摘要
青海共和盆地是全国土地沙漠化危害最严重的区域之一，在沙漠化土地上进行植被恢复是控制该区沙漠化和改善区域环境的一个有效措施，也是改造利用沙漠化土地的重要途径。植被恢复后，研究其对土壤的改良效应可以为优良固沙植物筛选以及人工固沙林的可持续经营提供理论依据。本文首次对高寒沙区特殊生境下植被的土壤改良效应进行了较为全面系统的研究。论文对共和盆地沙丘和丘间地两种大生境条件下不同植被类型的土壤改良效应进行了综合评价，筛选出两种生境条件下改良土壤作用较好的植被类型。在此研究基础上，又根据高寒沙区特殊的生境特点，选取在示范区具有代表意义的沙生植被中间锦鸡儿为研究对象，从沙丘不同部位、不同林龄和不同密度几方面对其土壤改良效应进行了深入研究，以期全面系统的揭示中间锦鸡儿在高寒沙区的土壤改良作用。论文的研究成果对高寒沙区人工植被的可持续经营及后期的植被恢复提供理论依据和技术支撑。论文主要结果如下：
（1）沙丘上不同植被类型的土壤改良效应
以沙丘上的3种典型人工植被沙蒿灌丛、柠条锦鸡儿林和中间锦鸡儿林为研究对象，测定3种植被下不同深度土层的理化特性。土壤物理特性的测试深度为0—50cm，土壤含水量和养分特性的测试深度为0—200cm，每个植被类型做4个重复。通过对比分析，选出对土壤改良效果较好的植被类型。研究结果表明：沙丘上的3种植被类型与流动沙丘相比，土壤物理特性和养分指标都有所提高。3种植被类型相比，中间锦鸡儿人工林的土壤机械组成、土壤容重、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾水平都优于沙蒿灌丛和柠条锦鸡儿林。柠条锦鸡儿林的最大持水量、水分条件、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾水平都优于沙蒿灌丛。沙丘上3种植被类型对土壤的修复能力都随土壤深度的增加而降低，土壤水分条件随着土壤深度的增加先降低后增加，沙蒿灌丛和柠条锦鸡儿林20—100cm深度的水分条件最差。
（2）丘间地不同植被类型的土壤改良效应
以丘间地的5种植被类型乌柳小叶杨混交林、乌柳林、沙柳林、柽柳林和自然恢复的赖草草地为研究对象，测定5种植被下不同深度土层的理化特性。土壤物理特性的测试深度为0—50cm，土壤含水量和养分特性的测试深度为0—200cm，每个植被类型做4个重复。通过对比分析，选出土壤条件较好的植被类型。研究结果表明：沙柳林、柽柳林和赖草草地的土壤机械组成、土壤容重、最大持水量、最小持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、土壤含水量和全氮含量都优于乌柳林和乌柳小叶杨混交林。沙柳林0—50cm深度的土壤容重、10—20cm深度的最大持水量和20—50cm的全氮水平明显优于柽柳林和赖草草地；赖草草地和沙柳林的有机质明显优于其他植被类型。乌柳林的土壤容重、最大持水量、最小持水量、毛管持水量、总孔隙度、全氮和全磷含量都明显优于乌柳小叶杨混交林。丘间地5种植被类型对土壤的修复能力都随土壤深度的增加而降低，土壤水分条件随着土壤深度的增加先降低后增加，5种植被类型20—50cm深度的水分条件最差。
（3）沙丘不同部位中间锦鸡儿人工林的土壤改良效应
以沙丘上12年生的中间锦鸡儿人工林为研究对象，测定沙丘迎风坡中部、坡顶和背风坡中部中间锦鸡儿林下不同深度土层的土壤养分含量，测试深度为0—50cm，每个沙丘部位做4个重复。通过分析各土壤指标，揭示沙丘部位对中间锦鸡儿人工林土壤改良效应的影响。研究结果表明：与流动沙丘相比，沙丘3个部位的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷水平得到明显提高，表层土壤养分增加的更明显。迎风坡的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷明显高于坡顶和背风坡。沙丘不同部位中间锦鸡儿表层的有机质和全氮含量较高。
（4）不同林龄中间锦鸡儿人工林的土壤改良效应
以沙丘上4个不同林龄的中间锦鸡儿人工林为研究对象，对其林下不同深度土层的土壤含水量、土壤有机质和土壤速效养分含量进行测试，测试深度为0—100cm，每个林龄做4个重复。通过分析各土壤指标，揭示中间锦鸡儿人工林随着林龄的增长其土壤改良效应的变化情况。研究结果表明：随着中间锦鸡儿人工林林龄的增加，林内土壤的水分状况逐渐改善，有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮增加，但是速效磷和速效钾减少。不同林龄中间锦鸡儿的土壤含水量、有机质和硝态氮含量随着土壤深度增加而降低。
（5）不同密度中间锦鸡儿人工林的土壤改良效应
以沙丘上4个密度的中间锦鸡儿人工林为研究对象，对不同密度林分林下浅层土壤的主要理化特性指标进行测试，测试深度为0—20cm，每个密度的林分做4个重复。通过对比分析，选取改良土壤效应最佳的林分密度。研究结果表明：在4个密度中间锦鸡儿人工林中，20000株/hm2的中间锦鸡儿人工林的土壤容重、最大持水量、最小持水量、毛管持水量、土壤有机质和全氮含量都明显优于其他密度人工林。
Gonghe Basin of Qinghai province is one of the most serious desertification regions inChina. Vegetation restoration in desertified land is an effective way to control desertificationand improve regional environment. It is also an important way to amelioration and utilizationthe desertified land. Study the effect of vegetation on soil after vegetation restoration canprovide a theoretical