摘要
爆破技术在水利、矿山、交通和城建等行业发挥越来越重要的作用,爆破诱发的爆破地震负面效应,特别是爆破地震对周围建(构)筑物和设施所造成的危害,越来越受到关注和重视。爆破地震对建筑物的影响问题,涉及爆炸力学、地震学、岩石动力学和结构动力学等多个学科领域,对爆破地震效应开展深入研究,具有非常重要的理论价值和现实工程意义。
本文从能量的角度出发,围绕爆破地震的能量分布特征、能量衰减规律、建筑物在爆破地震作用下的动力响应特性及爆破地震安全评价等问题,展开了比较深入的研究。
在分析爆破地震波特性和建筑物受震破坏机理的基础上,将爆破地震波产生、传播及对建筑物的影响看作一种能量传递和转化的过程,构建了以能量原理为基础的爆破地震效应研究模型。
从功率谱的物理意义出发,提出了基于功率谱的能量分析方法,利用该方法可以实现爆破振动频率构成的定量分析。将该方法与现在通用的小波变换能量分析方法作了比较,表明本文方法不仅操作简单,而且物理意义明确。利用信号处理中的窗函数,采用滑动平均法对爆破振动功率谱进行平滑化,实现了爆破振动频带范围和频带能量分布的直观显现。
基于大量实测数据,研究了不同爆源形式的爆破地震能量分布特征及其影响因素,对比分析了爆破地震和天然地震在能量特征方面的差别。研究结果表明,对于四类钻孔爆破(隧洞掘进爆破、地下洞室下层梯段爆破、露天浅孔爆破和露天中深孔爆破)诱发的地震,能量随频率分布比较分散,不同爆源形式的爆破地震能量分布特征存在差别,随着孔径、孔深的增大,爆破地震主振能量频带趋于集中,也更倾向低频方向。
研究了爆破地震的能量衰减特性。基于地震学相关理论,研究了爆破地震波的能量衰减规律,表明峰值能量随距离的衰减系数同振速衰减系数呈两倍关系,对于同一场次的爆破而言,爆破地震的总能量同峰值振速的平方近似成正比例。基于大量实测资料分析,研究了爆破地震能量衰减规律的影响因素,表明爆破介质夹制作用、孔径、孔深以及装药集中度的增大,都会使爆破地震初始能量值增大;地质、局部场地等非爆源因素对爆破地震能量衰减系数有显著的影响。
基于反应谱理论,研究了爆破地震的动力响应特性。采用直接积分法对爆破地震进行反应谱分析,针对反应谱计算中的加速度输入问题,利用小波消噪方法得到准确、清晰的加速度时程曲线。对不同类型钻孔爆破的地震反应谱分析结果表明:不同爆源形式的地震反应谱存在显著差别,随着孔径、孔深及测点与爆源相对距离的增大,爆破振动标准速度反应谱峰值对应的周期逐渐增大。
根据常见建筑物的自振特性,对比分析了建筑物在爆破地震与天然地震及不同类型爆破地震作用下的动力响应特性,发现建筑物的动力响应更多的取决于爆破地震本身的特征。利用结构动力学理论,结合典型工程实例,研究了建筑物对爆破地震中不同频率能量成分的响应特征,结果表明:建(构)筑物对于爆破振动中的不同频率能量成分存在明显的选择放大效应。
结合建筑物能量破坏机理,对已有爆破地震安全判据进行分析,构造了基于“等效峰值能量”(EPE)的爆破地震安全评价方法,认为采用以等效速度表示的EPE指标来衡量爆破地震的危害程度是可行的,它较振速-主频相关的安全判据更能全面反映爆破地震危害的本质,并且具有很强的可操作性。
Blasting techniques have been widely used in the projects of water resource, mining, transport and city construction, etc. The negative effect of blast-induced seismic, especially the hazard to the surrounding buildings induced by blasting vibration, has been bringing the people to general attention and important regard. The effect of blast-induced seismic on buildings is a complex problem, which relates to geophysics, explosion mechanics and structure dynamics, etc. Therefore, to do further study on the problem is of both high theoretical and practical importance.
