摘要
油菜是我国重要的油料作物,长江流域作为我国最大的冬油菜产区,其油菜生产状况对国民经济发展和国家油料安全具有重要影响。直播和移栽是目前长江流域冬油菜的主要种植方式,两者的生育期、植株密度、个体形态及群体结构存在显著差异,因此施肥效果及养分管理策略也可能有所不同。当前我国冬油菜施肥及养分管理研究主要集中于移栽冬油菜,而直播冬油菜相关研究非常滞后。为此,本研究在长江中下游地区开展多年多点大田试验,通过结合大范围效果和同田对比验证研究,明确了直播和移栽冬油菜生长发育、产量与产量构成、干物质生产、养分吸收利用等方面对氮、磷、钾肥施用的响应差异及其机理,比较了两者的养分需求特性和推荐施肥量,并对当前生产条件下长江流域直播冬油菜的养分管理策略提出建议。主要结果如下：
(1)当前生产条件下,长江中下游地区直播冬油菜的产量水平较移栽冬油菜偏低,尤其是在不施肥和缺磷条件下。相比氮磷钾配施处理(NPK),氮、磷、钾养分缺乏导致直播冬油菜分别减产1115kg/hm2(52.8%).655kg/hm2(65.6%)和257kg/hm2(17.6%),而移栽冬油菜分别减产1097kg/hm2(47.3%).469kg/hm2(38.4%)和269kg/hm2(14.5%)。冬油菜产量水平随氮、磷、钾肥用量增加均持续地显著提高,其中直播冬油菜的氮、磷增产效果显著高于移栽冬油菜。结果表明直播冬油菜的养分响应更显著,其养分管理应在平衡施肥基础上更重视氮、磷肥的施用。
(2)适量施用氮、磷、钾肥可显著改善冬油菜的产量构成因素从而实现增产,其中氮素的影响最为全面和显著,其次是磷素,钾素影响相对较小。直播冬油菜收获密度显著高于移栽冬油菜,但单株产量构成因素较差,其主序角果数对总角果数的贡献显著更高。相关和通径分析结果表明移栽冬油菜可通过培育壮苗增加角果数实现增产,而直播冬油菜则应在较高植株密度基础上增加角果数。
(3)直播冬油菜成熟期的干物质累积量和收获指数显著低于移栽冬油菜,个体长势和群体密度的差异导致两者的干物质累积过程显著不同。直播冬油菜群体密度在生育期内持续下降,NPK、-N、-P和-K处理的密度降幅分别为38.5%、73.3%、44.6%和44.1%,说明养分缺乏加重直播冬油菜群体的衰亡,尤其是氮素缺乏。施肥显著促进冬油菜生长发育和干物质累积,提高植株生理生化水平。直播冬油菜施肥后个体生长的显著改善减少了植株死亡,因而表现出更明显的施肥响应。结果表明直播冬油菜应通过合理施肥增强个体生长以维持高群体密度从而促进干物质累积。
(4)直播冬油菜前期的养分含量显著低于移栽冬油菜,而且生育期内养分累积过程极易受到环境影响,最终成熟期养分累积量较低,但其磷、钾收获指数则显著较高。氮、磷、钾肥施用显著促进冬油菜对相应养分的吸收和累积,而直播冬油菜养分吸收动态受施肥影响更明显。当前生产条件下,直播冬油菜的氮、磷、钾肥回收利用率分别为36.2%、21.8%和42.9%,而移栽冬油菜则分别为36.3%、18.0%和45.0%,两者无显著差异。直播冬油菜的磷肥农学利用率、氮、磷肥贡献率以及百公斤籽粒养分需求量较移栽冬油菜则显著较高。结果表明直播冬油菜的养分管理策略有别于移栽冬油菜,应更注重苗期养分供应以促进个体生长和后期群体优势发挥。
(5)直播冬油菜产量和养分吸收量的QUEFTS模型系数为aN=13.2,dN=33.4, aP=57.0,dP=184.0,aK=8.8,dK=25.0,而移栽冬油菜为aN=13.4,dN=30.1,aP=74.6, dP=196.7,aK=10.0,dK=25.4.目标产量为3000kg/hm2时,直播冬油菜的百公斤籽粒氮、磷、钾养分需求量分别为4.67kg N、0.96kg P和6.61kg K,移栽冬油菜则分别为4.68kg N.0.78kg P和5.89kg K.当前生产条件下,直播冬油菜的氮、磷、钾肥平均推荐施用量分别为228.1kgN/hm2.97.3kg P2O5/hm2和127.6kg K2O/hm2,而移栽冬油菜则平均分别为232.6kg N/hm2.90.2kg P2O5/hm2和111.8kg K2O/hm2.结果表明,相同目标产量水平下直播冬油菜比移栽冬油菜需要吸收更多的磷和钾,其磷、钾肥推荐用量也较高,而两者之间氮素需求及推荐施氮量则基本一致。
Oilseed rape is a dominant oil crop in China. Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is the largest winter oilseed rape planting area in China, oilseed rape development in this region plays an important role in agricultural production and edible oil supply of China. Direct sowing and transplantation are major methods to establish winter oilseed rape in the current YRB. The contrasting growth duration, plant density, individual morphology, and population structure might cause different fertilization responses and nutrient management strategies between direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) and transplanted winter oilseed rape (TOR). For a long time, the study on fertilization response and nutrient management of oilseed rape in China had focused on TOR, but the relevant study on DOR was relatively lagged. In this study, field experiments were conducted in multiple years and sites in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River by combining large scale study and contrastive-tested study, aiming to evaluate the responses of DOR and TOR plants to N, P, and K fertilization in terms of plant growth, yield and yield components, dry matter production, nutrient uptake and utilization, to compare their nutrient requirement and recommended fertilizer rates, and to provide suggestions to the nutrient management strategy of DOR under the current production condition. The main results are summarized below.
(1) Seed yield level was lower for DOR plants than TOR plants, especially in the non-fertilized and P deficiency conditions. Compared with the balanced NPK fertilization treatment, yield reductions of DOR plants was1115kg/hm2(52.8%) under N deficiency,655kg/hm2(65.6%) under P deficiency, and257kg/hm2(17.6%) under K deficiency. The corresponding yield reductions of TOR plants were1097kg/hm2(47.3%),469kg/hm2(38.4%), and269kg/hm2(14.5%), respectively. Both DOR and TOR yields showed significant increases with the increasing rates of N, P, and K fertilizers, and yield responses to N and P fertilizers were larger for DOR plants. The results indicated that DOR plant was more sensitive to N and P, suggesting that its nutrient management should focus on the application of N and P fertilizers on the basis of balanced fertilization.
(2) The moderate N, P, and K fertilizers application improved significantly yield components and therefore increased rapeseed yields. Nitrogen fertilizer showed the most comprehensive and strongest effects on all the yield components, followed by P fertilizer, and the effects of K fertilizer were relatively less. Compared with TOR plants, DOR plants had significantly higher density, but its individual yield components were considerably poor. The pods contribution of main raceme was higher for DOR plants than TOR plants. The results of correlation and path analysis indicated that improving TOR yields requires to breed strong seedlings to increase pod number plant-1. For DOR plants, to improve seed yield needs to increase pod number plant-1based on the high plant density.
(3) Both dry matter and harvest index were lower for DOR plants than TOR plants. The differences in individual growth and population density had resulted in the contrasting dry matter production processes between DOR and TOR plants. The DOR density showed continuous decrease throughout the growing season. Density reductions were38.5%,73.3%,44.6%, and44.1%in the NPK,-N,-P, and-K treatments, respectively, indicating that nutrient deficiency aggravated DOR density reduction, especially under N deficiency. The application of N, P, and K fertilizers improved significantly plant growth, physiology and biochemical levels, and dry matter production of DOR and TOR during the growing season. The larger fertilization responses of DOR plants were attributed to the reduced plant death with improved individual growth. The results indicated that the nutrient management of DOR plants should focus on the balanced fertilization to improve individual growth and obtain high plant density for increasing dry matter production.
