摘要
尿素是我国目前最普遍施用的氮肥形态,占我国氮肥用量的50%以上,对保障我国粮食安全起到重要作用。但我国较低的氮肥利用率(平均35%)导致氮肥资源浪费和环境问题,其中氨挥发是主要损失途径之一,在一些石灰性土壤上氨挥发损失高达30%以上。脲酶抑制剂通过抑制脲酶活性减缓尿素的水解,从而起到降低尿素氨挥发损失的有效手段,但脲酶抑制剂的田间效果受到产品本身活性以及土壤环境因素的影响。LIMUS是德国巴斯夫(BASF SE)公司研发的一种新型脲酶抑制剂,该产品是在N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)基础上改进而成。目前,我国尚缺乏针对这一新产品农田氨减排、氮肥利用率以及作物产量效果的系统研究。对此,本研究通过中国河南西平、河北曲周、陕西杨凌的冬小麦以及北京上庄、河北曲周和吉林梨树的玉米田间试验,结合全国不同地区多个农田土壤室内培养试验,来探索新型脲酶抑制剂LIMUS对尿素氨挥发的减排效果及对作物产量和氮素利用的影响。论文的主要结果总结如下：
(1)采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)对不同施氮处理下的农田氨挥发进行了原位监测。发现,小麦季普通尿素处理氨挥发占施氮量的10～25%,添加LIMUS的尿素优化处理氨挥发仅占施氮量的0～6%；玉米季普通尿素处理氨挥发占施氮量的3～57%,添加LIMUS的尿素优化处理氨挥发仅占施氮量的0～26%。与普通尿素相比,添加LIMUS的尿素能显著减少氮肥氨挥发损失,氨的减排率高达65～100%。
(2)和常规尿素(农民传统)处理相比,施用添加LIMUS的尿素优化处理各试验点的小麦、玉米产量均没有表现出显著的增产效应,但增加了氮肥利用率。在曲周点,施用添加LIMUS的尿素处理能提高氮肥利用率11～23个百分点,在优化施氮基础上,进一步减氮20%并添加LIMUS的处理可以在保障作物产量的同时,氮肥利用率高达65～76%。分析表明,LIMUS在增加产量及氮肥利用率上的效果主要取决于土壤本身的供氮量及氨挥发损失的潜力。
(3)小麦和玉米体系的氮素表观平衡结果显示,与优化处理相比,农民传统处理因施氮量过高,氮增产效应不显著,导致0～1m土壤中大量的硝态氮残留(平均120～170kg N ha-1),氮素表观损失严重(平均100～120kg N ha-1),其中氨挥发损失(30～40kg N ha-1)约占总损失的1/3,而其他损失途径(淋洗、硝化、反硝化等)约占总损失的2/3。与农民传统处理比较,小麦季氮肥优化潜力为38～44%,玉米季氮肥优化潜力为25～50%。
(4)通过室内培养试验探讨了我国不同地区37个农田土壤表施尿素后的氨挥发潜力及LIMUS对氨减排的效果,研究发现多数中性和石灰性土壤表施尿素后均迅速产生较高的氨挥发,而LIMUS均能显著推迟氨排放出现时间、并降低氨排放强度,体现良好的减排效果。此外,通过比较不同浓度下的NBPT及LIMUS对德国Lihof、我国曲周和上庄三种土壤的氨减排效果,发现在相对较低的浓度下LIMUS表现出比NBPT更好的氨减排效果,说明LIMUS对尿素水解的抑制效果优于常用的脲酶抑制剂产品。
Urea is a main chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer in China, accounting for more than50%of total N fertilizer consumption. Urea plays an important role in food security; while overuse of N fertilizer can also cause lower N use efficiency (NUE, averaged35%) and numerous environmental problems in China. Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is a significant N loss pathway for urea, which is often more than30%of applied N in calcareous and alkaline soils. Thus it is very significant to decrease NH3loss in order to achieve a higher NUE and to increase grain yields. The use of a urease inhibitorwould be an appropriate measure to achieve these goals, as it could inhibit urease activity and thereby delay the hydrolysis of urea and reduce the potential for NH3loss. A new urease inhibitor LIMUS (Limus(?)) was developed by the BASF SE, Germany, which was modified on the basis of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). Currently no systematic study has been conducted to identify the effect of LIMUS on reducing NH3loss and increasing NUE and crop yields in China. Therefore this paper dealed with LIMUS impacts on winter wheat (3field experiments at Xiping (XP), Quzhou (QZ) and Yangling (YL) sites) and maize (3field experiments at Shangzhuang (SZ), QZ and Lishu (LS) sites) and37arable soils across China through comparing plain urea and urea amended with LIMUS treatments. NH3loss alone or NH3loss together with NUE, crop yields, and apparent N balance in all treatments were evaluated to investigate the effects of LIMUS either in lab or field conditions. The main results were summarized as follows:
(1) Using the calibrated Drager-Tube Method (DTM), I found cumulative NH3losses after two weeks for conventional urea treatment (Ncon) were10～25%of applied N while those for urea amended with LIMUS (Nopt/L-1, Nopt/L-2) were only0～6%of applied N during winter wheat growing season. The cumulative NH3losses for Ncon were3～57%of applied N while NH3losses for urea amended with LIMUS were0～26%of applied N during maize growing season. The results proved the high potential of LIMUS for substantially mitigating65%to100%of NH3loss across all field experiment sites.
(2) Crop yields were not significantly different between optimized N treatmnts with (Nopt/L1, Nopt/L2) or without (Nopt-1, Nopt-2) LIMUS compared with Neon at any winter-wheat or maize experimental sites. However, a clear11～23%increase in apparent nitrogen recovery (REN) with LIMUS resulted at the QZ site, with an increase in REN up to65～76%under a further20%N-reduced urea plus LIMUS treatment (N80%opt/L). Whether or not a beneficial effect on crop yield was realized mainly depends on initial indigenous soil N status and the amount of NH3loss.
(3) Estimated apparent N balance also demonstrated that farmer's conventional urea-N fertilization at all sites had no positive effect on grain yield compared to the optimized treatments (with lower N rates), but led to significantly high residual NO3-N with average120～170kg N ha-1and apparent N loss by100～120kg N ha-1, including one third of which lost as NH3volatilization (30～40kg N ha-1). The rest two thirds of N loss may be lost due to N leaching and/or nitrification/denitrification. Our results reveal an N saving potential in farmer's conventional N rate by38～44%for wheat and 25～50%for maize in major croplands of China without yield loss but significant less N loss to the environment.
(4) Controlled lab experiments were conducted for investigating efficiency of LIMUS in reducing NH3loss from surface applied urea on different soils in China and Germany. In one lab experiment, most of37Chinese arable soils (e.g., neutral and calcareous soils) had high potential of NH3loss for surface applied urea, while the presence of LIMUS decreased NH3loss significantly through delaying urea hydrolysis in all37arable soils. Another lab experiment was conducted to check the concentration effect of two urease inhibitors (NBPT and LIMUS) on reduction of NH3loss from the German Lihof soil and Chinese Shuangzhuang also Quzhou soils. The LIMUS had better effect on reduction of NH3loss compared with the NBPT, especially under lower concentration levels.
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