act of1994, University of Pennsylvania,2002,pp.134-135.
①Phyllis Schlafly,―School to Work and Goals2000‖, The Phyllis Schlafly Report, Alton, IL: The Eagle Trust Fund,1997,p.11.
②Phyllis Schlafly,―School to Work and Goals2000‖, The Phyllis Schlafly Report, Alton, IL: The Eagle Trust Fund,1997,p.11.
③Janet Kroll, Learning to Do: An Analysis of the School to Work Opportunities Act of1994, University of Pennsylvania,2002,p.141.
④马秀琴：《美国文化价值观对美国成人教育的影响》，《中国成人教育》，2005年第5期。
⑤马歇尔、塔克：《教育与国家财富：思考生存》，顾建新等译，教育科学出版社，2003年，第245页。
⑥U.S. General Accounting Office, Training Strategies: Preparing Noncollege Youth for Employment in the U.S. and ForeignCountries, Washington DC: Government Printing Office,1990, p.25.
⑦Betsy Brand, Glenda Partee and Barbara Kaufmann et al. Looking Forward: School to Work Principles and Strategies forSustainability, Washington DC: American Youth Policy Forum&Center for Workforce Development, June2000,p.156.
①Alan M. Hershey, Marsha K. Silverberg and Joshua Haimson et al., Expanding Options for Students: Report to Congress onthe National Evaluation of School to Work Implementation, Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research,1999, p.16.
②Rebecca L. Gau, A School to Work System for Arizona: Final Evaluation of the State and Federal Initiative, Tempe: ArizonaState University, Morrison Institute for Public Policy,2001, p.21.
③Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2. p.2.
①Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2. p11.
②Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2, p.11.
③Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2, p.11.
④Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2, pp.9-10..
①Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2，pp.9-10.
②Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2, pp.9-10..
①William J. Clinton:"Memorandum on Preparing American Youth for21st Century College and Careers," October13,2000.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1242.2008.4.30.(2009年10月)
②William J. Clinton:"Memorandum on Preparing American Youth for21st Century College and Careers," October13,2000.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1242.2008.4.30.(2009年10月)
③William J. Clinton:"Memorandum on Preparing American Youth for21st Century College and Careers," October13,2000.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1242.2008.4.30.(2009年10月)
①Ivan Charner, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, October1996.
②Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2, p.12.
③③Darlene D. Unger and Richard Luecking，Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-WorkInitiatives，Developmental Disability,1998, Vol3, No.2, p.10.
④Economic Report of the President2001, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,2001, p.44.
①US Education Department, Study of School-To-Work Initiatives, Studies of Education Reform, October1996,http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/SER/SchoolWork/index.html.(2006年8月)
②Hobart Harmon,―Building School-to-Work Systems in Rural America‖, ERIC Digest, Source: ERIC clearinghouse on RuralEducation and Small Schools, Charleston WV, April1998.
①Hobart Harmon,―Building School-to-Work Systems in Rural America‖, ERIC Digest, Source: ERIC clearinghouse on RuralEducation and Small Schools, Charleston WV, April1998.
1. Carolyn J. Heinrich, Improving Performance Management in the Workforce Investment Act Programs,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Public Policy, April28,2003.
2. Economic Report of the President1988, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1988.
3. Economic Report of the President1989, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1989.
4. Economic Report of the President1990, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1990.
5. Economic Report of the President1991, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1991.
6. Economic Report of the President1992, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1992.
7. Economic Report of the President1993, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1993.
8. Economic Report of the President1994, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1994.
9. Economic Report of the President1995, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1995.
10. Economic Report of the President1996, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1996.
11. Economic Report of the President1997, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1997.
12. Economic Report of the President1998, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1998.
13. Economic Report of the President2000, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,2000.
14. Economic Report of the President2001, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,2001.
15. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1988.
16. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1989.
17. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1990.
18. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1991.
19. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1992.
20. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1993.
21. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1994.
22. Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1998.
23. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1980.
24. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1981.
25. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1985.
26. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1989.
27. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1992.
28. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1994.
29. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1998.
30. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1999.
31. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,2000.
32. Manpower Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,2001.
33. Office of Inspector General, Office of Audit, Workforce Investment Act Performance Outcomes ReportingOversight, Report No.06-02-006-03-390, September30,2002.
34. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Preparing Youth for the21stCetury: TheTransition from Education to the Labor Market: Proceedings of the Washington Conference, Paris: OECD,1999.
35. The National Association of State Directors for Career Technical Education Consortium, InitiativeMission, Goals, Criteria, Washington D.C.,2005.
36. The National Association of State Directors for Career Technical Education Consortium, ThroughDiversity Comes Strength: A State Profile Survey Synthesis of CTE, Washington D.C.,2006.
37. U.S. Congress,―Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of1973: House Report No.93-659", inU.S. Code, Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1973.
38. U.S. Congress,―Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of1973", in U.S. Code, Congressionaland Administrative News, and St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1973.
39. U.S. Congress,―Economic Opportunity Act of1964: House Report No.1458", in U.S. Code,Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1965.
