全球变化下松辽平原生态环境变迁研究
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摘要
松辽平原是我国最大的平原,近年来,在全球变化和区域人类活动的双重影响下,土地沙质荒漠化、盐碱化、黑土水蚀荒漠化和湿地萎缩等生态环境问题凸现,成为制约区域经济和社会发展的瓶颈。
本研究依托全球变化的研究背景,适应国家建设发展规划需要,以地球系统科学、全球变化学、生态学、地理学、可持续发展学等理论为思想基础,立足MSS、TM、ETM、CBERS-2遥感数据、中国气象中心气象监测数据和研究区相关自然、经济、社会资料等多源数据,以GIS、RS及多种数理统计方法为技术支撑,首次从集成多时空尺度、多生态环境因子对全球变化下松辽平原生态环境的变迁规律进行深入研究,厘清全球变化下松辽平原近30～50年来环境变迁趋势及其与全球变化的响应关系,探讨松辽平原生态环境“病症”因子的变迁机理;以松辽平原的区域脆弱性、恢复性、风险性和适应性为切入点,建立PS_2R_A_D区域适应能力集成评价模型,对松辽平原28个地市级行政单元进行区域适应能力集成评价和诊断分析,以期为区域经济、社会可持续发展和生态环境恢复,提供科学、可操作的决策依据。
Global changes refer to the non-natural changes caused by human beings on the earth in recent centuries. The non-natural changes include global warming, destruction of ozonosphere, reduction of biodiversity, reduction of forest area, land desertification, freshwater resources crisis, marine resources failure, acid rain and etc. which puzzle the human society and threat the global residential environment. Analyzing global changes from the regional view, they are the accumulation of regional effect. With the rapid development and extensive application of information network technology, biotechnology and space technology, the influence of human activity is wider and deeper. Meanwhile, the evolution of regional geographical process is no longer the region’s inner process, but is one part in response of global changes. It has close connection with the evolution of global man-land system. Everyone’s consumption behavior associates with region, and then region associates with globe. Analyzing region from the global changes view, global changes are not the same in different area on the earth, but the synthetic and concentrated reflection of various space-time change. Every area has its unique changes responding to global changes. Globe is a special case for regional research.
There are three reasons for choosing ecological environment evolution in Song-liao plain as breakthrough point in regional response to global changes research.
Firstly, the ecology is fragile, the response is sensitive. Song-liao plain is located in the first macroscopic ecological fragile zone. This ecological fragile zone has colligated three fragile zones in Northern China. They are the interlaced area of agriculture and pasture which is easy to be eroded and desertification, the low-lying flat ground which is easy to be salinization and water logging, and the warm-dry low mountains and hills which are easy to be eroded and degenerate. Song-liao plain’s typical frangibility determines its sensitive response to global changes.
Secondly, the scale is suitable. Song-liao plain is the largest plain in our country, the total area is about 0.35 million square kilometers. Its scale belongs to large or middle degree. Its space-time scale accords with the study on the regional ecological environment evolution and response under the global changes.
Finally, it is needed owing to the national policy. Song-liao plain is responsible for our country’s food security. However, recently, environmental problems (for example, land sandy desertification, salt quality desertification, black soil loss and wetland shrinkage, etc.) puzzle the sustainable development of Song-liao plain and pose a threat to food security. The plan of revitalizing the old industrial base of the northeast is approved. Song-liao plain accumulates the flagship cities in Northeast economic zone. It is the major vector of the“four places and one region”. Whether man-land relationship harmonious or not determines the implementation of national strategy. Therefore, it is the urgent affairs that analyzing the ecological environment evolution principle in Song-liao plain, finding the regional development’s restriction factors and solving the problems purposefully.
The research purpose can be carried out by three problems. The first problem need to be solved is“what is it”. The method is taking the global changes as background, realizing the history of ecological environment evolution and studying the evolution factors’principle in nearly 30 to 50 years.
The second problem need to be solved is“why is it”. The method is studying the regional response relationship between ecological environment evolution and global changes.
On this basis, the final problem need to be solved is“how to do it”. The method is taking the vulnerability, restoring ability, risk and adaptability of ecological environment as breakthrough points, synthetically evaluating the regional adaptability of Song-liao plain under the global changes, analyzing the leading driving factors of regional adaptability and putting forward some suggestions on adapting to global changes and keeping sustainable development in Song-liao plain.
