老化HCH-DDT污染土壤的作物自修复及其机理研究
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摘要
六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)是世界公认的含氯持久性有机污染物,经过多年的环境降解,在土壤中仍有较普遍残留,严重威胁着农业生产、农产品质量和人类健康。残留在土壤中的HCH和DDT易发生老化或固化,使其生物有效性和可提取性降低,但对环境仍存在较大的潜在危害。如何安全、有效地去除土壤中老化的HCH和DDT污染,保障农业生产安全和土地资源永续利用已成为当前环境科学和土壤学相关领域的研究热点。植物修复技术被认为是高效、绿色、适合于大面积有机污染物去除的最有前景的土壤治理技术。以往有关持久性有机污染物的植物修复研究多采用新添加的人为污染土壤于实验室或小区域模拟试验中展开,缺乏田间试验的数据支持,可利用的修复植物有限；且研究仅从土壤中有机污染物的可提取态含量变化阐释植物修复的过程及机理,忽视了土壤中有机污染物的形态变化,一定程度上掩盖了污染物的潜在风险,难以准确评价植物修复的效果,特别是针对长久施用老化污染物的修复研究存在偏差。为此,以历史残留的老化HCH、DDT污染物为代表,开展农田原位土壤的植物(作物)去除机制、吸收转化过程、根际消解行为及其机理的研究和应用,对寻找新的既能用于保证农业安全生产又具有去除土壤有机污染物的功能性植物、揭示土壤老化污染物的消减规律、高效利用有限的耕地资源、保护人类健康和生态环境安全具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本研究以土壤学、植物学、生物地球化学、污染生态学以及新兴植物修复的理论和方法为指导,以土壤-植物系统为主线,以历史残留的老化HCH、DDT污染物去除为目标,选择省会城市城乡结合部人口密度大、耕作密度大、人为扰动大、面临用地职能转换的农业污染土壤为修复对象,开展了作物自修复及安全影响相结合的老化农药污染土壤修复的过程及机理研究,并进行了田间修复实践。在功能植物材料筛选的基础上,深入探讨了农田土壤中老化HCH和DDT在土壤-植物系统中的跨界面迁移、转化过程以及作物应残留污染的抗性基础；通过多级提取技术表征了老化HCH和DDT在土壤、生物体表面和组织内的赋存形态及消减规律；通过室内盆栽和田间试验,评价了原位污染土壤中老化HCH和DDT的植物净化效能,以期为持久性有机污染农药去除的植物修复技术提供理论和实践依据。本研究取得如下主要认识和进展：
1.全部试验均基于自然老化HCH和DDT污染的土壤,在作物筛选、盆栽试验及作物对老化HCH和DDT污染土壤修复机理机制研究的基础上,开展了原位土壤的作物田间修复实践。与前人在人为新添加污染土壤基础上开展的实验室或小区域模拟试验相较,在立意和研究思路上更富新意,在研究成果的应用上更贴近自然实际。
2.以全株生物富集系数和污染物生物累积量作为考察指标,在HCH和DDT的高残留区筛选出富集能力和累积能力均较强的小麦和玉米两种农作物,扩大了田间持久性有机氯农药污染的植物修复选择范围,为实施老化HCH和DDT污染土壤的大面积农田植物修复提供了可能和新路径。
3.基于质量守恒原理获得了作物60天盆栽种植对土壤老化HCH和DDT的修复参数,揭示了小麦和玉米的种植修复作用主要源于作物与根际微生物相互促进的结果,而作物直接吸收累积和降解的贡献率不足1%。作物修复过程中物理因素和生物环节的不同贡献解析,为进一步研究老化HCH和DDT的作物修复机理提供了前提和基础。
4.采用梯度盆栽试验量化了土壤老化HCH和DDT跨作物系统界面的迁移、转化过程。结果表明,小麦和玉米均能不同程度激活SOD、POD、CAT酶的抗氧化活性以清除自身毒害；两种作物对HCH和DDT的吸收存在选择性并受土壤污染水平影响,而这种体内吸收过程主要依赖于根系吸收或吸着污染物的能力。梯度盆栽试验明确了老化HCH和DDT的作物抗性及其吸收、累积、分配和降解机制,为进一步开展田间应用研究指明了方向。
5.利用根际模拟实验研究了植物旺盛生长期内根际土壤老化HCH和DDT的消减效应,并通过多级提取技术表征了老化HCH和DDT在作物根际土壤的形态转化机制。发现作物种植过程加速了根际可提取态有机氯农药的消减过程,且这种消减以老化农药的形态转化和总量降低同时并存。根际土壤老化HCH和DDT的腐植酸结合态和胡敏素结合态可以过渡形式进一步向可提取态转化增溶；采用正己烷提取态的含量变化指标表征小麦和玉米对土壤HCH和DDT的提取效率,更能揭示植物修复的潜能。为持久老化HCH和DDT的环境行为和植物修复性评价提供了新的理论认识。
6.田间状态下原位污染土壤的作物修复实践表明,小麦和玉米种植对土壤老化有机氯农药污染的修复效果明显,作物对OCPs的提取修复效率具有时间累积效应。总体上,小麦和玉米种植使土壤中可提取态OCPs污染总量降低了22.6%和23.1%,正己烷提取态OCPs污染量降低了32.7%和50.2%。小麦和玉米对OCPs的累积均经历了快速增加和稳定吸收两个阶段,但不同生育阶段对土壤污染物的修复贡献不同,提高综合修复效能需与合理的生物采收期控制相结合。基于生育阶段的采收控制以及基于有效态的修复性评价结果为田间植物修复提供了实践依据。
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which are recognized internationally as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) containing chlorine atoms, have caused serious negative influence on agricultural production, agricultural products quality safety and human health. HCH and DDT residues in soils are prone to cause the process of aging or solidifying, which not only result in decreased bio-availability and extractability, but also has great and even irreversible impacts on environment. At present, how to remove HCH and DDT safely and effectively from aging soils to ensure agricultural activities safety and sustainable utilization of land resource, have become an important research focus in the soil and environmental sciences. Phytoremediation, a new technology developed recently for the remediation of soil contaminated by organic chemicals, is thought as one of the most prospective practical method due to its high efficiency, security and economy properties. For these reasons, there historical residues of aging HCH and DDT were selected as the research objects in this paper, the OCPs (DDT and HCH) removal mechanisms of the farmland plants in-situ restoration technologies, the uptake and conversion of OCPs in plants and the degradation behaviors of OCPs in the plant rhizosphere soil were studied, and these may be of important theoretical and practical significance for finding new functional plants which can remove organic compounds from soils, indicating the degradation regularity of aging organic pollutants in the soils, utilizing limited land resources rationally, and protecting human health or the environment.
