煤炭开采对植被—土壤物质量与碳汇的扰动与计量
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摘要
随着煤炭开采活动的不断深入，煤矿区与煤炭同位异构的各类地表环境因子不同程度地受到到扰动而发生改变。其中，植被和土壤作为地球的主要碳库和考量矿区生态状况的关键因子，对于维持矿区生态稳定，维持碳汇功能起着不可替代的作用，受开采扰动影响，矿区生态环境损失，碳汇功能发生变化。对矿区植被和土壤的物质量和碳汇变化进行准确地测度和计量，是制定环境治理措施、全面核算煤炭开采环境成本的必要环节。
本文以植被、土壤受扰动的理论—机制—时空特征—物质损害—碳汇变化—成本计量及生态补偿为主线，运用多学科理论和方法，数据分析与模型构建结合，空间信息技术与环境经济相结合，寻求揭示及评价煤矿区植被-土壤物质量与碳汇的扰动规律，测度其物质损害量及生态补偿量。主要研究内容及成果如下：
（1）煤炭开采对植被-土壤物质量与碳汇扰动与计量的理论和方法。结合生命周期、累积效应和生态矿区等煤矿区发展规律、理论及相关实例，归纳了煤矿区主要碳汇类型，探讨了时空累积性、时序滞后性、空间外延性、结果双向性等煤矿区植被、土壤受扰动的特征及成因和机理，提出了扰动计量的理论和方法，分析了扰动研究和计量研究间的辩证关系。
（2）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的时空效应，包括植被受扰动的时空变化特征和采煤沉陷对土壤侵蚀的影响机理。在对研究区土地利用演变分析的基础上，利用空间数据分析中的变差函数、分维数、空间自相关、高/低聚类分析、热点分析、异常值分析等方法研究植被时空演变格局，探讨其在全局性、局部性和空间方向上的特征，构建植被受扰动的演化图谱，讨论植被在空间上分布状态，对其驱动力进行详实分析。通过实验研究开采沉陷在全流域不同位置发生时引起的坡面汇流变化，分析其对坡长乃至土壤侵蚀的空间影响格局、作用机理和规律，为煤矿区土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。
（3）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的物质量变化计量，包括植被NDVI受煤炭开采扰动的时间序列分析和采煤沉陷对流域土壤侵蚀量计量。在对矿区多源多时相遥感数据融合的基础上，通过对比保护区、沉陷区和非沉陷区环境状况，构建工作面尺度上的长时期矿区植被受采煤作用的扰动量，推演出植被变化与煤炭开采的关系，提取自然因子和采矿扰动对植被NDVI的复合影响序列。结合开采沉陷学和数字地形分析、土壤侵蚀方程等相关学科的方法和技术，测度了流域尺度上采煤沉陷引起的地表土壤侵蚀方程中坡度、坡长、植被覆盖三大因子在空间上的改变量以及由此导致的矿区土壤侵蚀变化量，讨论了沉陷与侵蚀变化的正负关系，验证了采矿对土壤侵蚀影响的双向性和空间外延性。
（4）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的碳汇变化计量。以植被、土壤侵蚀扰动为基础，以地球碳循环原理为依据，探讨了煤矿区碳源/汇机制，分析了气候因子和煤炭开采扰动因子对植被影响的贡献率，进而讨论了煤炭开采扰动下植被对气候变化响应改变而造成的碳吸收量减少机制。在此基础上绘制了植被NDVI对气候变化的响应曲线，改进了CASA模型，测算了煤炭开采扰动导致的生物量和NPP损失量。通过实地取样，定量分析测算沉陷区土壤的有机碳汇变化，构建了植被-土壤系统受开采影响的有机碳变化模型，并据此测算了生态系统的碳汇变化量。
（5）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的价值量计量与生态补偿。基于环境经济学，通过实际价值评估、替代价值评估等方法将植被、土壤物质量及碳汇变化量统一到了经济（价值量）指标；结合煤炭企业开采营收，辅以问卷调查，通过条件价值法计量相应的生态补偿额度，并讨论了生态补偿的方式。
通过以上研究，明晰了有关煤矿区环境扰动的理论机制，构建了植被受扰动的时空格局，剖析了开采沉陷对主要土壤侵蚀因子的影响机理，测算了植被和土壤受扰动的物质量和碳汇变化，计量了环境价值量和生态补偿额度，初步建立了煤炭开采扰动下的植被-土壤碳汇变化计量方法。
With the deeply continuous mining activities, main surface carbon sink elementssuch as vegetation and soil are affected by mining. The accurate measure ofvegetation and soil disturbance is essential for evaluating environmental cost of coalmining.