(4) The DOR plants showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations at the seedling stage, and the nutrient uptake process also was affected by environment conditions. At maturity, the nutrient uptake of N, P, and K in DOR plants were lower than those in TOR plants, but its P and K harvest indexes were significantly higher. The application of N, P, and K fertilizers improved significantly corresponding nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake in DOR and TOR plants, and the fertilization responses were larger for DOR plants. Under current production condition, the recovery efficiencies of N, P, and K fertilizers for DOR plants were36.2%,21.8%, and42.9%, respectively, and they were36.3%,18.0%,45.0%for TOR plants, respectively. Furthermore, compared with TOR plants, DOR plants showed higher agronomic efficiency of P fertilizer, higher fertilizer contribution rate of N and P fertilizers, and higher N, P, and K nutrient required for producing100kg rapeseed. The results indicated that the nutrient management of DOR plants should be different with that of TOR plants, which should focus on the nutrient supply at the seedling stage to improve individual growth at early the stage and population dominance at the late stage.
(5) The parameters of the QUEFTS (Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils) model for seed yield and nutrient uptake of DOR plants were aN=13.2, dN=33.4, aP=57.0, dP=184.0, aK=8.8, dK=25.0, and they were aN=13.4, dN=30.1, aP=74.6, dP=196.7, aK=10.0, dK=25.4for TOR plants. When the yield target was3000kg/hm2, nutrient required for producing100kg seeds were4.67kg N,0.96kg P, and6.61kg K for DOR plants, respectively, and they were4.68kg N,0.78kg P, and5.89kg K for TOR plants, respectively. Under current production condition, the mean recommended N, P, and K fertilizer rates were228.1kg N/hm2,97.3kg P2O5/hm2, and127.6kg K2O/hm2for DOR plants, respectively, and they were232.6kg N/hm2,90.2kg P2O5/hm2,111.8kg K2O/hm2for TOR plants, respectively. The results indicated that DOR plants need more P and K uptake to achieve the same yield target, and the recommended P and K fertilizer rates were also higher for DOR plants. The N requirement amount and recommended N fertilizer rate were equal between DOR and TOR plants.
引文
1. 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京：中国农业出版社,2000
2. 曾军,孙万仓,张亚宏,叶剑,刘雅丽,杨杰,魏文惠,郭秀娟,康艳丽.不同施氮方式对冬油菜生理生化指标及生长发育和产量的影响.西北农业学报,2008,17(3)：176-181
3. 曾希柏,李菊梅,徐明岗,高菊生,孙楠.红壤旱地的肥力现状及施肥和利用方式的影响.土壤通报,2006,37(3)：434-437
4. 曾宇,雷雅丽,李京,胡立勇.氮、磷、钾用量与种植密度对油菜产量和品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1)：146-153
5. 陈历儒,宋海星,谌亚忠,张振华,刘强,荣湘民,官春云,李安乡.不同氮效率油菜品种产量和品质对供氮水平的反应.植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(6)：1424-1429
6. 陈曼玲,周杏娣.油菜施用化学钾肥的增产效果.浙江农业科学,1982,(6)：312-315
7. 戴敬,杨举善,陈俊才.地膜覆盖移栽对油菜生长发育的影响.耕作与栽培,1997,(5)：29-31
8. 单季生,王君,王奋根.直播油菜及其高产栽培.江苏农业科学,1985,13(7)：8
9. 单玉华,冷锁虎,张文学,李殿荣.钾肥对油菜干物质积累、产量及品质的影响.土壤通报,1997,28(3)：131-134
10.单玉华,冷锁虎,朱耕如,钟金彩,沈建兴,嵇仁兰.杂交油菜秦油二号氮素的积累与分配规律.中国油料作物学报,1996,18(1)：14-17
11.丁文霖.油菜增产的几个问题.农业科学通讯,1954,(12)：616-617
12.段月祥,肖承璋,洪远琪,杨德祥,缪峰,许映才,冒志萍.油菜移栽密度与氮肥用量试验.上海农业科技,1999,(6)：33-34
13.范连益,帅海洪,陈卫江,惠荣奎.湘东地区不同耕整方式下直播油菜适宜播种量研究.湖南农业科学,2012,(19)：29-33
14.冯跃华,邹应斌,敖和军,王淑红.不同施氮量对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响.作物研究,2004,18(3)：145-150
15.符家安,李金华,张先荣,贾平安,黄文华,黄振凤.直播油菜高密高产栽培试验研究.现代农业科技,2013,(18)：29-32
16.付寿仲.晚茬油菜高产途径的探讨.中国农业科学,1978,11(3)：23-28
17.高玉田.一熟促三熟、三熟夺高产—谈谈“油—稻—稻”三熟夺高产的体会.湖北农业科学,1975,14(11)：17-21
18.官春云,陈社员,吴明亮.南方双季稻区冬油菜早熟品种选育和机械栽培研究进展.中国工程科学,2010,12(2)：4-10
19.官春云.改变冬油菜栽培方式,提高和发展油菜生产.中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1)：83-85
20.官春云.论油菜“冬发”.中国农业科学,1978,11(4)：40-45
21.官春云.油菜的营养特性和施肥技术.湖南农业科技,1980,(4)：8-12
22.郭超永,朱明.我国油菜直播的研究现状.农机化研究,2009,(10)：223-226
23.郭庆元,李志玉,涂学文.我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥效应研究Ⅰ.不同油菜品种的氮磷营养特性.中国油料作物学报,2000,22(4)：43-47
24.郭庆元,李志玉,涂学文.我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥研究Ⅱ.红壤区稻田双低油菜中双7号高产施肥.中国油料作物学报,2001,23(1)：51-55
25.何惠萍,侯燕.杂交油菜油研11号不同叶龄和移栽期对产量影响的研究.安徽农学通报,2010,16(16)：75-76
26.何庆才.油菜稻茬免耕移栽的产量与效益分析.耕作与栽培,1998,(4)：11-13
27.何自强.油菜不同栽培方式对产量及效益的影响.现代农业科技,2008,(17)：191-192
28.胡立勇,单文燕,王维金.油菜结实特性与库源关系的研究.中国油料作物学报,2002,24(2)：38-43
29.胡腾文,赵继献.不同施氮量对甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜品质性状与植株性状相关性的影响.安徽农业科学,2008,36(15)：6399-6401
30.胡正元,王亚莉,程跃.增施磷素种肥对免耕直播油菜生长发育及产量的影响.中国农学通报,2007,23(2)：298-301
31.湖北省油料所油菜肥料课题组.高产油菜氮磷钾的营养特点与合理施肥.土壤肥料,1977,(1)：42-44
32.湖北省油料作物研究所.三熟大发展、粮油双丰收—浠水县十月大队双季稻油菜双丰收经验.湖北农业科技,1972,(4)：24-28
33.湖北省油料作物研究所油菜系栽培组.三熟油菜大壮苗移栽技术及其生物学基础.湖北农业科学,1977,(9)：17-21
34.华中农学院油菜磷肥研究小组.油菜磷素营养与磷肥有效施用技术的研究Ⅰ.油菜磷素营养的规律性.湖北农业科学,1973a,12(7)：14-22
35.华中农学院油菜磷肥研究小组.油菜磷素营养与磷肥有效施用技术的研究Ⅱ.油菜磷肥有效施用技术.湖北农业科学,1973b,12(8)：27-36
36.黄虎兰.中国油菜免耕直播栽培现状、问题及对策分析.湖南农业科学,2007,(4)：158-160
37.黄秀芳,孙敬东,沙安勤,陈俊才,俞晓玲,王洁.棉田套播油菜生育特点及高产配套栽培技术.江苏农业科学,2005,33(5)：27-29
38.吉中华.移栽方式与施肥对油菜产量的影响研究.现代农业科技,2011,(6)：62-63
39.姜海杨,孙万仓,曾秀存,方彦,陈姣荣,史鹏辉,赵彩霞,何丽.播期对北方白菜型冬油菜生长发育及产量的影响.中国油料作物学报,2012,34(6)：620-626
40.姜海洲,吴和生,周群喜,王世林.江淮地区稻套直播油菜生产技术研究.现代农业科技,2013,(13)：28
41.金继运,李家康,李书田.化肥与粮食安全.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(5)：601-609