40. U.S. Congress,―Elementary and Secondary Education of1965", in U.S. Code, Congressional andAdministrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1965.
41. U.S. Congress,―Elementary and Secondary Education of1973: Senate Report No.599", in U.S. Code,Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1973.
42. U.S. Congress,―Emergency Jobs Appropriation,1983: Senate Report No.98-17", in U.S. Code,Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1983.
43. U.S. Congress,―Emergency Jobs Appropriation,1983", in U.S. Code, Congressional and AdministrativeNews, and St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1983.
44. U.S. Congress,―Manpower Development and Training Act of1962: Senate Report No.651", in U.S. Code,Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1962.
45. U.S. Congress,―Manpower Development and Training Act of1962", in U.S. Code, Congressional andAdministrative News, and St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1962.
46. U.S. Congress,―School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994: House Report No.103-345", in U.S. Code,Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994.
47. U.S. Congress,―School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994", in U.S. Code, Congressional andAdministrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994.
48. U.S. Congress,―Vocational Education Act of1963: House Report No.393", in U.S. Code, Congressionaland Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1963.
49. U.S. Congress,―Vocational Education Act of1963", in U.S. Code, Congressional and AdministrativeNews, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1963.
50. U.S. Congress,―Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act of1977: Senate Report No.93-173",in U.S. Code, Congressional and Administrative News, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1977.
51. U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994", in United States Code, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2th Session, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, pp.538-591.
52. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States1980, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
53. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States1990, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
54. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States1992, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
55. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States1994, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
56. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States1995, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
57. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States1999, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
58. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States2000, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office.
59. U.S. Department of Labor, Training and Employment Report of the Secretary of Labor, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1998.
60. U.S. Department of Labor, Training and Employment Report of the Secretary of Labor, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,2000.
61. U.S. Congress, House Report No.103-345,―Legislative History: School-To-Work Opportunities Act of1994", United States Code, Congressional and Administrative News,103rd Congress,2nd Session, St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1994, Vol.4, pp.538-591.
62. Career Cluster Institute, A Brief History of Career, Clusters: Supporting a New Vision for CTE.Http://www.careerclusters.org/plans.cfm.2006-7-2.
63. Career Cluster Institute, Free Career Cluster Sample Plans of Study.Http://ww w.careerclusters.org/plans.cfm.2006-6-21.
64. George Bush:"Remarks Announcing the Job Training2000Initiative in Atlanta," January17,1992.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=20488.
65. George Bush:"Statement on Urban Aid Initiatives," May12,1992. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T.Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=20950.
66. Lyndon B. Johnson:"Remarks at the Dedication of the Crossland Vocational Center, Camp Springs,Maryland," April27,1967. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American PresidencyProject. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28220.
67. Ronald Reagan:"Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Employment Legislation," March11,1983. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41038.
68. Ronald Reagan:"Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session during a United States Chamber ofCommerce Teleconference on Job Training Programs," November19,1982. Online by Gerhard Petersand John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=42017.
69. Ronald Reagan:"Remarks at a Campaign Rally for Senator Mack Mattingly in Atlanta, Georgia," October8,1986. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=36569.
70. William J. Clinton:"Commencement Address at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge,Massachusetts," June5,1998. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American PresidencyProject. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=56088.
71. William J. Clinton:"Proclamation6915-America Goes Back to School,1996," September9,1996.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53285.
72. William J. Clinton:"Remarks Announcing the Annenberg Foundation Education Challenge Grants,"December17,1993. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46250.
73. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at a Dinner for Hillary Clinton in New York City," August10,2000. Onlineby Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1476.
74. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at a Presidential Dinner in Miami, Florida," March21,1994. Online byGerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49847.
75. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at the Group of Seven Jobs Conference in Detroit," March14,1994. Onlineby Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49803.
76. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at the New Hampshire Technical College Commencement Ceremony inStratham, New Hampshire," May22,1993. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The AmericanPresidency Project. http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46601.
77. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at the New Hampshire Technical College Commencement Ceremony inStratham, New Hampshire," May22,1993. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The AmericanPresidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46601.
78. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at the Opportunity Skyway School-to-Work Program in Georgetown,Delaware," September3,1993. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American PresidencyProject. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47022.
79. William J. Clinton:"Remarks at the Summer Jobs Conference in Arlington, Virginia," April14,1993.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46431.
80. William J. Clinton:"Remarks in a Roundtable Discussion on Corporate Mentoring in Cincinnati, Ohio,"March23,1996. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=52584.
81. William J. Clinton:"Remarks in a Roundtable Discussion on the School-to-Work Program in Nashua,New Hampshire," February2,1996. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The AmericanPresidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=52056.
82. William J. Clinton:"Remarks on Arrival in Topeka, Kansas," April7,1994. Online by Gerhard Peters andJohn T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www. presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49917.
83. William J. Clinton:"Remarks on Presenting the Teacher of the Year Award," April28,1995. Online byGerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=51287.