On the basis of the theories and methods of Soil Science, Plant Science, Biogeochemistry, Pollution Ecology, and the new phytoremediation techniques, this work regards the transportation and transformation of HCH and DDT in soil-plant systems as key idea, and aims at removing ageing HCH and DDT which are historical residues. Taking the urban-rural conjunctive region of Hohhot as research regions with higher population and cultivation density, and land use function change, simulation and field experiments of plant self-remediation and food safety are carried out to study the processes and mechanism of phytoremediation in the soils contaminated by ageing pesticides. Based on the selection of functional plants, the interface migration of HCH and DDT in soil-plant system and the stress resistance of residual contaminant in plants are further discussed. The combined forms and the degradation regularity of ageing HCH and DDT in soils and in the surface or tissues of a living are characterized using the multi-level extraction technology. Further, the selected plants removal abilities for ageing HCH and DDT in situ soils were evaluated considering the difference between the potted and field experiments, which showed a new way on pesticides removal in-situ by phytoremediation. The main conclusions are as following:
1) It is different that the soils used in all potted and field experiments were contaminated by ageing HCH and DDT in this work. In terms of research ideas, the results and conclusions would be more consist with the field conditions compared with previous studies feeding HCH and DDT on soils.
2). Wheat and corn were selected as enriched plants according to the coefficient and capacity of bioaccumulation of the livings in the field with high residues of HCH and DDT. It maybe find a new way to phytoremediation for large scale soils polluted by ageing HCH and DDT, and develop the selection of plant species for phytoremediation.
3). It was found that the interaction between plants rhizosphe and microorganism played the key role in phytoremediation mechanisms, which were derived from remediation parameters measured by60days potted experiments on the basis of mass conservation principle. While the contributions of absorption and degradation were less than1%.
4). The migration and transformation of ageing HCH and DDT in soil-plant systems were quantified based on potted experiments. The results revealed the antioxidant activity of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes of wheat and corn can be inordinately activated to eliminate HCH and DDT toxicity; the selection absorptions of the two plants on HCH and DDT were impacted by the soil pollution levels and the roots absorption. The HCH concentration order in plants was root> leaf> stem, while DDT root> stem> leaf. The concentrations of HCH and DDT in stems and leaves showed an decreasing trend with plant height.
5). The reduction effects of plants were simulated in vigorous growing stage in the rhizosphere soils polluted by ageing HCH and DDT, and the mechanism of fractions transformation of ageing HCH and DDT in rhizosphere soils were characterized by sequential extraction technique. The results illustrated that the cultivation of plants(wheat and corn) accelerate the reduction of extractable OCPs in the rhizosphere soil, and these reductions were simulated with ageing HCH and DDT activation and total concentrations reduction. It was found that ageing HCH and DDT combined with humic and fulvic acid in rhizosphere soil can transform to extracted fractions in process, and the concentrations variations of hexane-extracted HCH and DDT can effectively characterize the bio-availability of HCH and DDT in wheat or corn.