42.雷海霞,陈爱武,张长生,罗凯世,陈新国,夏起昕,周广生,吴江生,田新初.共生期与播种量对水稻套播油菜生长及产量的影响.作物学报,2011,37(8)：1449-1456
43.冷锁虎,单玉华,周宝梅.氮素营养对油菜成熟期生物产量的调控.中国油料作物学报,2000,22(2)：53-56
44.李博,陈家宽,沃金森AR.植物竞争研究进展.植物学通报,1998,15(4)：18-29
45.李锋,张春雷,李光明.栽培措施对直播油菜冬前生物学性状及产量的影响.中国油料作物学报,2005,27(2)：40-45
46.李慧,马常宝,鲁剑巍,李小坤,任涛,丛日环.中国不同区域油菜氮磷钾肥增产效果.中国农业科学,2013,46(9)：1837-1847
47.李继福,王寅,李小坤,鲁剑巍,刘光文,翟中兵.鄂东地区油菜施钾效果及其适宜用量.华中农业大学学报,2011,30(6)：722-726
48.李俊,张春雷,马霓,李锋,李光明.栽培措施对冬油菜抗冻性和产量的影响.江苏农业科学,2010,38(1)：95-97
49.李孟良.不同密度对直播油菜生长及产量的影响.安徽科技学院学报,2011,25(1)：23-26
50.李琰.我国农村劳动力转移的趋势与政策建议.农业现代化研究,2014,35(2)：188-191
51.李银水,湖北省油菜氮磷钾肥施用效果及肥料推荐用量研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学图书馆,2009
52.李银水,鲁剑巍,廖星,邹娟,李小坤,余常兵,马常宝,高祥照.磷肥用量对油菜产量及磷素利用效率的影响.中国油料作物学报,2011a,33(1)：52-56
53.李银水,鲁剑巍,廖星,邹娟,李小坤,余常兵,马常宝,高祥照.氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响.中国油料作物学报,2011b,33(4)：379-383
54.李银水,鲁剑巍,邹娟,黄和平,余勇.湖北省油菜氮肥效应及推荐用量研究.中国油料作物学报,2008a,30(2)：218-223
55.李银水,鲁剑巍,邹娟,李小坤,黄和平,余勇,姚忠清,彭文勇,李彬.湖北省油菜钾肥效应及推荐用量研究.中国油料作物学报,2008b,30(4)：469-475
56.李银水,鲁剑巍,邹娟,李小坤,黄和平,余勇,姚忠清,彭文勇,李彬.湖北省油菜磷肥效应及推荐用量研究.中国油料作物学报,2009,31(1)：44-50
57.李银水,余常兵,胡小加,谢立华,张树杰,车志,廖祥生,廖星.直播油菜密度对植株农艺性状和产量的影响.湖南农业科学,2012,(15)：22-25
58.李银水,余常兵,廖星,胡小加,谢立华,张树杰,车志,廖祥生.施肥对油菜菌核病发生的影响.中国油料作物学报,2013(3)：290-294
59.李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,秦亚平.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响.中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2)：78-82
60.李志玉,胡琼,廖星,郭庆元,秦亚平.优质油菜中油杂8号施用氮磷硼肥的产量和品质效应.中国油料作物学报,2005,27(4)：59-63
61.李志玉,廖星,涂学文,郭庆元.氮、磷、钾、硼配合对油菜品种产量、品质的影响.湖北农业科学,2003,42(6)：33-37
62.廖东海,陈朝秀.氮磷钾肥对油菜生长与土壤养分的影响初探.耕作与栽培,2006,(5)：45-46
63.廖星,刘昌智,王江薇,金河成,陈仲西,李殿荣,冷锁虎,单玉华.油菜杂交种和常规种干物质积累及营养吸收的比较.中国油料作物学报,1995,17(3)：50-53
64.廖耀平,陈钊明,何秀英,陈顺佳,陈粤汉.高收获指数型水稻品种粤香占库、源、流特性的研究.中国水稻科学,2005,15(1)：73-76
65.刘昌智,蔡常被,陈仲西,涂运昌,李致云.氮磷钾对油菜籽产量、蛋白质和含油量的影响.中国油料作物学报,1982,5(3)：27-31
66.刘昌智,涂运昌,油菜氮磷钾肥配合施用的研究.中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,国际平衡施肥学术讨论会.农业出版社,北京,1989,pp.215-220.
67.刘代平,宋海星,刘强,荣湘民,彭建伟,谢桂先,欧中浩.不同施氮水平下油菜地上部生理特性研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2008,34(1)：100-104
68.刘冬碧,陈防,鲁剑巍,万运帆.施钾对油菜干物质积累和钾、钙、镁吸收的影响.土壤肥料,2001,(4)：24-28
69.刘枫,叶舒娅,黄运生.油菜氮磷钾肥效应及推荐施用量的研究.安徽农业科学,1991,19(2)：180-183
70.刘后利,李志华,王淑华.油菜品种比较试验初步报告(1955-1956年).华中农业科学,1956,(4)：193-202
71.刘后利,李志华.胜利油菜开花习性的研究.华中农学院学报,1957,(2)：1-16
72.刘后利,余学熙.湖北浠水县油菜品种的生物学特性及其栽培技术调查.华中农学院学报,1956,(1)：34-44
73.刘后利。几种芸薹属油菜的起源和进化.作物学报,1984,10(1)：9-18
74.刘后利.油菜播种及其苗期管理的关键措施.中国农业科学,1961,(9)：42-46
75.刘敬斌,孟玉兰.甘蓝型油菜适宜播期和移栽期的研究初报.中国油料作物学报,1984,7(1)：34-37
76.刘举.不同播种移栽方式对油菜生长发育及产量的影响.江西农业学报,2012,24(2)：29-30
77.刘明强,宇振荣,刘云慧.基于土壤肥力指标的夏玉米养分吸收和产量关系模型的修正和验证.中国农业科学,2005,38(9)：1834-1840
78.刘明强,宇振荣,刘云慧.作物养分定量化模型原理及方法比较分析.土壤通报,2006,37(3)：582-588
79.刘唐兴,雷冬阳,傅爱斌,官春云.高氮条件下前后期不同施氮比例对油菜倒伏和品质的影响.江西农业学报,2009,21(9)：104-109
80.刘晓伟,鲁剑巍,李小坤,卜容燕,刘波,次旦.直播冬油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用.中国农业科学,2011b,44(23)：4823-4832
81.刘晓伟,鲁剑巍,李小坤,卜容燕,刘波.冬油菜叶片的物质及养分积累与转移特性研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2011a,17(4)：956-963
82.刘英,王允青,况晶.农田钾素肥力状况与油菜施钾效应研究.安徽农业科学,2003,31(4)：547-548
83.卢坚雯,袁卫红,王方,王小武,谢蓉.三熟制产区油菜轻简丰产栽培技术研究Ⅱ.免耕撒播与机耕撒播效益分析.天津农业科学,2010,16(6)：22-24
84.鲁剑巍,陈防,刘冬碧,万运帆,曹一平.根据土壤速效钾确定油菜钾肥推荐用量的研究.湖北农业科学,2001,(5)：46-48
85.鲁剑巍,陈防,刘冬碧,万运帆,曹一平.钾素水平对油菜酶活性的影响.中国油料作物学报,2002,24(1)：61-62
86.鲁剑巍,陈防,余常兵,李剑夫,张竹青,刘冬碧,熊涛.油菜施钾效果及土壤速效钾临界值初步判断.中国油料作物学报,2003,25(4)：107-112
87.鲁剑巍,陈防,张竹青,刘冬碧,李剑夫,陈健.磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响.中国油料作物学报,2005,27(1)：73-76
88.鲁剑巍,油菜科学施肥技术.北京：金盾出版社,2010
89.鲁明星,邹娟,鲁剑巍,王倩怡,吴礼树.湖北省油菜磷肥施用效果与土壤速效磷分级标准研究.中国油料作物学报,2006,28(4)：448-452
90.鲁艳红,廖育林,黄凤球,黄铁平,鲁剑巍,汤海涛.湖南省油菜施磷效应及土壤速效磷丰缺指标研究.中国土壤与肥料,2011a,(3)：49-53,67
91.鲁艳红,廖育林,罗尊长,黄铁平,鲁剑巍,聂军.湖南省油菜施钾效应及土壤速效钾临界值研究.作物研究,2011b,25(1)：26-29
92.陆志峰,鲁剑巍,任涛,鲁君明,刘涛,徐正伟.播期对“中双11号”油菜干物质和养分积累的影响.中国农学通报,2014,30(6)：140-147
93.罗红剑,万江红,蒋富友,何志贵.油菜直播与育苗移栽对比试验初报.耕作与栽培,2012,(3)：52
94.罗文质.胜利油菜播种期对生长发育及产量的影响.植物生理学通讯,1955,(6)：12-15
95.吕晓男,陆允甫.浙中红壤油菜田供钾特性和钾肥用量研究.土壤通报,2000,31(5)：228-231
96.马霓,肖圣元,张明海,汤万香,李光明,张春雷.栽培方式对油菜中双11生长及收获特性的影响.湖北农业科学,2011,50(2)：244-247
97.马霓,张春雷,李俊,余利平,刘丹,李光明.播期和密度对免耕直播油菜生长及产量的影响.湖北农业科学,2010,49(7)：1580-1583
98.梅少华,查向斌,段志红,程应德,夏起昕,廖继雨,宋红志.不同种植方式对油菜产量及经济效益的影响.湖北农业科学,2009,48(10)：2386-2388
99.蒙祖庆,宋丰萍,刘振兴,张方凯.干旱及复水对油菜苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响.中国油料作物学报,2012,34(1)：40-47
100.聂泽民,唐海明,聂丽群,高建彬,汤文光,杨光立,肖小平.移栽密度与施氮量对油菜生长发育和产量的影响.湖南农业科学,2012,(3)：21-23
101.宁大伟,段庆波,邢颖,刘新伟,韩玲君,赵竹青,张宏洲.氮磷钾肥用量对油菜产量、经济效益及养分累积规律的影响.湖北农业科学,2010,49(S1)：106-108,124
102.宁运旺,张永春,汪吉东,许仙菊,王寅,鲁剑巍.江苏省丘陵地区油菜施磷效果.江苏农业学报,2010,26(5)：961-965
103.潘晓华,邓强辉.作物收获指数的研究进展.江西农业大学学报,2007,29(1)：1-5
104.彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,杨建昌,邹应斌,张福锁,朱庆森,Buresh R, Witt C提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略.中国农业科学,2002,35(9)：1095-1103
105.秦亚平,李志玉,廖星,李光明.不同施氮量对中双9号农艺性状和经济性状的影响.湖北农业科学,2006,45(1)：80-83
106.邱志满,詹长庚,姜丽娜,符建荣.钾硫、硼硫肥配施对油菜效应的研究.土壤通报,1993,24(2)：77-79
107.任延波,赵继献.氮肥对黄籽双低杂交油菜菌核病的影响.贵州农业科学,2005,33(6)：43-45
108.上海市农业科学院农业试验场棉油组.胜利油菜高产栽培技术的研究.作物学报,1965a,4(4)：375-379
109.上海市农业科学院农业试验场棉油组.油菜高产简易移栽技术初步研究.中国农业科学,1965b,(11)：37-38
110.邵留东,不同播期条件下种植密度对油菜生长发育及产量的影响.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学图书馆,2009
111.沈宏勋.稻田移栽油菜的两种方法.农业科技通讯,1984,(9)：13-14