84. William J. Clinton:"Remarks on the Upcoming Economic Summit," July5,1994. Online by GerhardPeters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50441.
85. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to Corporate Leaders on the One America Initiative," April6,2000. Onlineby Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=58338.
86. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to Future Leaders of Europe in Brussels," January9,1994. Online byGerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49643.
87. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to the American Association of Community Colleges in Minneapolis,Minnesota," April24,1995. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American PresidencyProject. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=51270.
88. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to the American Association of Retired Persons in Edison, New Jersey,"February16,1994. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49660.
89. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to the American Council on Education," February22,1994. Online byGerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49681.
90. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to the Community in Atlanta, Georgia," May3,1994. Online by GerhardPeters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50092.
91. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to the Democratic Leadership Council," December3,1993. Online byGerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46193.
92. William J. Clinton:"Remarks to the Medical Community at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore,Maryland," October28,1993. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American PresidencyProject. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46032.
93. William J. Clinton:"Statement on Senate Action on Education Programs," September16,1997. Online byGerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=54624.
94. William J. Clinton:"Statement on Signing the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994," May4,1994.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=50105.
95. William J. Clinton:"The President's Radio Address," February5,1994. Online by Gerhard Peters andJohn T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49331
96. William J. Clinton:"The President's Radio Address," January29,1994. Online by Gerhard Peters andJohn T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=48954.
97. Adria Steinberg, Real Learning, Real Work: School to Work as High School Reform, New York:Routledge,1998.
98. Brademas, John and Brown, Lynne P., The Politics of Education: Conflict and Consensus on Capital Hill.Norman: The University of Oklahonma Press,2002.
99. Brubacher, John S.&Riudy.Willis, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges andUniversities, Transaction Publishers,1997.
100. Bullock, Paul, Youth Training and Employment from New Deal to New Federalism, Los Angles:University of California Press,1985.
101. Cantor, Leonard, Vocational Education and Training in the Developed World: A Comparative Study, NewYork: Routledge,1989.
102. Cizek, Gregory J.， Handbook of Educational Policy. San Diego: Academic Press.1999.
103. Conly, David T., Who Governs Our School. New York: Teachers College Press.2003.
104. Cooper, Bruce S., Fusarelli, L. D.,&Randall E. Vance, Better Policies, Better School: Theories andApplications. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.2004
105. Cunningham, William G&Cordeiro, Paula A., Educational Administration: A Problem-based Approach.Boston: Allyn and Bacon.2000.
106. David Ashton, Graham Lowe, Making Their Way: Education, Training and The Labor Market in Canadaand Britain, Open University Press,1991.
107. David Neumark, Donna Suzann Rothstein, School-to-career Programs and Transitions to Employmentand Higher Education, National Bureau of Economic Research,2003.
108. David Neumark, The Effects of School-to-career Programs On Postsecondary Enrollment, Public PolicyInstitute of California,2004.
109. Education Commission of the States, School Choice. The Progress of Education Reform1999-2001,Denver: Education Commission of the States.1999.
110. Edward Pauly, Hilary Kopp and Joshua Haimson, Homegrown Lessons： Innovative Programs LinkingSchool and Work, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers,1995.
111. Ellen Greenberger, Laurance Steinberg, When Teenagers Work, The Psychological and social cost ofAdolescent Employment, New York: Basic Books,1986.
112. Esther R. Johnson, Benefits of School-to-Work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students andComparison of Pre and Post Grades and Attendance, Doctor of Education in Educational Administration,Blacksburg, Virginia: October16,1997.
113. Frankel Jeffrey A, Peter Orszag, American Economic Policy in the1990s, Cambridge: MIT Press,2002.
114. From School to Career: New Horizons, Youth Council of Tasmania,1963.
115. From School to Work: Improving the Transition, A Collection of Policy Papers Prepared for the NationalCommission for Manpower Policy,1976.
116. Fuhrman, S. H., The New Accountability. Policy Briefs, RB-27. Philadelphia: Consortium for PolicyResearch in Education, University of Pennsylvania,1999.
117. Fullan, M.G, The New Meaning of Educational Change. New York: Teachers College Press,2001.
118. Herbert M. Kliebard， Schooled to Work: Vocationalism and the American Curriculum,1876-1946, NewYork and London: Teachers College, Columbia University,1999.
119. Jane O. Rochester, Jan B. Miller, Transition from School to Career: A Curriculum Developed to Facilitatethe Transition from College to the Workplace for Students with Learning Disabilities, PostsecondaryEducation Demonstration Program for Learning Disabled Persons.
120. Jennings, John F., ed., National Issues in Education: Elementary and Secondary Education Act,Washington D.C.: New hi Delta Kappa International and the Institute for Educational Leadership,1995.
121. Kliebarb, Herbert M., Schooled to Work: Vocatioalism and the American Curriculum1876-1946, NewYork: Columbia University Press,1999.
122. Louis Ferman, Michele Houman, Joel Cutcher Gershenfeld, ect.， New Developments in Worker Traininga Legacy for the1990s, Industrial Relations Research Association Press,1990.