In this paper, based on summarizing existing research results of coal mineenvironment problems, theory, mechanism, spatial-temporal characters, materialdamage, carbon budget changes, cost and ecological compensation of vegetation andsoil erosion disturbance were studied, theories and methods were used to reveal andevaluate the disturbance rules of environment in mining area. The main researchcontents and results are as follows:
(1) Theory exploration. Based on development regulation of coal mining areaand relevant examples, such as life circulation theory、cumulative effect theory andecological mining area theory, the main characters of environmental disturbance andmechanism such as spatial-temporal cumulative effect, time lag effect, spatialextensionality effect, double-edged effect and other main characteristics weresummarized. Theories and methodologies of measure of disturbance were put forward.The dialectical relations between disturbance research and measure research wereanalyzed.
(2) Spatio-temporal effect of disturbance of soil and vegetation affected by coalmining, which including spatio-temporal variation character of vegetation underinteraction of kinds of factors and spatial mechanism of soil erosion affected bymining subsidence. On the basis of land utilization evolution analysis of the researcharea, spatial data analysis tools that spatial variogram, fractal dimension, GlobalMoran's I, Getis-Ord General G, Getis-Ord Gi*and Anselin Local Moran I were usedto study the vegetation evolution pattern, its detailed driving force were analyzed.Changes of flow accumulation, slope length in watershed caused by miningsubsidence were calculated. Slope length changing characteristic aroused by miningsubsidence and its location were summarized and simulated to provide basis and thepractice exploration for erosion prevention in coal mining area.
(3) Measure of matter quantity changing of soil and vegetation affected by coalmining. This section was including construction of time series of vegetation NDVIaffected by coal mining and measure of soil erosion quantity changing affected bymining subsidence. Based on the fusion of multi-source and multi-temporal data, through comparison of environment condition between protection area, subsidencearea and non subsidence area, long period of vegetation changing quantity affected bymining under work surface scale were constructed to deduce the relationship betweenvegetation change and coal mining. Based on disciplines and technologies such asmining subsidence, digital terrain analysis and soil erosion equation, changes of thethree major factors slope, slope length, vegetation coverage as well as the soil erosionchanging amount were calculated. The positive and negative relations between miningsubsidence and changing of soil erosion were discussed, the results verified the spatialextensionality effect and double-edged effect of coal mining on soil erosion proposedin the theoretical exploration chapter.
(4) Measure of carbon sink changing of soil and vegetation affected by coalmining. Based on the carbon cycle and carbon source/sink theory，carbon source/sink mechanism in coal mining area was put forward, vegetation biomass and NPPloss in mining area were deeply studied and estimated. Calculation method of FPARin CASA model was improved, on this basis, single impact series on vegetation NDVIof coal mining was taken as data source to calculate the damaged vegetation biomassand NPP loss in the process. Organic carbon changing in soil was quantitativelyanalyzed and evaluated by soil sampleing. The measure methods of carbon sinkchange of vegetation-soil system caused by coal mining were discussed.
(5) Measure of environmental value and ecological compensation of soil andvegetation affected by coal mining. With the tools of environmental economics,quantity and quality of environment factor were transferred to economic price tomeasure the corresponding ecological compensation, the ecological compensationtypes were discussed.