112.沈金雄,李志玉,廖星,郭庆元.磷对甘蓝型油菜产量及矿质营养吸收与积累的影响.作物学报,2006,32(8)：1231-1235
113.帅海洪,丁秋凡,陈卫江,范连益.双季稻区油菜移栽与直播性状比较研究.湖南农业科学,2010,(1)：28-30
114.宋海星,李生秀.玉米生长量、养分吸收量及氮肥利用率的动态变化.中国农业科学,2003,36(1)：71-76
115.苏伟,鲁剑巍,李云春,李小坤,马常宝,高样照.氮肥运筹方式对油菜产量、氮肥利用率及氮素淋失的影响.中国油料作物学报,2010,32(4)：558-562
116.苏伟,鲁剑巍,周广生,李小坤,韩自航,雷海霞.免耕及直播密度对油菜生长、养分吸收和产量的影响.中国农业科学,2011,44(7)：1519-1526
117.孙波,张桃林,赵其国.南方红壤丘陵区土壤养分贫瘠化的综合评价.土壤,1995,27(3)：119-128
118.孙家刚,左青松,石剑飞,冷锁虎,董召娣,孙统庆.油菜籽粒中钾素积累过程的初步研究.中国油料作物学报,2007,29(4)：448-451
119.孙克刚,王亚莉,鹿智江,吕爱英,王英.油菜氮磷钾元素的需肥规律和施肥研究.土壤肥料,2002,(4)：35-37
120.孙克刚,杨稚娟,王守刚,李丙奇.油菜目标产量施肥数学模型及氮磷钾肥推荐措施研究.土壤肥料,2006,(1)：21-23
121.孙伟强,徐雪棣,王正明,钱惠中,顾泉家.油菜移栽密度对群体质量及产量的影响.上海农业科技,1999,(3)：52-53
122.孙永玲,郭高,童存泉,邢君,牛运生,黄秋云.地膜覆盖对油菜生长发育的影响及其产量效应.安徽农业科学,2000,28(6)：730-733
123.汤永禄,李朝苏,蒋梁材,吴春,林世友.成都平原油菜不同种植方式及免耕直播配套技术研究.西南农业学报,2008,21(4)：946-952
124.唐湘如,官春云.几种酶活性与油菜油分和蛋白质及产量的关系.湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(1)：37-40
125.涂运昌,谢立华,廖星,李金树.中双2号油菜氮磷营养及其合理施肥的研究.中国油料作物学报,1991,13(3)：61-65
126.万一麟.适龄壮苗移栽是提高油菜产量的有效栽培技术.四川农业科技,1983,(5)：32-33
127.汪瑞清,杨国正,史茜莎,姚艳丽,宋峥,彭运磊.氮磷钾镁锌混合施用对油菜产油量和蛋白质产量的影响.湖北农业科学,2009,48(5)：1096-1100
128.王翠翠,陈爱武,王积军,张冬晓,汤松,周广生,胡立勇,吴江生,傅廷栋.湖北双季稻区免耕直播油菜生长及产量形成.作物学报,2011,37(4)：694-702
129.王海鑫,胡宁,吴永成,李首成.栽培方式对杂交油菜德油6号花后干物质积累与产量形成的影响.安徽农业科学,2009,37(5)：1963-1964
130.王汉中.我国油菜产业发展的历史回顾与展望.中国油料作物学报,2010,32(2)：300-302
131.王继明,宋海星,张玲,张振华,官春云,荣湘民,刘强.肥料运筹方式对冬油菜生长及产量的影响.土壤,2012,44(2)：232-236
132.王君,潘定华,谈正兴,单季生.直播油菜亩产250公斤栽培技术.江苏农业科学,1987,15(9)：18-19
133.王圣瑞,陈新平,高祥照,毛达如,张福锁.“3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨.植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(4)：409-413
134.王文昌,郝玉红.高寒阴湿区双低杂交春油菜需肥规律及高产施肥技术.现代农业科技,2008,(15)：264
135.王晓玲.不同播期对油菜品种中双9号农艺性状和产量性状的影响.安徽农业科学,2007,35(30)：9480-9481
136.王兴仁,陈新平,张福锁,毛达如.施肥模型在我国推荐施肥中的应用.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1)：67-74
137.王学奎,植物生理生化实验原理和技术(第2版).北京：高等教育出版社,2006
138.王炎,冷锁虎,单玉华,胡志中.氮素营养对杂交油菜干物质积累及产量的影响.耕作与栽培,1999,(5)：42-44
139.王寅,鲁剑巍,李小坤,刘威,马常宝,高祥照.越冬期干旱胁迫对油菜施肥效果的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5)：1203-1208
140.王应铨.油菜施用钾肥的抗病增产效果.土壤通报,1987,18(5)：226-227
141.王月星.晚稻套播油菜的生育特性及栽培技术.作物杂志,1999,(1)：38-39
142.王正芳.宽幅条播是三熟制油菜稳产高产的重要途径.江西农业科技,1984,(10)：7-8
143.王志敏,方保停.论作物生产系统产量分析的理论模式及其发展.中国农业大学学报,2009,14(1)：1-7
144.魏文慧,孙万仓,郭秀娟,武军艳,杨杰,康艳丽,刘红霞,曾潮武,蒲媛媛.氮磷钾肥对西北寒旱区冬油菜越冬率、产量及经济性状的影响.西北农业学报,2009,18(2)：122-125
145.吴文革,张洪程,吴桂成,翟超群,钱银飞,陈烨,徐军,戴其根,许珂.超级稻群体籽粒库容特征的初步研究.中国农业科学,2007,40(2)：250-257
146.吴永成,陈天才,彭海浪,张旭,邹正,牛应泽.施氮量和种植密度对迟直播油菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响.西南农业学报,2012,25(4)：1320-1325
147.伍智文,蔡海朝,李万里,邓见英,王艳青.娄底市稻板田直播油菜适宜播种期及气象条件研究.作物研究,2012,26(5)：482-485
148.武际,郭熙盛,李孝勇,王文军,朱宏斌.连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量及养分吸收的影响.中国油料作物学报,2006,28(2)：180-183
149.武际,胡鹏,杨友斌,许征宇,张晓玲,郭熙盛,鲁剑巍.安徽省江淮地区直播油菜氮肥效应研究.安徽农业科学,2011a,39(27)：16593-16594
150.武际,胡润,张祥明,许征宇,张晓玲,郭熙盛,鲁剑巍.安徽省沿江地区直播油菜钾肥效应研究.中国农学通报,2011b,27(33)：104-107
151.武际,张祥明,胡润,许征宇,张晓玲,郭熙盛,鲁剑巍.安徽省沿江地区直播油菜磷肥效应研究.中国农学通报,2012,28(3)：81-84
152.肖国滨,郑伟,叶川,刘小三,黄天宝,张昆,赵美珍.氮肥运筹对红壤稻田移栽油菜产量及生长发育的影响.江西农业学报,2012,23(7)：112-115
153.肖庆生,夏志涛,周灿金,邹崇顺,张学昆,廖星.氮磷钾肥对迟直播油菜产量和品质的影响.中国油料作物学报,2010,32(2)：263-269
154.谢立华,余常兵,胡小加,李银水,廖星,张树杰,和晖,程雨贵,张宗急,廖祥生,车志.高密度直播油菜氮磷钾肥推荐用量及影响因素.中国油料作物学报,2013,35(1)：64-68
155.信迺诠,佟屏亚.我国的多熟制及其发展方向(综述).中国农业科学,1986,19(4)：88-92
156.徐洪志,廖淑梅,曾川,伊淑丽,黄涌,陈吉光,周先付.稻田免耕直播油菜三峡油3号的种植密度研究.作物杂志,2011,(5)：114-115
157.徐华丽,长江流域油菜施肥状况调查及配方施肥效果研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学图书馆,2012
158.徐思衡,钱熙.胜利油菜“冬壮春发”施肥的生理基础.浙江农业科学,1961,(12)：561-566
159.燕妮,孙万仓,朱惠霞,武军艳,范惠玲,叶剑,刘雅丽,张亚红,曾军.播期对冬油菜越冬率及生理生化特性的影响.中国农学通报,2007,23(3)：250-253
160.杨光,石剑飞,冷锁虎,左青松.江苏中部地区迟直播油菜低产原因的研究.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,30(2)：64-68
161.杨林.油菜种植方式的调查及建议.农机质量与监督,2008,(3)：18-21
162.杨勇,刘强,宋海星,官春云,荣湘民,彭建伟.不同种植密度和施肥水平对油菜养分吸收和产量的影响.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,37(6)：586-591
163.杨勇,刘强,宋海星,官春云,荣湘民,彭建伟.氮素水平和种植密度对油菜氮素吸收和产量的影响.江苏农业科学,2012a,40(3)：62-66
164.杨勇,刘强,宋海星,官春云,荣湘民,彭建伟.氮磷钾配比对油菜养分吸收、碳氮代谢产物和籽粒产量的影响.浙江农业学报,2012b,24(1)：99-104
165.姚祥坦,张敏,张月华,徐素琴.浙北稻田直播油菜播种期和密度优化的研究.浙江农业科学,2009,(4)：728-731
166.叶剑,孙万仓,武军艳,曾军,张亚宏,刘雅丽,康艳丽,郭秀娟,魏文惠,杨杰,蒲媛媛,曾潮武,刘红霞.群体密度对冬油菜产量和经济性状的影响.西北农业学报,2008,17(3)：171-175
167.易继森,陈翠云.双季稻田种油菜的增产经验.农业科学通讯,1956,(10)：616-617
168.易时来,石孝均.油菜生长季氮素在紫色土中的淋失.水土保持学报,2006,20(1)：83-86
169.殷艳,廖星,余波,王汉中.我国油菜生产区域布局演变和成因分析.中国油料作物学报,2010,32(1)：147-151
170.殷艳,王汉中.我国油菜产业发展成就、问题与科技对策.中国农业科技导报,2012,14(4)：1-7
171.游修龄.从历史上江南一带的油菜栽培看当前的油菜生产问题.浙江农业科学,1962,(9)：395-398
172.余兆海.油菜大壮苗移栽.农业科技通讯,1980,(8)：8
173.俞巧钢,叶静,马军伟,孙万春,王强,姜丽娜,符建荣,陈义.不同施氮水平下油菜地土壤氮素径流流失特征研究.水土保持学报,2011,25(3)：22-25
174.袁卫红,刘宁.双低油菜机耕直播的密度试验.浙江农业科学,2009,(5)：933-935
175.袁卫红.不同施氮水平对两系杂交油菜两优586产量及经济性状的影响.中国油料作物学报,2002,24(2)： 51-53
176.袁卫红.直播密度对油菜产量、农艺性状及抗性的影响.江西农业学报,2008,20(10)：37-38
177.袁文胜,吴崇友.我国油菜移栽机械的现状和发展趋势分析.中国农机化,2007,(6)：61-63
178.张春雷,李俊,余利平,李锋,马霓.油菜不同栽培方式的投入产出比较研究.中国油料作物学报,2010,32(1)：57-64
179.张芳,赵永国,谷铁城,张冬晓,刘凤兰,郭瑞星,付桂萍,张学昆.2001-2010年国家审定冬油菜品种的产量与主要性状分析.中国油料作物学报,2012,34(3)：239-244
180.张福锁,崔振岭,王激清,李春俭,陈新平.中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略.植物学通报,2007,24(6)：687-694
181.张福锁,养分资源综合管理理论与技术概论.北京：中国农业大学出版社,2006
182.张海伟,徐芳森.不同磷水平下甘蓝型油菜光合特性的基因型差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5)：1196-1202
