摘要
华北平原是我国最主要的冬小麦夏玉米生产基地。该地区粮食生产的高产稳产是国家粮食安全的重要保障。近几十年来,由于过量抽取地下水进行农业灌溉导致了地下水位急剧下降,氮肥的过度使用则导致了如地下水污染等一系列环境问题,同时造成了资源的浪费。在粮食高产条件下实现水氮资源的高效利用是实现我国农业可持续发展的前提保证。
农田基础性质差异在华北平原冬小麦夏玉米轮作区十分常见,该差异造成了不同农田之间可观的产量差异。然而目前混乱且没有针对性的农业管理方式导致了该地区高地力农田生产潜力未完全发挥以及低地力农田由于水分氮素投入过量而造成水分养分浪费等问题。因此本论文研究目的为明确不同地力农田决定产量差异的关键土壤因素以及对应的农田水氮利用特征,并在此基础上提出提升低地力农田产量和水氮利用效率的有效途径。
本研究在山东泰安高产农田开展了三周年(2009年10月至2012年9月)的冬小麦夏玉米轮作试验,选取三个具有不同地力水平的代表性农田,采用完全一致的田间管理模式。对各农田土壤剖面的基础理化性质,水分无机氮动态,以及作物的农学性状进行了测定。同时在低地力农田设置了正常施肥,单季作物增施40kg ha-1和80kg ha-1氮肥的三个氮水平试验。具体结论如下
(1)对三个地力水平农田土壤剖面基本理化性质进行土壤质量评价结果表明,在华北平原冬小麦夏玉米高产轮作区,农田的土壤地力与土壤持水功能、土壤导水功能和土壤养分供应三个功能紧密相关。在本研究区,0-120cm剖面最大有效贮水量、剖面土壤饱和导水率分布和质地校正的土壤养分含量三个指标分别代表了每一类功能特征。其中高地力农田的0-120cm剖面最大有效贮水量较低地力农田高出22%,经过质地校正能直接反映土壤矿化能力的表层土壤有机质含量较低地力农田高出21%。
(2)对三个地力水平农田的冬小麦夏玉米生长过程和产量的对比结果表明,华北平原冬小麦夏玉米高产轮作区农田生产力的形成受到地力因素和气候因素的共同作用。高地力农田在整个生育期都具有高的冬小麦夏玉米玉米干物质的积累速率；土壤地力水平主要通过影响千粒重来影响产量。土壤地力差异对作物生长和产量差异的影响程度受到气象因素的调节,其中干旱抑制养分优势发挥,高有效辐射促进养分优势发挥。
(3)运用根区水质模型(RZWQM)对三个地力水平农田的水氮运移过程进行模拟,并进一步计算了各农田的水氮平衡,结果表明,土壤基础性质通过调节农田土壤水氮条件来影响作物生长和产量的形成。高地力农田由于高的剖面最大有效贮水量使得农田能保存更多的降雨和灌溉水,同时合理的剖面导水率分布降低了土壤的水分深层渗漏损失,高地力农田地表径流和渗漏造成的水分损失量较地力农田低26.4mm。尽管高地力农田年均蒸散量较低地力农田高34.7mm,但在大部分生育时期高地力农田作物生长依然受到较低的水分胁迫。高地力农田年均净矿化氮(矿化氮-固定氮)较低地力农田高出86.2kg ha-1氨挥发,淋洗和反硝化的氮损失量较低地力农田低10.9kg ha-1,使得高地力农田具有最佳的氮素供应条件,且受到较低的水氮胁迫,因此获得了最高的产量。良好的氮素条件能提高水分利用效率,高地力农田水分利用效率比低地力农田高0.25kgm-3.
(4)以低地力农田三个氮水平处理试验为基本参照,运用RZWQM模型对低地力农田常规施肥,单季作物相对常规增施肥20kg ha-1、40kgha-1、80kg ha-1和120kg ha-15个氮肥处理,以及将低地力农田土壤性质改良至高地力农田水平后的产量和水氮过程进行了情景模拟,结果表明增施氮肥和改良农田土壤性质是两种行之有效的提升低地力农田产量水平的措施。通过增施氮肥方式提升低地力农田产量见效快,但增产幅度有限,容易出现氮肥使用过量并降低氮素利用效率的情况。在本研究中,相比常规施肥,低地力农田每季冬小麦夏玉米增施80kg ha-1氮肥时,产量平均增加14.3%。而增施120kg ha-1时,氮素利用效率却降低了9.4%。通过土壤改良的方式提高产量,增产效果显著,且能保障高的氮素利用效率。在本研究中,改良土壤应主要考虑提高有机质全氮含量和提高土壤有机质库的结构和活性,将低地力农田的有机质全氮含量和有机质库转化系数改良至高地力农田水平时,产量分别增加了9.2%和6.9%,WUE增加了9.3%和9.7%,NUE增加-0.3%和0.3%。
上述结论明确了造成农田产量差异的关键土壤因子,并阐述了关键土壤因子如何通过调节农田土壤的水氮过程来调节作物的生长和产量形成的机制,为华北平原冬小麦夏玉米轮作区农田全面高产和水氮高效利用提供了科学的理论指导。
The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the major winter wheat and maize production areas in China. The high grain yield must be miantained in this area because of the food security problems in China. The excessive exploitation of groundwater resources from shallow and deep aquifers in this region has caused water tables to fall continuously. Excessive inputs of mineral fertilizer have led to resource waste and created many other environmental problems in the last decades. Thus it is necessary to keep high water nitrogen use effcicey for the agricultural sustainable development.