basis for better sand-fixing plant species selecting and plantationsustainable managing. This paper was the first time to conduct a comprehensive and systematicstudy on soil properties improved by vegetation in alpine sand land. Systematic study andcomprehensive evaluation was conducted on soil properties improved by different vegetationsat sand dune and lowland between sand dunes in Gonghe Basin. And selected vegetation typeswhich able to well adapt the environment of sand dune and lowland between sand dunes.Secondly, based on the study above, the influence of dune slopes, plantations age andplantations density on soil properties improved by Caragana intermedia Kuang was conducted.The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis and technical support for artificialvegetation construction and vegetation restoration in the alpine sand land. The main results areas follows:
(1) The effect of soil improvement for different vegetation types on sand dunes
This study was conducted for better sand-fixing plant species selecting on sand dunes.Soil physical and chemical properties for Artemisia desertorum shrub land, Caraganakorshinskii plantation and Caragana intermedia plantation were determined. The samplingdepth for soil physical properties measure was0-50cm. The sampling depth of soil chemicalproperties measure was0-200cm.4repeats for each species. The results show that soilproperties for3vegetation types on sand dunes have been improved significantly comparedwith the moving sand dunes. All of3vegetation types decreased the sand content in soil,increased the silt and clay content in soil, decreased the soil bulk density, and increased themaximum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity. Soil organic matter, total N, total P and total K conditions for all3vegetation types were also improved. In the3vegetation types, soil texture, soil bulk density,soil organic matter, total N, total P and total K conditions for Caragana intermedia plantationwere better than Caragana korshinskii plantation and Artemisia desertorum shrub land.Maximum water holding capacity, soil water content, soil organic matter, total N, total P andtotal K conditions for Caragana korshinskii plantation were better than Artemisia desertorumshrub land. The soil restoration capability of3vegetation types on sand dunes were alldecreased with greater soil depth. Soil water content firstly decreased and then increased withgreater soil depth, and soil water content in20-100cm depth were lowest for Caraganakorshinskii plantation and Artemisia desertorum shrub land.