183.张莉,不同播期条件下直播油菜氮肥基追比研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学图书馆,2012
184.张培杰,邹照裕,沈信元,洪永杰.免耕直播油菜的密度试验.浙江农业科学,2000,(4)：12-13
185.张琼瑛,周桂清,王国槐,邹应斌.播种期和播种方式对免耕直播油菜生长与产量的影响.作物研究,2004,18(3)：167-170
186.张树杰,廖星,胡小加,谢立华,余常兵,李银水,车志,廖祥生.渍水对油菜苗期生长及生理特性的影响.生态学报,2013,33(23)：7382-7389
187.张树杰,王汉中.我国油菜生产应对气候变化的对策和措施分析.中国油料作物学报,2012,34(1)：114-122
188.张树杰,张春雷,李玲,余利平.氮素形态对冬油菜幼苗生长的影响.中国油料作物学报,2011,33(6)：567-573
189.张树杰,张春雷.气候变化对我国油菜生产的影响.农业环境科学学报,2011,30(9)：1749-1754
190.张文学,李殿荣.高产田油菜氮磷钾施肥模式初探.土壤肥料,2000,(5)：36-38
191.张学昆,张春雷,廖星,王汉中.2008年长江流域油菜低温冻害调查分析.中国油料作物学报,2008,30(1)：122-126
192.张洋洋,鲁剑巍,邹娟,王筝,任涛,李小坤,丛日环.冬油菜施钾的增产效果和肥料利用率研究.中国土壤与肥料,2013,(5)：51-55
193.张竹青,鲁剑巍.施钾水平对油菜吸收钙和镁的影响.安徽农业大学学报,2003,30(3)：276-279
194.章彪雄,熊春贵,黄天宝,刘小山,徐小林.红壤地区移栽密度和施肥配方对油菜产量的影响.江西农业学报,2007,19(4)：120-121
195.赵合句,李光明,李培武.秋发油菜产量要素分析.中国油料作物学报,1990,12(4)：13-16
196.赵合句,李光明,李效德,李金树,李培武.油菜高产新途径—秋发栽培.湖北农业科学,1988,27(9)：17-18
197.赵合句,李培武,李光明,李英德.秋发油菜的生长分析研究.中国农学通报,1993,9(5)：34-37
198.赵合句,李志华,陈秀芳,杨经泽,黄尚琼,杨勋利,马志勇.水田三熟油菜高产栽培研究.中国油料作物学报,1979,2(1)：24-29
199.赵合句.怎样移栽油菜.农业科技通讯,1981,(9)：13-14
200.赵继献,任廷波,程国平.氮肥对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜灌浆成熟期主要品质性状的影响.山地农业生物学报,2011,30(5)：377-382
201.赵继献,任廷波,程国平.钾肥对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜灌浆成熟期过程中品质性状的影响.安徽农学通报,2012,18(6)：65-68
202.赵佩欧,杨飞萍,杨剑.温州地区直播油菜品比试验.安徽农学通报,2012,18(9)：87-88
203.郑本川,张锦芳,李浩杰,蒲晓斌,崔成,柴靓,蒋俊,牛应泽,蒋梁材.甘蓝型油菜生育期天数与产量构成性状的相关分析.中国油料作物学报,2013,35(3)：240-245
204.中国农业科学院油料研究所.施用微量元素硼肥防病增产—甘蓝型油菜萎缩不实病的发生与防治.土肥与科学种田,1973,(3)：30-33
205.中华人民共和国国家统计局,中国统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,2013
206.周安兴,傅志强,沈建凯,龙攀,高云娟,黄璜,朱飞翔.直播密度对油菜产量及农艺性状的影响.作物研究,2009,23(3)：170-171
207.周广生,左青松,廖庆喜,吴江生,傅廷栋.我国油菜机械化生产现状、存在问题及对策.湖北农业科学,2013,52(9)：2153-2157
208.周郁.油菜的育苗和移栽.中国农业科学,1958,(10)：537-538
209.朱耕如.油菜的移栽和冬前管理.江苏农业科学,1984,12(9)：11-13
210.朱洪勋,李贵宝,张翔,孙春河.高产油菜营养吸收规律及施用氮磷钾对产量和品质的影响.中国土壤与肥料,1995,22(5)：34-37
211.朱珊,李银水,余常兵,谢立华,胡小加,张树杰,廖星,廖祥生,车志.密度和氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响.中国油料作物学报,2013,35(2)：179-184
212.朱兆良.肥料与农业和环境.大自然探索,1998,17(4)：25-28
213.邹家龙,李彬,卜容燕,余勇,杨文兵,毕强,李伟,贺必珍,李强.江汉平原不同土壤地力水平下油菜的肥料效应.湖北农业科学,2010,49(S1)：112-115
214.邹娟,冬油菜施肥效果及土壤养分丰缺指标研究.[博士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学图书馆,2010
215.邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,李银水.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究.作物学报,2011,37(4)：729-734
216.邹娟,鲁剑巍,李银水,李志玉,陈防.直播油菜施肥效应及适宜肥料用量研究.中国油料作物学报,2008a,30(1)：90-94
217.邹娟,鲁剑巍,刘锐林,郑智勇,李文西,蒋志平.4个双低甘蓝型油菜品种干物质积累及养分吸收动态.华中农业大学学报,2008b,27(2)：229-234
218.左青松,顾芹芹,董召娣,冷锁虎.氮素水平对油菜根茎叶氮素输出及角果中氮素积累的影响.中国油料作物学报,2006,28(2)：151-155
219.左青松,杨海燕,冷锁虎,曹石,曾讲学,吴江生,周广生.施氮量对油菜氮素积累和运转及氮素利用率的影响.作物学报,2014,40(3)：511-518
220. Adak T, Chakravarty NVK, Muthukumar M, Deshmukh PS, Joshi HC, Katiya, RK. Evaluation of biomass and thermal energy utilization efficiency of oilseed Brassica (Brassica juncea) under altered microenvironments. Biomass Bioenergy,2011,35(5):2254-2267
221. Ahmad G, Jan A, Arif M, Jan MT, Shah H. Effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on yield components, seed and oil yields of canola. JPlant Nutr, 2011,34(14):2069-2082
222. Albert B, Le Caherec F, Niogret MF, Faes P, Avice JC, Leport L, Bouchereau A. Nitrogen availability impacts oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plant water status and proline production efficiency under water-limited conditions. Planta, 2012,236(2):659-676
223. Ali N, Javidfar F, Elmira J, Mirza MY. Relationship among yield components and selection criteria for yield improvement in winter rapeseed. PakJBot, 2003,35(2):167-174
224. Amanullah, Hassan M, Malhi SS. Seed yield and yield components response of rape(B. napus) versus mustard(B. juncea) to sulfur and potassium fertilizer application in northwest Pakistan. J Plant Nutr, 2011, 34(8):1164-1174
225. Angadi SV, Cutforth HW, McConkey BG, Gan Y. Yield adjustment by canola grown at different plant populations under semiarid conditions. Crop Sci, 2003,43(4):1358-1366
226. Aynehband A, Tehrani M, Nabati DA. Effects of residue management and N-splitting methods on yield and biological and chemical characters of canola ecosystem. J Food Agr Environ, 2010,8(2):317-324
227. Barlog P, Grzebisz W. Effect of timing and nitrogen fertilizer application on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Ⅱ. Nitrogen uptake dynamics and fertilizer efficiency. J Agron Crop Sci, 2004a,190(5):314-323
228. Barlog P, Grzebisz W. Effect of timing and nitrogen fertilizer application on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). I. Growth dynamics and seed yield. J Agron Crop Sci, 2004b,190(5):305-313
229. Basalma D. The correlation and path analysis of yield and yield components of different winter rapeseed {Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) cultivars. Res JAgric & Biol Sci, 2008,4(2):120-125
230. Boelcke B, Leon J, Schulz RR, Schroder G, Diepenbrock W. Yield stability of winter oil-seed rape {Brassica napus L.) as affected by stand establishment and nitrogen fertilization. J Agron Crop Sci, 1991, 167(4):241-248
231. Bolland MDA, Brennan RF, White PF. Comparing responses to phosphorus of field pea(Pisum sativum), canola (rape, Brassica napus) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Aust J Exp Agr, 2006,46(5):645-657