123. Paul Bullock, Youth Training and Employment, Los Angeles: institute of industrial relations university ofCalifornia,1985.
124. Rachelle DiStefano, From School-to-career: A Participatory Study of Urban African American Realities,University of San Francisco,1998.
125. Ray C. Rist, Finding Work: Cross National Perspectives on Employment and Training, The Falmer Press,1986.
126. David Stern, Neal Finkelstein, et.,School to Work: Research on Program in the United States, London:The Falmer Press,1995.
127. Service-learning&School-to-career: Expanding the Definition of Education, National Association ofPartners in Education, Incorporated,1997.
128. Sheldon Danziger, Jane Waldfogel, Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College, NewYork: Russell Sage Foundation,2000.
129. Smith, Vicki, Crossing the Great Divide: Worker Risk and Opportunity in the New Economy, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2001.
130. Stern, David, et. al., School-to-Work: Research on Programs in the United States, Washington D. C.: TheFalmer Press,1995.
131. Stiglitz J·E, Information and Economic Analysis,Oxford University Press,1993.
132. Stiglitz J·E, Economics of the public Sector, New York: Norton.1988.
133. Suzanne Silverman, Gender Equity and School-to-career: A Guide to Strengthening the Links toNontraditional Careers, Connecticut Women's Education and Legal Fund,1999.
134. Thomas C. Hunt, The Impossible Dream, Education and the Search for Panaceas, Peter Lang,2002.
135. Thomas R. Baley, Learning to Work: Employer Involvement in School to Work Transition Programs,Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution,1995.
136. Walter R. Heinz, From Education to Work: Cross-National Perspective, London: Cambridge UniversityPress,1999.
137. West, E·G，Education and the State: A Study in Political Economy, Indianapolis: Libery Fund,1994.
138. Woffbein, Seymour L., Education and Training for Full Employment, New York: Columbia UniversityPress,1967.
139. Alexis Downs and Donna M. Carlon,―School-to-Work Transition Programs Within Third-PartyGovernment: A Process-Based Organizational Analysis", Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Dec2009.
140. Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work Opportunities Act Policy: AnEffort at Backward Mapping", A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Electronic Journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,
1999.
141. Arthur M. Recesso,―First Year Implementation of the School to Work Opportunities Act Policy: AnEffort at Backward Mapping", A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Electronic Journal, Vol.7, No.11, March31,1999.
142. Arum, Richard,―Secondary Vocational Education and the Transition from School to Work", Journal ofEducational Sociology, July1995.
143. Beerman, Susan E.,―Program Change and Administrative Roles in Indiana's School-to-Work Pilot SiteHigh Schools", Contemporary Education, Winter1998.
144. Dolton, Peter J.,―The Youth Training Scheme and the School-to-work Transition", Oxford EconomicPapers, Oct1994.
145. Faist, Thomas,―From School to Work: Public Policy and Underclass Formation among Young Turks inGermany during the1980s", International Migration Review, Summer1993.
146. Feller, Rich W.,―Aligning School Counseling, the Changing Workplace, and Career DevelopmentAssumptions", Professional School Counseling, Vol.6,April2003.
147. Frank Linnehan, Donna de Carolis,―Strategic Frameworks for Understanding Employer Participation inSchool-to-Work Programs", Strategic Management Journal, Vol.26, No.6, Jun2005.
148. Hobart Harmon,―Building School-to-Work Systems in Rural America", Source: ERIC clearinghouse onRural Education and Small Schools, Charleston WV, April1998. ERIC Digest.
149. Hubner-Funk, Sibyelle,―Transition into Occupational Life: Environmental and Sex DifferencesRegarding the Status Passage from School to Work", Adolescence, Fall1983.
150. Hugh Berry,―Analyzing a Work Incentive: The Plan for Achieving Self-Support and School-To-WorkTransition", Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,April1998.
151. Ingrid Schoon, Andrew McCulloch, Heather E. Joshi, Richard D. Wiggins, and John Bynner,―Transitionsfrom school to work in a changing social context", Young, Feb2001.
152. James A. Gregson,―The School-to-Work Movement and Youth Apprenticeship in the U.S.: EducationalReform and Democratic Renewal?" Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, Volume32, Spring1995,Number3.
153. Joan Fitzgerald,―Linking School-To-Work Programs to Community Economic Development in UrbanSchools", Urban Education, Nov1997.
154. Justin C. Perry, David B. DeWine, Ryan D. Duffy, and Kristen S. Vance,―The Academic Self-Efficacy ofUrban Youth: A Mixed-Methods Study of a School-to-Work Program", Journal of Career Development,Vol.34, December2007.
155. Laura T. Eisenman and Carolyn Hughes,―School-to-Work System Development Needs: Perspectives ofLocal EducationAgencies", Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,April1997.
156. LeRoy, Barbara, Comp,―Unemployed Youth: Counseling Issues. In Brief: An Information Digest fromERIC/CAPS", Source: ERIC Clearing house on Counseling and Personnel ServicesAnnArbor MI,1984.