(2) The effect of soil improvement for different vegetation types in lowland between sanddunes
This study was conducted for better sand-fixing plant species selecting in lowlandbetween sand dunes. Soil physical and chemical properties for Salix psammophila plantation,Tamatix chinensis plantation, Salix cheilophila plantation, Populus simonii and Salixcheilophila mixed plantation and Leymus secalinus grassland were determined. The samplingdepth for soil physical properties measure was0-50cm. The sampling depth of soil chemicalproperties measure was0-200cm.4repeats for each species. The results show that in lowlandbetween sand dunes, the soil texture, soil bulk density, maximum water holding capacity,minimum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, capillary porosity and totalporosity for Salix psammophila plantation, Tamatix chinensis plantation and Leymus secalinusgrassland were better than Salix cheilophila plantation and Populus simonii and Salixcheilophila mixed plantation. Soil water content and total N conditions were also better thanSalix cheilophila plantation and Populus simonii and Salix cheilophila mixed plantation. Thesoil bulk density in0-50cm depth, maximum water holding capacity in10-20cm depth, totalN conditions in20-50cm depth for Salix psammophila plantation were better than Tamatixchinensis plantation and Leymus secalinus grassland. Soil organic matter conditions for Salixpsammophila plantation, Tamatix chinensis plantations were better than other vegetation types. The soil bulk density, maximum water holding capacity, minimum water holding capacity,capillary water holding capacity, total porosity, total N and total P conditions for Salixcheilophila plantation were better than Populus simonii and Salix cheilophila mixed plantation.The soil restoration capability of5vegetation types in lowland between sand dunes were alldecreased with greater soil depth. Soil water content firstly decreased and then increased withgreater soil depth, and soil water content in20-50cm depth were lowest for all of the5vegetation types.
(3) The effect of soil improvement for different sand dune slopes of Caragana intermediaplantations
This study was conducted to determine how soil properties were affected by sand dunesslopes after Caragana intermedia plantation establishment12years on the alpine sandy land ofGonghe Basin on Tibet Plateau. Moving sand dune in the vicinity of experiment site waschosen as a control. Soil samples were collected for four replicates from the depth of0-50cmon windward slopes, dune tops and leeward slopes. The results showed that after establishmentof Caragana intermedia plantations on sand dunes, soil organic matter, total N and total Pconditions for3dune slopes were improved significantly compared with the moving sanddunes. Soil nutrients increased obviously on surface soil. Soil organic matter, total N and totalP conditions were better on windward slopes than dune tops and leeward slopes. More soilorganic matter and total N on surface soil for3dune slopes of Caragana intermediaplantations.
(4) The effect of soil improvement for different age of Caragana intermedia plantations
The objective of this study was to determine how soil conditions on sand dune wereaffected by Caragana intermedia plantations after this shrub grow up. The effects of plantationage on soil water content, soil organic matter content and available nutrition content wereexamined in four ages of Caragana intermedia plantation, e.g.3-,11-,25-, and37-years-old.Soil samples were collected for four replicates from the depth of0-100cm. The results showedthat with the increase of plantation age, soil water condition of Caragana intermedia plantationwas gradually improved, soil organic matter, NH4+-N and NO3--N was gradually increased. However, available P and available K were decreased. The soil water content, soil organicmatter and NO3--N content were decreased with greater soil depth. Soil water condition, soilorganic matter, NH4+-N and NO3--N content was more in the25-year-old Caragana intermediaplantation than other ages of plantations. However, more available P and available K wereconsumed in the25-year-old Caragana intermedia plantation than other three ages ofplantations. The soil water and nutrient conditions were declined in the37-year-old Caraganaintermedia plantation.
(5) The effect of soil improvement for different density Caragana intermedia plantations
This study was conducted to determine how soil physical and chemical properties wereaffected by plantation density. Soil physical and chemical properties for4different densityCaragana intermedia plantations on sand dunes were determined. The sampling depth was0-20cm and4repeats for each density plantation. The results showed that in4differentdensity Caragana intermedia plantations, the soil bulk density, maximum water holdingcapacity, minimum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, soil organicmatter and total N conditions for20000plants per hectares plantation were obviously betterthan13333and2000plants per hectares plantations, and13333and2000plants per hectaresplantations were obviously better than1333plants per hectares plantation. Soil physicalproperties and nutrients conditions for different density Caragana intermedia plantations wereall better on surface soil.
引文
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