6). Field experiments showed that the remediation effects on ageing OCPs were obvious after planting, and the bioremediation efficiency presented time accumulation process. Generally, the total extractable OCPs in the soils decreased22.6%and23.1%respectively after wheat and corn planting, and the hexane-extractable OCPs decreased32.7%for wheat planting and50.2%for corn planting, respectively. The accumulation of OCPs by wheat and corn experienced stages characterized a rapid increase and a stable absorption, and the remediation ability on soil pollutants are different in various growth stages. In order to improve the comprehensive remediation effects, the harvest periods of crops should be controlled reasonably.
本研究以土壤学、植物学、生物地球化学、污染生态学以及新兴植物修复的理论和方法为指导,以土壤-植物系统为主线,以历史残留的老化HCH、DDT污染物去除为目标,选择省会城市城乡结合部人口密度大、耕作密度大、人为扰动大、面临用地职能转换的农业污染土壤为修复对象,开展了作物自修复及安全影响相结合的老化农药污染土壤修复的过程及机理研究,并进行了田间修复实践。在功能植物材料筛选的基础上,深入探讨了农田土壤中老化HCH和DDT在土壤-植物系统中的跨界面迁移、转化过程以及作物应残留污染的抗性基础；通过多级提取技术表征了老化HCH和DDT在土壤、生物体表面和组织内的赋存形态及消减规律；通过室内盆栽和田间试验,评价了原位污染土壤中老化HCH和DDT的植物净化效能,以期为持久性有机污染农药去除的植物修复技术提供理论和实践依据。本研究取得如下主要认识和进展：
1.全部试验均基于自然老化HCH和DDT污染的土壤,在作物筛选、盆栽试验及作物对老化HCH和DDT污染土壤修复机理机制研究的基础上,开展了原位土壤的作物田间修复实践。与前人在人为新添加污染土壤基础上开展的实验室或小区域模拟试验相较,在立意和研究思路上更富新意,在研究成果的应用上更贴近自然实际。
2.以全株生物富集系数和污染物生物累积量作为考察指标,在HCH和DDT的高残留区筛选出富集能力和累积能力均较强的小麦和玉米两种农作物,扩大了田间持久性有机氯农药污染的植物修复选择范围,为实施老化HCH和DDT污染土壤的大面积农田植物修复提供了可能和新路径。
3.基于质量守恒原理获得了作物60天盆栽种植对土壤老化HCH和DDT的修复参数,揭示了小麦和玉米的种植修复作用主要源于作物与根际微生物相互促进的结果,而作物直接吸收累积和降解的贡献率不足1%。作物修复过程中物理因素和生物环节的不同贡献解析,为进一步研究老化HCH和DDT的作物修复机理提供了前提和基础。
4.采用梯度盆栽试验量化了土壤老化HCH和DDT跨作物系统界面的迁移、转化过程。结果表明,小麦和玉米均能不同程度激活SOD、POD、CAT酶的抗氧化活性以清除自身毒害；两种作物对HCH和DDT的吸收存在选择性并受土壤污染水平影响,而这种体内吸收过程主要依赖于根系吸收或吸着污染物的能力。梯度盆栽试验明确了老化HCH和DDT的作物抗性及其吸收、累积、分配和降解机制,为进一步开展田间应用研究指明了方向。
5.利用根际模拟实验研究了植物旺盛生长期内根际土壤老化HCH和DDT的消减效应,并通过多级提取技术表征了老化HCH和DDT在作物根际土壤的形态转化机制。发现作物种植过程加速了根际可提取态有机氯农药的消减过程,且这种消减以老化农药的形态转化和总量降低同时并存。根际土壤老化HCH和DDT的腐植酸结合态和胡敏素结合态可以过渡形式进一步向可提取态转化增溶；采用正己烷提取态的含量变化指标表征小麦和玉米对土壤HCH和DDT的提取效率,更能揭示植物修复的潜能。为持久老化HCH和DDT的环境行为和植物修复性评价提供了新的理论认识。
6.田间状态下原位污染土壤的作物修复实践表明,小麦和玉米种植对土壤老化有机氯农药污染的修复效果明显,作物对OCPs的提取修复效率具有时间累积效应。总体上,小麦和玉米种植使土壤中可提取态OCPs污染总量降低了22.6%和23.1%,正己烷提取态OCPs污染量降低了32.7%和50.2%。小麦和玉米对OCPs的累积均经历了快速增加和稳定吸收两个阶段,但不同生育阶段对土壤污染物的修复贡献不同,提高综合修复效能需与合理的生物采收期控制相结合。基于生育阶段的采收控制以及基于有效态的修复性评价结果为田间植物修复提供了实践依据。
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which are recognized internationally as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) containing chlorine atoms, have caused serious negative influence on agricultural production, agricultural products quality safety and human health. HCH and DDT residues in soils are prone to cause the process of aging or solidifying, which not only result in decreased bio-availability and extractability, but also has great and even irreversible impacts on environment. At present, how to remove HCH and DDT safely and effectively from aging soils to ensure agricultural activities safety and sustainable utilization of land resource, have become an important research focus in the soil and environmental sciences. Phytoremediation, a new technology developed recently for the remediation of soil contaminated by organic chemicals, is thought as one of the most prospective practical method due to its high efficiency, security and economy properties. For these reasons, there historical residues of aging HCH and DDT were selected as the research objects in this paper, the OCPs (DDT and HCH) removal mechanisms of the farmland plants in-situ restoration technologies, the uptake and conversion of OCPs in plants and the degradation behaviors of OCPs in the plant rhizosphere soil were studied, and these may be of important theoretical and practical significance for finding new functional plants which can remove organic compounds from soils, indicating the degradation regularity of aging organic pollutants in the soils, utilizing limited land resources rationally, and protecting human health or the environment.