157. Maria Jeria,―Exploring Quality of Life during the Transition from School to Work in Chile", SocialIndicators Research, Vol.94, No.2, Nov2009.
158. Marten H. J. Wolbers,―Patterns of Labour Market Entry: A Comparative Perspective on School-to-WorkTransitions in11European Countries", Acta Sociologica, Vol.50, No.3, Sep2007.
159. Matthias Reitzle, Fred W. Vondracek, and Rainer K. Silbereisen,―Timing of School-to-Work Transitions:A Developmental-Contextual Perspective", International Journal of Behavioral Development, Mar1998.
160. Michael R. Benz and Carol A. Kochhar,―School-to-Work Opportunities for All Students: A PositionStatement of the Division on Career Development and Transition", Career Development for ExceptionalIndividuals, Apr1996.
161. Ngeow, Karen Yeok-Hwa,―School-to-Work Transition in Language Arts Classrooms: School-BasedLearning Approaches and Practices. ERIC Digest", Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading English andCommunication Bloomington IN,1998.
162. Okolo, Cynthia M.,―The Role of Special Education in LD Adolescents' Transition from School to Work",Learning Disability Quarterly, Spring1986.
163. Paul Cuetara,―Tech Prep/School-to-Work: A Holistic Approach to School Restructuring", NASSPBulletin, Nov1995.
164. Pyatt, Gill,―YTS trainees shadowed in industry: school to work-a wild leap or a modular step?"Research in Education, May1989.
165. Ray Legler and Thomas Reischl,―The Relationship of Key Factors in the Process of Collaboration: AStudy of School-to-Work Coalitions", The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol.39, March2003.
166. Richard C. Lombard, Robert J. Miller, and Michael N. Hazelkorn,―School-to-Work and TechnicalPreparation: Teacher Attitudes and Practices Regarding the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities"，Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, Oct1998.
167. Robert W. Lent, Karen M. O'Brien, and Ruth E. Fassinger,―School-to-Work Transition and CounselingPsychology", The Counseling Psychologist, May1998.
168. Rosenbaum, James E.,―Market and Network Theories of the Transition from High School to Work: TheirApplication to Industrialized Societies",Annual Review of Sociology,(1990), p.263.
169. Ross Macmillan,―Transitions from School to Work: Globalization, Individualization, and Patterns ofDiversity", Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, Mar2011.
170. Smith, Clifton L.,―School-to-work transition: Alternatives for educational reform", Youth and Society,Dec1993.
171. Stephenson, Stanieyp. Jr,―From School to Work:"ATransition with Job Search Implications"", Youth andSociety, Sept1979.
172. Thomson J. Ling and Karen M. O’Brien,―Connecting the Forgotten Half: The School-to-Work Transitionof Noncollege-Bound Youth", Journal of Career Development, Aug2012.
173. V. Scott Solberg, Kimberly A. Howard, David L. Blustein, and Wendy Close,―Career Development in theSchools: Connecting School-to-Work-to-Life", The Counseling Psychologist, Sep2002.
174. Alford, Alton Leon, Examining the similarities and differences in benefits of school-to-work as aworkforce development strategy: A study of key stakeholder involvement using a multiple case studyapproach, Dissertation of the Western Michigan University,2002.
175. Beam, Joyce Kerr, An investigation of the impact of parent training in the area of transition from schoolto work using the Next Steps: Planning for Employment course, Dissertation of the George WashingtonUniversity,1992.
176. Behrens, Troy Tylor, Career Development Simulator: A course for school to work, Dissertation of theUniversity of California, Los Angeles,2004.
177. Bramlet, Pamela Bracewell, Tech prep/school-to-work content as reflected in secondary school Englishtextbooks: A content analysis, Dissertation of the Southern Illinois University at Carbondale,2001.
178. Carreira, Robert, Aligning tech prep programs with current and future labor market needs, Dissertation ofthe Walden University,2008.
179. Chui, Yat Hung, Career decision making self-efficacy and outcome expectations in secondary studentschool-to-work transition, Dissertation of the Chinese University of Hong Kong,2007.
180. Clark, Penny Jo, The curriculum internationalization process in banking and finance school-to-workprograms: A qualitative study, Dissertation of the University of Georgia,2001.
181. Coleman, Michael Timothy, Policy, program, and project management lessons: Selected Minnesota JobTraining Partnership Act school-to-work projects, Dissertation of the University of Minnesota,2003.
182. Cowan, John E, Facing changes: Technology, the economy, and public education reform, Dissertation ofthe University of New Mexico,2003.
183. Esther R. Johnson，Benefits of School–to-work Program Participation: Perceptions of Students andComparison of Pre and Post Grades and Attendance，Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty ofVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degreeof DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in Educational Administration， October16,1997，Blacksburg,Virginia.
184. Evanciew, Cheryl E. P, Learning in the workplace: A qualitative study of skill and knowledge acquisitionin youth apprenticeship programs, Dissertation of the University of Georgia,1995.