232. Brennan RF, Bolland MDA. Soil and tissue tests to predict the phosphorus requirements of canola in southwestern Australia. J Plant Nutr, 2007a,30(11):1767-1777
233. Brennan RF, Bolland MDA. Effect of fertiliser phosphorus and nitrogen on the concentrations of oil and protein in grain and the grain yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in south-western Australia. Aust J Exp Agr,2007b,47(8):984-991
234. Brennan RF, Bolland MDA. Influence of potassium and nitrogen fertiliser on yield, oil and protein concentration of canola (Brassica napus L.) grain harvested in south-western Australia. Aust J Exp Agr, 2007c,47:976-983
235. Cassman KG, Peng S, Olk DC, Ladha JK, Reichardt W, Dobermann A, Singh U. Opportunities for increased nitrogen-use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems. Field Crops Res,1998,56(1):7-39
236. Chavarria G, Tomm GO, Muller A, Mendonca HF, Mello N, Betto MS. Leaf area index of canola under varying row spacing and plant density of sowing. Ciencia Rural, 2011,41(12):2084-2089
237. Cheema M, Malik M, Hussain A, Shah S, Basra S. Effects of time and rate of nitrogen and phosphorus application on the growth and the seed and oil yields of canola (Brassica napus L.). J Agron Crop Sci, 2001,186(2):103-110
238. Cheema MA, Sattar A, Wahid MA, Saleem MF, Sadiq S. Growth, yield and quality response of various canola cultivars under agro-ecological condition of Faisalabad. Pak JAgri Sci, 2012,49(1):35-39
239. Chuan L, He P, Jin J, Li S, Grant C, Xu X, Qiu S, Zhao S, Zhou W. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for wheat in China. Field Crops Res, 2013,146:96-104
240. Colnenne C, Meynard JM, Reau R, Justes E, Merrien A. Determination of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for winter oilseed rape. Ann Bot, 1998,81 (2):311-317
241. Conley DJ, Paerl HW, Howarth RW, Boesch DF, Seitzinger SP, Havens KE, Lancelot C, Likens GE. Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus. Science, 2009,323(5917):1014-1015
242. Cui Z, Chen X, Miao Y, Zhang F, Sun Q, Schroder J, Zhang H, Li J, Shi L, Xu J, Ye Y, Liu C, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Huang S, Bao D. On-farm evaluation of the improved soil nmin-based nitrogen management for summer maize in north China plain all rights reserved. Agron J, 2008,100(3):517-525
243. Darracq S, Bernhard-Bitaud C, Bourrie B, Evrard J, Burghart P, Pages X, Lacoste F. Heavy metals transfer from soil to rapeseed oil. In: M. Pilar Bernal, Raul Moral, Rafael Clemente, Paredes C. (Eds.), Sustainable organic waste management for environmental protection and food safety. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the FAO ESCORENA Network on the Recycling of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial Residues in Agriculture, Murcia, 2004:61-64
244. Dejoux JF, Recous S, Meynard JM, Trinsoutrot I, Leterme P. The fate of nitrogen from winter-frozen rapeseed leaves: mineralization, fluxes to the environment and uptake by rapeseed crop in spring. Plant Soil, 2000,218(1-2):257-272
245. Dejoux JF, Meynard J-M, Reau R. Rapeseed new crop management with very early sowing in order to reduce N-leaching and N-fertilization. In: New Horizons for an Old Crop. Proc. of the 10th Inter. Rapeseed Congress, Canberra, 1999,26-29
246. Diepenbrock W. Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Field Crops Res, 2000, 67(1):35-49.
247. Dingkuhn M, Schnier HF, De Datta SK, Dorffling K, Javellana C. Relationships between ripening-phase productivity and crop duration, canopy photosynthesis and senescence in transplanted and direct-seeded lowland rice. Field Crops Res,1991,26(3-4):327-345
248. Dingkuhn M, De Datta SK, Javellana C, Pamplona R, Schnier HF. Effect of late-season N fertilization on photosynthesis and yield of transplanted and direct-seeded tropical flooded rice. I. Growth dynamics. Field Crops Res,1992,28(3):223-234
249. Fanadzo M, Chiduza C, Mnkeni PNS. Comparative response of direct seeded and transplanted maize (Zea mays L.) to nitrogen fertilization at Zanyokwe irrigation scheme, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr JAgr Res, 2009,4(8):689-694
250. FAO. FAOSTAT Database. In: production, F.a.a.c. (Ed.). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2013.Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/
251. Farooq M, Siddique KHM, Rehman H, Aziz T, Lee DJ, Wahid A. Rice direct seeding:Experiences, challenges and opportunities. Soil Tillage Res, 2011,111(2):87-98
252. Gammelvind LH, Schjoerring JK, Mogensen VO, Jensen CR, Bock JGH. Photosynthesis in leaves and siliques of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant Soil, 1996,186(2):227-236
253. Gao J, Thelen KD, Min DH, Smith S, Hao X, Gehl R. Effects of manure and fertilizer applications on canola oil content and fatty acid composition. Agron J, 2010,102(2):790-797
254. Gombert J, Le Dily F, Lothier J, Etienne P, Rossato L, Allirand JM, Jullien A, Savin A, Ourry A. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen dynamics in oilseed rape using 15N-labeling field experiment. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 2010,173(6):875-884