Based on energy theory, a series of research have been done in the thesis, such as the characteristics of energy distribution and attenuation, the dynamic response of buildings induced by blasting vibration, and the safety assessment on blast-induced seismic, etc. The following achievements have been obtained:
Firstly, characteristics of blast-induced seismic and damage mechanism of buildings under blasting vibration are analyzed. Considering the birth, transmition, and effect of blast-induced seismic as a transfering and transformating process of the energy, a model for studying effect of blast-induced seismic is established based on energy theory.
An energy analysis method for blast-induced seismic based on power spectrum is put forward, after studying the physical meaning of power spectrum. Compared with the common analysis method based on wavelet transform, this method is not only simple in operation, but also quite clear in physical meaning. Based on moving average method, the power spectrum of blasting vibration is smoothed by the use of the window function, in order that the frequency band range and energy attribution of blasting vibration can be displayed intuitively.
Based on a large number of measuring data, the energy distribution characteristics of seismic induced by different forms of blasting resource are studied. And difference of energy characteristic between blast-induced seismic and earthquake is compared and analyzed. The results show that the seismic induced by different types of drilling-and-blasting vary in energy distribution characteristics. As diameter and depth of the blasting hole increases, the frequency band of energy distribution becomes more focus and has the trend of moving to the lower frequency.
Based on seismology theory, energy attenuation law of blast-induced seismic wave is studied. It turns out that the attenuation coefficient for the peak energy is of twice that for the peak particle velocity(PPV). During a same blasting, the total energy of blast-induced seismic is of direct proportion with square of the peak particle velocity. According to a great deal of measured data, some influence factors on attenuation law for the energy are analyzed. It shows that as limitative effect of free-face, hole-diameter, hole-depth and charging density increase, the initial energy value of blast-induced seismic will become greater. And such non-blasting factors as the characteristics of the rock mass and the condition of topography have notable influence on the energy attenuation coefficient.
The response spectrum theory that is usually applied in earthquake engineering is employed to study the dynamic response characteristic of blast-induced seismic Based on the response spectrum theory of system with single degree of freedom, the response spectrum is calculated by using piecewise linear interpolation. Vibration acceleration is used as the loading parameter in response spectrum calculating, but blasting vibration velocity is the monitoring physical quantity in blasting engineering. To solve the problem, a method of de-noising by wavelet transform to obtain the accurate and clear acceleration curve from measured blasting vibration velocity data is proposed. Response spectrum analysis of blasting vibration induced by different types of drilling-and-blasting is performed with a vast amount of monitoring data. The result shows that response characteristics of vibration induced by different kinds of blasting have marked difference. Compared with the underground blasting, the response spectrum curve of the ground blasting vibration has peak points that are located in lower frequency. As the enlargement of diameter, depth of blasting holes and distance away from the explosion source, the probability of selective magnification in the structural response on blasting vibration will increase.
According to free vibration frequency of common buildings, the dynamic response characteristics of buildings under the effect of different types of blast-induced seismic are analyzed. It shows that the dynamic response characteristics of buildings rely largely to the features of blasting vibration. Based on structure dynamic theory, the response characteristics of buildings to the different energy components of blast-induced seismic are studied with typical engineering example. The result shows that the amplification effect of the buildings to energy content with different frequency is obviously selective.
Combining the energy damage mechanism, the different safety criterions for blast-induced seismic are analyzed. On the basis of“Equivalent Peak Energy”(EPE), a method of safety assessment on blast-induced seismic is proposed. The study suggests that it is feasible for the equivalent velocity of EPE to evaluate the damage induced by blasting vibration. The criterion based on EPE reflects the essence of blasting vibration damage more comprehensively than the safety criterion considering the effect of frequency. And it can be realized easily.
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