185. Fossum, Paul Richard, Implementing school to work reform policy: Three case studies in youthapprenticeship, Dissertation of the University of Minnesota,1996.
186. Goldschmidt, Peter Gordon, The transition from high school to work: A longitudinal nonlinear multilevelanalysis, Dissertation of the University of California, Los Angeles,1997.
187. Griffin-Jenner, Mary Katherine, Work-Based Learning: Who's participating and why? Dissertation of theUniversity of Kentucky,2009.
188. Haley, Mary Ellen, Employer participation in Florida school-to-work initiatives, Dissertation of theFlorida International University,2000.
189. Johnson, Milicia K, A vocational industry unprepared by secondary education: A descriptive statisticalanalysis of the gap between high school and work, Dissertation of the Capella University,2006.
190. Kim, Kyung-Nyun, The determinants of successful school-to-work transitions and their impact on labormarket outcomes, Dissertation of the Pennsylvania State University,2009.
191. Kroll, Janet Linda, Learning to do: An analysis of the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of1994,Dissertation of the University of Pennsylvania,2002.
192. Legler, Raymond E, The roles of stakeholder, process, and facilitation variables in the collaborativeactivities and climate of school-to-work coalitions, Dissertation of the Michigan State University,1998.
193. Lynch, Teresa G, A descriptive analysis of exemplary school-to-work curriculum and communicationprograms at a selected school in South Carolina, Dissertation of the University of South Carolina,1998.
194. McIntyre, James D, A survey of business support for the School-to-Work initiative: Does the localbusiness community reflect the national trend? Dissertation of the Caldwell College,1999.
195. Mustapha, Ramlee Bin, The role of vocational and technical education in the industrialization of Malaysiaas perceived by educators and employers, Dissertation of the Purdue University,1999.
196. Stokes, Kimberly C, A closer look: Uncovering the reasons schools and businesses partner and how thepartnerships shape curriculum and pedagogy, Dissertation of the Ohio State University,2009.
197. Tran, Anh T, Utilization-focused evaluation: A case study of the effectiveness of a school-to-workprogram between one inner city high school and a national bank, Dissertation of the Temple University,2002.
198. Yerly, Rebecca Coates, The role of affect in school-to-work readiness, Dissertation of the University ofTexas at Austin,2000.
199.华东师大、杭州大学编译：《现代西方资产阶级教育思想流派论著选》，北京：人民教育出版社，1981年版。
200.黄安年：《当代美国的社会保障政策》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1998年版。
201.梁茂信：《都市化时代：20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，2002年版。
202.梁茂信：《美国人力培训与就业政策》，北京：人民出版社，2006年版。
203.高嵩：《美国社会经济转型时期的就业与培训政策（1946-1968）》，北京：人民出版社，2011年版。
204.刘绪贻等著：《富兰克林·罗斯福时代：1929-1945年》，北京：人民出版社，2002年版。
205.刘绪贻等著.：《战后美国史》，北京：人民出版社，2002年版。
206.马骥雄：《战后美国教育研究》，南宁：江西教育出版社，1991年版。
207.祖葆奎主编：《教育学文集·美国教育改革》，北京：人民教育出版社，1990年版
208.高建民：《美国基础教育财政发展研究》，北京：人民教育出版社，2005年版。
209.2005年版史静寰主编：《当代美国教育》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001年。
210.王英杰等：《世界教育大系:美国教育》，吉林：吉林教育出版社，2000年。
211.滕大春主编：《外国近代教育史》，北京：人民出版社，1989年版。
212.杨生茂、刘绪贻主编：《美国内战与镀金时代》，北京：人民出版社，1994年版。
213.杨德广、王一鸣主编：《世界教育兴邦与教育改革》，上海：同济大学出版社，1990年版。
214.赵祥麟主编：《外国现代教育史》，上海：华东师大出版社，1987年版。
215.赵祥麟、王承绪编译：《杜威教育论著选》，上海：华东师大出版社，1981年版。
216.朱传一等：《科学技术发展与美国的就业问题》，北京：劳动人事出版社，1985年版。
217.[美]H·N·沙伊贝等：《近百年美国经济史》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1983年版。
218.[美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷：《美国人：开拓历程》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司译，上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1993年版。
219.[美]丁·布卢姆：《美国的历程》，上海：商务印书馆，1988年版。
220.[美]阿特金森、斯蒂格利茨：《公共经济学》，上海：上海人民出版社，1994年版。
221.[美]斯蒂格利茨：《政府为什么干预经济》，北京：中国物资出版社，1998年版。
222.[美]戴维·奥斯本和特德·盖布勒，《改革政府：企业精神如何改革着公营部门》，上海：上海译文出版社，1996年版。
223.[美]米尔顿·弗里德曼和罗斯·弗里德曼，《自由选择一一个人声明》，上海：商务印书馆，1982年版。
224.[美]加里·沃塞曼：《美国政治基础》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1994年版。
225.[美]劳伦斯.阿瑟.克雷明：《学校的变革》，单中惠、马晓斌译，上海：上海教育出版社，1994年版。
226.[美]《2000年目标:美国教育法》，载于国家教育发展研究中心编，《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》(第六集)，人民教育出版社，1999.