255. Grant CA, Derksen DA, McLaren D, Irvine RB. Nitrogen fertilizer and urease inhibitor effects on canola emergence and yield in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing system. Agron J, 2010 102(3):875-884
256. Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Shen JL, Han WX, Zhang WF, Christie P, Goulding KW, Vitousek PM, Zhang FS. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 2010,327(5968):1008-1010
257. Hogy P, Franzaring J, Schwadorf K, Breuer J, Schutze W, Fangmeier A. Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment on energy traits and seed quality of oilseed rape. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 2010,139(1-2):239-244
258. Holmes MRJ. Nutrition of the oilseed rape crop. Applied Science Publishers, 1980, London, UK
259. Ivanovska S, Stojkovski C, Dimov Z, Marjanovic-Jeromela A, Jankulovska M, Jankuloski L. Interrelationship between yield and yield related traits of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes. Genetika,2007,39(3):325-332
260. Jackson GD. Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on canola yield and nutrient uptake. Agron J, 2000,92(4): 644-649
261. Janssen BH, Guiking FCT, Eijk D van der, Smaling EMA, Wolf J, Reuler H van. A system for quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS). Geoderma, 1990,46(4):299-318
262. Kappen L, Hammler A, Schultz G. Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic capacity of winter rape plants under different nitrogen regimes measured in the field. J Agron Crop Sci, 1998,181(3):179-187
263. Khan HZ, Malik MA, Saleem MF, Aziz I. Effect of different potassium fertilization levels on growth, seed yield and oil contents of canola. Int JAgric Biol, 2004,6(3):557-559
264. Kuchtova P, Vasak J. The effect of rapeseed stand density on the formation of generative organs. Plant Soil Environ,2004,50(2):78-83
265. Kutcher HR, Warland JS, Brandt SA. Temperature and precipitation effects on canola yields in Saskatchewan, Canada. Agr Forest Meteorol, 2010,150(2):161-165
266. Le C, Zha Y, Li Y, Sun D, Lu H, Yin B. Eutrophication of lake waters in China:cost, causes, and control. Environ Manage,2010,45(4):662-668
267. Leach JE, Stevenson HJ, Rainbow AJ, Mullen LA. Effects of high plant populations on the growth and yield of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.). J Agr Sci, 1999,132(2):173-180
268. Lickfett T, Matthaus B, Velasco L, Mollers C. Seed yield, oil and phytate concentration in the seeds of two oilseed rape cultivars as affected by different phosphorus supply. Eur JAgron, 1999,11(3-4):293-299
269. Liu H, Hu C, Sun X, Tan Q, Nie Z. Interactive effects of molybdenum and phosphorus fertilizers on dry matter accumulation, seed yield and yield components in Brassica napus. J Food Agr Environ, 2012, 10(3-4):389-392
270. Lu GY, Zhang F, Zheng PY, Cheng Y, Liu FI, Fu GP, Zhang XK. Relationship among yield components and selection criteria for yield improvement in early rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). J Integr Agric, 2011, 10(7):997-1003
271. Mahajan G, Chauhan BS, Timsina J, Singh PP, Singh K. Crop performance and water-and nitrogen-use efficiencies in dry-seeded rice in response to irrigation and fertilizer amounts in northwest India. Field Crops Res,2012,134:59-70
272. Malagoli P, Laine P, Rossato L, Ourry A. Dynamics of nitrogen uptake and mobilization in field-grown winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) from stem extension to harvest: I. Global N flows between vegetative and reproductive tissues in relation to leaf fall and their residual N. Ann Bot,2005,95(5):853-861
273. Marjanovic-Jeromela A, Marinkovic R, Mijic A, Zdunic Z, Ivanovska S, Jankulovska M. Correlation and path analysis of quantitative traits in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Agric Conspec Sci, 2008,73(1): 13-18
274. Mathe-Gaspar G, Radimszky L, Mathe P. Changes in growth parameters and water content of young canola in response to N fertilization on two sites. Cereal Res Commun, 2008,36:1495-1498
275. Mulyati, Bell RW, Huang L. Root pruning and transplanting increase zinc requirements of canola(Brassica napus). Plant Soil, 2009,314(1-2):11-24
276. Overman AR, Wilson DM, Kamprath EJ. Estimation of yield and nitrogen removal by corn. Agron J, 1994, 86(6):1012-1016
277. Ozer H. The effect of plant population densities on growth, yield and yield components of two spring rapeseed cultivars. Plant Soil Environ, 2003a,49(9):422-426
278. Ozer H. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars. Eur J Agron, 2003b,19(3):453-463
279. Ozer H, Oral E, Dogru U. Relationships between yield and yield components on currently improved spring rapeseed cultivars. Turk JAgric For, 1999,23:603-608
280. Ozturk O. Effects of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and quality of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Chilean JAgric Res, 2010,70(1):132-141