The soil basical property spatial variation is considerable in NCP, and it leads to crop growth and grain yield variation. Because of the poor agriculture field management, the yield potential in high soil quality farmland could not be released sufficiently and water nitrogen waste always happened in low soil quality farmland. So the reseach objective was to identify the key soil indicators in relation to grain yield, the character of water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the farmland with different soil quality in NCP. Meanwhile, some useful agriculture managment suggestion should be given to increase the yield, WUE and NUE in the farmland with low soil quality.
The field experiments were conducted on a winter wheat and maize cropping system in the high yield region of Tai'an, Shandong Province, China during Oct2009to Sep2012. Three fields with different soil profile properties and grain yield levels were selected as main treatments with consistent field management strategies. The soil profile properties, water and nitrate content, crop growth and grain yield were measured. Meanwhile, three nitrogen (N) treatments (0kg ha-1,40kg ha-1and80kg ha-1higher than conventional practice) were applied in the field with the lowest soil quality field. The main results of our study were followed:
(1) The soil quality about the three fields have been assessed. The soil quality was related to soil water retention capacity, water conductivity and nutrient storage and supply functions which was representd by profile maximum available soil moisture, saturated hydraulic conductivity and the ratio of nutrient content to silt+clay content. In this study, the profile maximum available soil moisture and the ratio of organic matter (OM) to silt+clay content of top soil in high soil quality field was22%and21%higher than the values in low soil quality field, respectively.
(2) The winter wheat and maize growth dynamic and yield have been compared in our study. The winter wheat and maize growth and yield were affected by both soil quality and climate condition. The biomass accumulation was promoted in the high soil quality field. The yield variance was mainly caused by kernel weight variance in the different soil quality fields. Climate conditions affected the effect of soil quality on crop growth and yield. Drought decreased the effect of soil quality on crop growth and yield, and sufficient solar radiation increased the effect.
(3)The water nitrogen movement was simulated by Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), and the soil water and nitrogen balance was calculated by the model. The soil basic property affected the crop growth and yield through controlling the soil water and nitrogen condtions. In high quality fields, much more precipitation and irrigation water was retain for higher profile maximum available soil moiture, less drainage and runoff water loss for superior profile hydraulic conductivity structure. The water loss in high quality field was26.4mm less than the values in low quality field. Although the yearly evapotranspiration in high quality field was34.7mm higher than the values in low quality field, the crop growth in high quality field was sufferd less water stress in most of the growing season. The yearly mineralization nitrogen in high quality field was86.2kg ha-1more than the low quality field, and the nitrogen loss, included ammonia volatilization, denitrification and nitrate leaching, was10.9kg ha-1less than the low quality field. There was a better nitrogen supply condition in the high soil quality field with lower nitrogen stress. Thus higher yield was achieved in high quality field. WUE was promoted by superior nitrogen condtion. The WUE in high quality field was0.25kg m-3higher than the values in low quality field.
(4) Two ways to promote the yield of low quality field are predicted by RZWQM. Both the way of increasing the nitrogen input and soil properties improvement could increase the yield level in low quality field. The method of increasement the nitrogen input can be operated easily, but the extent of yield increasment was limited and NUE was decreased as the nitrogen input incrased. The yield increasd14.3%while more80kg ha-1nitrogen was input at each crop growth season. The NUE decreasd9.4%while more120kg ha-1nitrogen was input each crop growth season. The way of soil properties improvement can significantly promote the yield level with little NUE loss. Improving the soil OM content, structure and activity can best promte the yield level in low quality field. When the model parameter soil OM content and the transformation coefficient between the OM pools in low quality filed was improve to the according parameter in high quality field respectively, the yield level was increased9.2%and6.9%, the WUE was increased9.3%and9.7%, and the NUE was increased-0.3%and0.3%.
The result above indicated the key soil factors that affected the grain yield, and showed the mechanism that how soil factor differnce effect on crop growth and yield through controlling soil water and nitrogen process. The study offered a theoretical direction for increasing grain yield, WUE and NUE of the winter wheat and maize retention systems in North China Plain.
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