227.黄铁健、薛晔《中国可能借鉴的美国职业技术教育的模式》，载《世界教育发展趋势与中国教育改革》，人民教育出版社，1998年6月版。
228.王新民：《<斯密斯-休斯法>与美国职业教育发展及启示》，《河南职业技术师范学院学报》（职业教育版），2005年第6期。
229.翟海魂：《19世纪末20世纪初美国中等职业教育的发展与争论》，《河北大学学报》（哲学社会科学版），2007年第136期。
230.周加仙，石伟平：《20美国中等职业模式的历史演变》，《外国教育资料》，2000年第2期。
231.兰小云：《解读美国新职业教育论》，《职业技术教育》（教科版），2004年第7期。
232.邓晶：《美国―从学校到工作"项目的实施概况及启示》，《首都师范大学学报》（社会科学版），2004年增刊。
233.史万兵：《美国中等教育的观念更新与结构变革》，《外国教育研究》，1982年第2期。
234.王明宾：《美国教育政策执行研究述评》，《江苏教育学院学报(社会科学版)》,1997第4期。
235.赵中建：《今日美国特许学校》，《教育发展研究》，2000年第7期。
236.赵中建：《美国基础教育课程改革的动向与启示》，《全球教育展望》，2001年第4期。
237.赵中建：《美国籍要21世纪的教育革命—克林顿总统2000年国情咨文教育内容述要》，《教育发展研究》，2000年第3期。
238.赵中建：《目标与实践的差距—美国教育改革成效之我见》，《上海教育》，2004年第3期。
239.石伟平：《STW——世纪之交美国职业教育改革与发展策略的抉择》，《全球教育展望》，2006年第6期。
240.潘书阁：《美国职业教育培训资金的管理模式》，《海外技能开发》，1997年7月号。
241.杨捷：《美国进步主义教育之―八年研究"述评》，《河南大学学报（社会科学版）》，2006年第3期。
242.续润华：《美国<斯密斯-休斯法>的颁布及其历史意义浅析》，《河北师范大学学报（教育科学版）》，2006年第1期。
243.陈娟：《科南特与美国中等教育改革》，《教育科学》，1993年第3期。
244.张国安：《教育改革与美国资本主义工业化》，《信阳师范学院学报》，1997年第4期。
245.张建党、刘晓鹏：《布克·T·华盛顿与美国黑人职业教育》，《吉林工程技术师范学院学报（教育研究版）》，2004年第1期。
246.邓和平：《20世纪美国的职业教育与继续教育》，《成人高教学刊》，1999年第6期。
247.谷小勇：《20世纪初期美国中等农民职业学历教育及启迪》，《世界农业》，2006年第3期。
248.赵宁宁：《拓展评价的视阈——20世纪美国教育评价研究的发展历程》，《外国教育研究》，2007年第1期。
249.杨天宇：《斯蒂格利茨的政府干预理论评析》，《学术论坛》，1999年。
250.高嵩：《评<美国人力培训与就业政策>》，《世界历史》，2007年第2期。
251.柳海民：《近十年来美国教育经费投入的研究》，《比较教育研究》，1994年第6期。
252.郭晓平：《90年代美国教育改革的新特点》，《教育研究与实验》，1993年第4期。
253.林英：《80-90年代美国教育改革评析》，《乐山高等师范专科学校学报》，1999年第1期。
254.朱旭东：《20世纪美国教育史研究的嬗变》，2005年12月13号。
255.项贤明：《20世纪90年代以来的美国教育改革》，《比较教育研究》，2003年第5期。
256.史朝：《―探究教学"的理论和模式》，《辽宁师范大学学报（社科版）》，1992年第1期。
257.周加仙、石伟平：《20世纪美国中等职业教育模式的历史演变》，《外国教育资料》，2002年第2期。
258.朱旭东：《八、九十年代美国教育改革的目标及其取向》，《比较教育研究》，1997年第6期。
259.史静寰：《八九十年代美国教育改革述评》，《清华大学教育研究》，1997年第4期。
260.袁旭：《产业结构与职业教育互动关系的实证分析——产业结构与职业教育互动关系的研究之二》，《高教论坛》，2006年第2期。
261.朱旭东：《成功的机会=教育的机会——克林顿政府的教育观》，《比较教育研究》，1997年第5期。
262.谷贤林：《九十年代的美国教育改革》，《国家高级教育行政学院学报》，2000年第1期。
263.马健生、孟雅君：《九十年代美国教育改革的一个新动向——特许学校运动述评》，《比较教育研究》，1997年第6期。
264.刘春生、周海燕：《论美国基于新职业主义的职业教育理念及实践》，《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》，2006年第2期。
265.吴岩：《论美国联邦政府在高等职业教育中的政策取向》，《比较教育研究》，2005年第9期。
266.高嵩：《当代美国联邦政府大学生资助政策研究》，（《东北师大学报》，2007年第1期。
267.范骏：《美国的职业教育相关数据系统（DOVE）》，《中国职业技术教育》，2002年第18期。
268.王娟涓：《美国高中职业技术教育改革的新进展——生计和技术教育》，《西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）》，2004年第3期。
269.柯森：《美国90年代教育改革的特点》，《比较教育研究》，1997年第6期。
270.谢宁：《美国克氏<2000年教育目标法>评介》，《比较教育研究》，1996年第4期。
271.朱旭东、李卫群：《美国联邦政府干预教育的几个理论问题分析》，《比较教育研究》，1999年第4期。
272.史万兵：《美国中等教育的观念更新与结构变革》，《外国教育研究》，1998年第6期。