Through the above researches, the theoretical mechanisms of environmentaldisturbance in coal mining area was clarified, mechanism on soil erosion factors ofmining subsidence was analyzed, carbon budget of the related environmental factorswas calculated, the environmental value and ecological compensation quota werecalculated, measure system and method of environmental externality caused by coalmining was initially established.
本文以植被、土壤受扰动的理论—机制—时空特征—物质损害—碳汇变化—成本计量及生态补偿为主线，运用多学科理论和方法，数据分析与模型构建结合，空间信息技术与环境经济相结合，寻求揭示及评价煤矿区植被-土壤物质量与碳汇的扰动规律，测度其物质损害量及生态补偿量。主要研究内容及成果如下：
（1）煤炭开采对植被-土壤物质量与碳汇扰动与计量的理论和方法。结合生命周期、累积效应和生态矿区等煤矿区发展规律、理论及相关实例，归纳了煤矿区主要碳汇类型，探讨了时空累积性、时序滞后性、空间外延性、结果双向性等煤矿区植被、土壤受扰动的特征及成因和机理，提出了扰动计量的理论和方法，分析了扰动研究和计量研究间的辩证关系。
（2）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的时空效应，包括植被受扰动的时空变化特征和采煤沉陷对土壤侵蚀的影响机理。在对研究区土地利用演变分析的基础上，利用空间数据分析中的变差函数、分维数、空间自相关、高/低聚类分析、热点分析、异常值分析等方法研究植被时空演变格局，探讨其在全局性、局部性和空间方向上的特征，构建植被受扰动的演化图谱，讨论植被在空间上分布状态，对其驱动力进行详实分析。通过实验研究开采沉陷在全流域不同位置发生时引起的坡面汇流变化，分析其对坡长乃至土壤侵蚀的空间影响格局、作用机理和规律，为煤矿区土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。
（3）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的物质量变化计量，包括植被NDVI受煤炭开采扰动的时间序列分析和采煤沉陷对流域土壤侵蚀量计量。在对矿区多源多时相遥感数据融合的基础上，通过对比保护区、沉陷区和非沉陷区环境状况，构建工作面尺度上的长时期矿区植被受采煤作用的扰动量，推演出植被变化与煤炭开采的关系，提取自然因子和采矿扰动对植被NDVI的复合影响序列。结合开采沉陷学和数字地形分析、土壤侵蚀方程等相关学科的方法和技术，测度了流域尺度上采煤沉陷引起的地表土壤侵蚀方程中坡度、坡长、植被覆盖三大因子在空间上的改变量以及由此导致的矿区土壤侵蚀变化量，讨论了沉陷与侵蚀变化的正负关系，验证了采矿对土壤侵蚀影响的双向性和空间外延性。
（4）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的碳汇变化计量。以植被、土壤侵蚀扰动为基础，以地球碳循环原理为依据，探讨了煤矿区碳源/汇机制，分析了气候因子和煤炭开采扰动因子对植被影响的贡献率，进而讨论了煤炭开采扰动下植被对气候变化响应改变而造成的碳吸收量减少机制。在此基础上绘制了植被NDVI对气候变化的响应曲线，改进了CASA模型，测算了煤炭开采扰动导致的生物量和NPP损失量。通过实地取样，定量分析测算沉陷区土壤的有机碳汇变化，构建了植被-土壤系统受开采影响的有机碳变化模型，并据此测算了生态系统的碳汇变化量。
（5）煤炭开采对植被-土壤扰动的价值量计量与生态补偿。基于环境经济学，通过实际价值评估、替代价值评估等方法将植被、土壤物质量及碳汇变化量统一到了经济（价值量）指标；结合煤炭企业开采营收，辅以问卷调查，通过条件价值法计量相应的生态补偿额度，并讨论了生态补偿的方式。
通过以上研究，明晰了有关煤矿区环境扰动的理论机制，构建了植被受扰动的时空格局，剖析了开采沉陷对主要土壤侵蚀因子的影响机理，测算了植被和土壤受扰动的物质量和碳汇变化，计量了环境价值量和生态补偿额度，初步建立了煤炭开采扰动下的植被-土壤碳汇变化计量方法。
With the deeply continuous mining activities, main surface carbon sink elementssuch as vegetation and soil are affected by mining. The accurate measure ofvegetation and soil disturbance is essential for evaluating environmental cost of coalmining.