On the basis of the theories and methods of Soil Science, Plant Science, Biogeochemistry, Pollution Ecology, and the new phytoremediation techniques, this work regards the transportation and transformation of HCH and DDT in soil-plant systems as key idea, and aims at removing ageing HCH and DDT which are historical residues. Taking the urban-rural conjunctive region of Hohhot as research regions with higher population and cultivation density, and land use function change, simulation and field experiments of plant self-remediation and food safety are carried out to study the processes and mechanism of phytoremediation in the soils contaminated by ageing pesticides. Based on the selection of functional plants, the interface migration of HCH and DDT in soil-plant system and the stress resistance of residual contaminant in plants are further discussed. The combined forms and the degradation regularity of ageing HCH and DDT in soils and in the surface or tissues of a living are characterized using the multi-level extraction technology. Further, the selected plants removal abilities for ageing HCH and DDT in situ soils were evaluated considering the difference between the potted and field experiments, which showed a new way on pesticides removal in-situ by phytoremediation. The main conclusions are as following:
1) It is different that the soils used in all potted and field experiments were contaminated by ageing HCH and DDT in this work. In terms of research ideas, the results and conclusions would be more consist with the field conditions compared with previous studies feeding HCH and DDT on soils.
2). Wheat and corn were selected as enriched plants according to the coefficient and capacity of bioaccumulation of the livings in the field with high residues of HCH and DDT. It maybe find a new way to phytoremediation for large scale soils polluted by ageing HCH and DDT, and develop the selection of plant species for phytoremediation.
3). It was found that the interaction between plants rhizosphe and microorganism played the key role in phytoremediation mechanisms, which were derived from remediation parameters measured by60days potted experiments on the basis of mass conservation principle. While the contributions of absorption and degradation were less than1%.
4). The migration and transformation of ageing HCH and DDT in soil-plant systems were quantified based on potted experiments. The results revealed the antioxidant activity of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes of wheat and corn can be inordinately activated to eliminate HCH and DDT toxicity; the selection absorptions of the two plants on HCH and DDT were impacted by the soil pollution levels and the roots absorption. The HCH concentration order in plants was root> leaf> stem, while DDT root> stem> leaf. The concentrations of HCH and DDT in stems and leaves showed an decreasing trend with plant height.
5). The reduction effects of plants were simulated in vigorous growing stage in the rhizosphere soils polluted by ageing HCH and DDT, and the mechanism of fractions transformation of ageing HCH and DDT in rhizosphere soils were characterized by sequential extraction technique. The results illustrated that the cultivation of plants(wheat and corn) accelerate the reduction of extractable OCPs in the rhizosphere soil, and these reductions were simulated with ageing HCH and DDT activation and total concentrations reduction. It was found that ageing HCH and DDT combined with humic and fulvic acid in rhizosphere soil can transform to extracted fractions in process, and the concentrations variations of hexane-extracted HCH and DDT can effectively characterize the bio-availability of HCH and DDT in wheat or corn.
6). Field experiments showed that the remediation effects on ageing OCPs were obvious after planting, and the bioremediation efficiency presented time accumulation process. Generally, the total extractable OCPs in the soils decreased22.6%and23.1%respectively after wheat and corn planting, and the hexane-extractable OCPs decreased32.7%for wheat planting and50.2%for corn planting, respectively. The accumulation of OCPs by wheat and corn experienced stages characterized a rapid increase and a stable absorption, and the remediation ability on soil pollutants are different in various growth stages. In order to improve the comprehensive remediation effects, the harvest periods of crops should be controlled reasonably.
引文
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