273.王晓华：《美国中等教育改革的社会学反思》，《清华大学教育研究》，1998年第2期。
274.周加仙：《美国中等职业教育的最新改革及对我国的启示》，《职业技术教育》，2000年第16期。
275.顾宁：《社会经济需求与美国教育的发展》，《史学月刊》，2003年第11期。
276.李钰：《透视增减——美国教育部2006财政年度预算案解读》，《上海教育》，2005年第4期。
277.刘春生、李建荣：《新职业主义与美国职业教育的新进展》，《外国教育研究》，2006年第3期。
278.滕大春：《战后美国教育的改革》，《比较教育研究》，1995年第6期。
279.蒋飞月：《美国新职业主义运动的产生、兴盛和新发展》，《中国成人教育》，2008年11月。
280.周文娟：《美国从学校到就业改革运动对我国企业培训的启示》，《企业活力》，2009年第8期。
281.沙其福：《基于STW视角的大学生职业规划实施的分析》，《经济师》，2011年第3期。
282.梁赛平、周衍安：《从STW到STC——美国职业教育的实践与启示》，《中国建设教育》，2008年第1期。
283.任玥姗：《从STW到STC——美国职业教育的发展趋向》，《职教通讯》，2012年第10期。
284.胡怡芳：《澳大利亚STW教育培训课程的特点》，《职教论坛》，2004年5月号下。
285.陈雪芬、吴雪萍：《浅析美国的STW运动》，《教育与职业》，2002年第6期。
286.张慧娟：《美国STW策略述评》，《继续教育研究》，2008年第1期。
287.李德芳：《STW：研究现状、改革实践与内涵辨析》，《职教论坛》，2011年28期。八、中文学位论文
288.林一凡：《20世纪90年代的美国职业教育改革》，内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文，2008年。
289.刘美霞：《澳大利亚STW改革实践研究》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2004年。
290.付雪凌：《STC:21世纪美国职业技术教育走向》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2005年。
291.马宁：《美国STW运动及其对我国职业教育的启示》，河北师范大学硕士学位论文，2011年。
292.蒋莉：《从―学校"走向―职场"——对复旦大学13名本科生毕业生STW的质性研究》，复旦大学硕士学位论文，2009年。
293.关晶：《20世纪90年代美国STW运动研究》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2004年。
294.韩伏彬：《美国特许学校研究》，河北师范大学硕士学位论文，2003年。
295.沈凌燕：《美国特许学校对我国民工子弟学校的启示》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2006年。
296.高嵩：《肯尼迪——约翰逊政府就业与培训政策研究》，东北师范大学博士学位论文，2007年。
297.郁琴芳：《从研究报告到政策形成的教育政策制定模式之研究——以20世纪80年代美国关注教育质量政策的形成为例》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2004年。
298.段素菊：《20世纪80年代以来的美国公共基础教育改革研究——国家、市场与公民社会的视角》，北京师范大学博士学位论文，2004年。
299.李鸽飞：《20世纪下半叶美国中等教育目的的演变研究》，华南师范大学硕士学位论文，2004年。
300.徐红：《克林顿政府的高等教育政策探析》，东北师范大学硕士学位论文，2006年。
301.李敏：《美国教育政策问题研究——以20世纪80年代以来基础教育政策为例》，华东师范大学博士学位论文，2006年。
302.张兵：《美国赠地学院法案研究》，华南师范大学硕士学位论文，2007年。
303.王曦：《美国中等教育综合化研究》，华东师范大学硕士学位论文，2007年。
304.张晓玲：《美国P—16教育改革政策的研究——K—12与高等教育的衔接》，北京师范大学硕士学位论文，2005年。
305.牛艳青：《20世纪90年代美国STW的理论与实践研究》，广西师范大学硕士学位论文，2008年。
306. http://archive.org
307. http://www.census.gov
308. http://en.bookif.org
309. https://www.questia.com
310. http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu
311. http://www.loc.gov
312. http://archive.gao.gov
313. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu
314. http://congressionaldigest.com
315. http://www.careertech.org
316. http://www.ed.gov
317. http:/ledreform.com/charters.html.
318. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu
319. http://nces.ed.gov