281. Peng S, Garcia FV, Gines HC, Laza RC, Samson MI, Sanico AL, Visperas RM, Cassman KG Nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated tropical rice established by broadcast wet-seeding and transplanting. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys, 1996,45(2):123-134
282. Pittelkow CM, Fischer AJ, Moechnig MJ, Hill JE, Koffler KB, Mutters RG, Greer CA, Cho YS, Kessel C van, Linquist BA. Agronomic productivity and nitrogen requirements of alternative tillage and crop establishment systems for improved weed control in direct-seeded rice. Field Crops Res, 2012,130: 128-137
283. Rathke GW, Behrens T, Diepenbrock W. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.):A review. Agr Ecosyst Environ,2006,117(2-3):80-108
284. Setiyono TD, Walters DT, Cassman KG, Witt C, Dobermann A. Estimating maize nutrient uptake requirements. Field Crops Res, 2010,118(2):158-168
285. Shahri MM, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Yazdpour H. Effect of plant densities and sulphur fertilizer on seed and oil yields of canola. Research on Crops, 2011,12(2):383-387
286. Sieling K, Beims S. Effects of 15N split-application on soil and fertiliser N uptake of barley, oilseed rape and wheat in different cropping systems. J Agron Crop Sci, 2007,193(1):10-20
287. Singh Y, Singh VP, Singh G, Yadav DS, Sinha RKP, Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. The implications of land preparation, crop establishment method and weed management on rice yield variation in the rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Field Crops Res, 2011,121(1):64-74
288. Stephenson AL, Dennis JS, Scott SA. Improving the sustainability of the production of biodiesel from oilseed rape in the UK. Process Saf Environ, 2008,86(6):427-440
289. Tabi F, Diels J, Ogunkunle A, Iwuafor EO, Vanlauwe B, Sanginga N. Potential nutrient supply, nutrient utilization efficiencies, fertilizer recovery rates and maize yield in northern Nigeria. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys, 2008,80(2):161-172
290. Takashima NE, Rondanini DP, Puhl LE, Miralles DJ. Environmental factors affecting yield variability in spring and winter rapeseed genotypes cultivated in the southeastern Argentine Pampas. Eur J Agron, 2013, 48:88-100
291. Tesfamariam EH, Annandale JG, Steyn JM. Water stress effects on winter canola growth and yield. Agron J. 2010,102(2):658-666
292. Tilman D. Resources, competition and the dynamics of plant communities. Plant Ecol, 1986:51-75
293. Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2011,108(50):20260-20264
294. Tsimba R, Edmeades GO, Millner JP, Kemp PD. The effect of planting date on maize grain yields and yield components. Field Crops Res, 2013,150:135-144
295. Van der Werf HMG, Van Geel WCA, Van Gils LJC, Haverkort AJ. Nitrogen fertilization and row width affect self-thinning and productivity of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Field Crops Res, 1995,42(1): 27-37
296. Duivenbooden N, Wit CT, Keulen H. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium relations in five major cereals reviewed in respect to fertilizer recommendations using simulation modelling. Fertil Res, 1996,44:37-49
297. Wang G, Dobermann A, Witt C, Sun Q, Fu R. Performance of site-specific nutrient management for irrigated rice in southeast China. Agron J, 2001,93(4):869-878
298. Wang HZ, Guan CY, Zhang CL. Studies on rapeseed production and cultivation science & technology in China. The 12th international rapeseed congress proceeding, Wuhan, 2007, Wuhan: Science Press, 2007
299. Wang W, Lu J, Ren T, Li X, Su W, Lu M. Evaluating regional mean optimal nitrogen rates in combination with indigenous nitrogen supply for rice production. Field Crops Res, 2012,137:37-48
300. Weiner J, Thomas SC. Size variability and competition in plant monocultures. Oikos,1986, 47:211-222
301. Werteker M, Lorenz A, Johannes H, Berghofer E, Findlay CS. Environmental and varietal influences on the fatty acid composition of rapeseed, soybeans and sunflowers. J Agron Crop Sci, 2010,196(1):20-27
302. White PJ, Brown PH. Plant nutrition for sustainable development and global health. Ann Bot, 2010,105(7): 1073-1080
303. Witt C, Dobermann A, Abdulrachman S, Gines HC, Guanghuo W, Nagarajan R, Satawatananont S, Thuc Son T, Sy Tan P, Van Tiem L, Simbahan GC, Olk DC. Internal nutrient efficiencies of irrigated lowland rice in tropical and subtropical Asia. Field Crops Res,1999, 63(2):113-138
304. Zare M. Interrelationship between grain yield and related traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Afr JAgr Res,2011,6(32):6684-6689
305. Zhang S, Liao X, Zhang C, Xu H. Influences of plant density on the seed yield and oil content of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Ind Crop Prod, 2012a,40:27-32
306. Zhang Y, Hou P, Gao Q, Chen X, Zhang F, Cui Z. On-farm estimation of nutrient requirements for spring corn in north China. Agron J, 2012b,104(5):1436-1442
307. Zou J, Lu JW, Li YS, Li XK. Regional evaluation of winter rapeseed response to K fertilization, K use efficiency, and critical level of soil K in the Yangtze River Valley. J Integr Agric, 2011; 10(6):911-920