In this paper, based on summarizing existing research results of coal mineenvironment problems, theory, mechanism, spatial-temporal characters, materialdamage, carbon budget changes, cost and ecological compensation of vegetation andsoil erosion disturbance were studied, theories and methods were used to reveal andevaluate the disturbance rules of environment in mining area. The main researchcontents and results are as follows:
(1) Theory exploration. Based on development regulation of coal mining areaand relevant examples, such as life circulation theory、cumulative effect theory andecological mining area theory, the main characters of environmental disturbance andmechanism such as spatial-temporal cumulative effect, time lag effect, spatialextensionality effect, double-edged effect and other main characteristics weresummarized. Theories and methodologies of measure of disturbance were put forward.The dialectical relations between disturbance research and measure research wereanalyzed.
(2) Spatio-temporal effect of disturbance of soil and vegetation affected by coalmining, which including spatio-temporal variation character of vegetation underinteraction of kinds of factors and spatial mechanism of soil erosion affected bymining subsidence. On the basis of land utilization evolution analysis of the researcharea, spatial data analysis tools that spatial variogram, fractal dimension, GlobalMoran's I, Getis-Ord General G, Getis-Ord Gi*and Anselin Local Moran I were usedto study the vegetation evolution pattern, its detailed driving force were analyzed.Changes of flow accumulation, slope length in watershed caused by miningsubsidence were calculated. Slope length changing characteristic aroused by miningsubsidence and its location were summarized and simulated to provide basis and thepractice exploration for erosion prevention in coal mining area.
(3) Measure of matter quantity changing of soil and vegetation affected by coalmining. This section was including construction of time series of vegetation NDVIaffected by coal mining and measure of soil erosion quantity changing affected bymining subsidence. Based on the fusion of multi-source and multi-temporal data, through comparison of environment condition between protection area, subsidencearea and non subsidence area, long period of vegetation changing quantity affected bymining under work surface scale were constructed to deduce the relationship betweenvegetation change and coal mining. Based on disciplines and technologies such asmining subsidence, digital terrain analysis and soil erosion equation, changes of thethree major factors slope, slope length, vegetation coverage as well as the soil erosionchanging amount were calculated. The positive and negative relations between miningsubsidence and changing of soil erosion were discussed, the results verified the spatialextensionality effect and double-edged effect of coal mining on soil erosion proposedin the theoretical exploration chapter.
(4) Measure of carbon sink changing of soil and vegetation affected by coalmining. Based on the carbon cycle and carbon source/sink theory，carbon source/sink mechanism in coal mining area was put forward, vegetation biomass and NPPloss in mining area were deeply studied and estimated. Calculation method of FPARin CASA model was improved, on this basis, single impact series on vegetation NDVIof coal mining was taken as data source to calculate the damaged vegetation biomassand NPP loss in the process. Organic carbon changing in soil was quantitativelyanalyzed and evaluated by soil sampleing. The measure methods of carbon sinkchange of vegetation-soil system caused by coal mining were discussed.
(5) Measure of environmental value and ecological compensation of soil andvegetation affected by coal mining. With the tools of environmental economics,quantity and quality of environment factor were transferred to economic price tomeasure the corresponding ecological compensation, the ecological compensationtypes were discussed.
Through the above researches, the theoretical mechanisms of environmentaldisturbance in coal mining area was clarified, mechanism on soil erosion factors ofmining subsidence was analyzed, carbon budget of the related environmental factorswas calculated, the environmental value and ecological compensation quota werecalculated, measure system and method of environmental externality caused by coalmining was initially established.
引文
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