In this paper, the ecological environment evolution is studied on, regional vulnerability, restoring ability, risk and adaptability are regarded as breakthrough points, and regional adaptability in Song-liao plain is analyzed synthetically. All of above have important theoretical and practical significance. The research on ecological environment evolution in Song-liao plain is taken the global changes for background, adapting to the planning of national construction development is considered as precondition, and the sustainable development and system science theory are regarded as guiding ideology. The basic theory and method include earth system science, global changes science, geography, landscape ecology, mathematical statistics, and social economy statistics. The characteristics synthetically analyze regional ecological environment evolution and adaptability of region adapting to global changes under the global changes. The technical support for the research is GIS and RS. There are kinds of data taken as main information source, such as MSS, TM, ETM, CBERS-2 remote sensing images, meteorological monitoring data from CMA (China Meteorological Administration), and natural, economic, social materials in study area.
1. Theory significance. Firstly, in our country, the study on ecological environment evolution under the global changes from the large landform unit is only attempted in Tibetan plateau, northwest arid area, and Loess plateau. Song-liao plain is located in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climate transition zone in north. The ecological landscape belongs to farming-pastoral zone. This area owns the special landscape pattern with black soil, sandy land and saline land coexisted. Secondly, based on the studying the global changes and its related theories, combined with the actual situation in Song-liao plain, the ecological environment comprehensive analysis model PS_2R_A_D model is set up.
2. Practical significance. Song-liao plain is located in semi-humid and semi-arid area in north. It belongs to the first-class ecological environment fragile zone. Although the development history is less than 200 years, owing to the new tectonics movements’control and global changes’effect, especially, with the rapid development of social economy, the environment problems, such as unreasonable resources development and utilization, river change, lake shrinkage, soil erosion, land desertification and salinization, protrude remarkably. The problems seriously restrict the ecological balance, social progress and sustainable development. The study on ecological environment evolution and region response under the global changes has application value. The research comprehensively and systematically analyzes the characteristic of regional ecological environment in order to explore the quality of ecological geological environment spatial distribution principle. The study on the ecological environment dynamic change driving factors in recent 30 years and the integrated analysis of regional vulnerability, restoring ability, risk and adaptability are the first-hand data. All of above can provide the decision references for revitalizing the old industrial base of the northeast, managing the natural resources, and adjusting the human’s resources using behavior.
There are five research characteristics in this paper.
1. Typicality. Song-liao plain is an independent geology unit which has the characteristics of many environment problems, farming-pastoral zone and fragile ecological environment. It is typical that the regional response to global changes are studied on
2. Theoretical forefront. This paper has empirical study on the forward theory of regional research on global changes in order to extend the global changes research. That is based on the spirit of the IHDP sixth open meeting in 2006 and finding the breakthrough of research area and advanced thoughts.
3. Uniqueness. The model construction and the selection of indexes system are based on the region research theory, taken advanced theories for purport. Considering the characteristics of Song-liao plain, the breakthrough point has characteristic.
4. Integration. From the view of spatial scope, the research area is 0.42 million square kilometers. From the view of the time series, the period of environment problems research is from quaternary, recent 30 years to future. From the view of research contents, ecological fragility, risk, recovery, adaptability and stress are integrated from many angles. The method integrated multi-theory large scope, multi-period and stereo multi-dimension make beneficial exploration.
5. Benefit. In this paper, the ecological environment evolution principle in Song-liao plain is analyzed and regional adaptability under global changes is discussed. The study provides scientific and operability decision references for sustainable development and rejuvenating the northeast.
The following is the main research results in this paper.
1. The environment evolution in Song-liao plain. Recent 50 years, the average temperature has shown an increasing tendency, the increasing range of extreme minimum temperature and average minimum were large, winter had the largest increasing range during the four seasons. Annual precipitation has shown a decreasing tendency. The coefficient of variation was increasing and the precipitation variation turned out to be unbalance distribution. The variation’s total tendency was increasing from east, north to west, south. Recent 30 years, the desertification area has experienced steps which were rapid increasing, slow reducing and accelerated aging. The rapid developing period was from 1975 to 1990, slow reducing period was from 1990 to 2000, accelerated aging period was from 2000 to 2006.
From 1990 to 2006, the black soil area reduced continuously, but the reduction speed was showing a decreased tendency, the area of gully and building site was sustainable increasing. It is found that the black soil reduced strongest in the area whose slope is 1 to 5 degree.
From 1983 to 2003, NDVI slope was negative, and the NDVI was showing a reducing tendency.
From 1990 to 2000, wetland area reduced, from 2000 to 2006 the phenomenon of wetland area lessening reversed.
From 1990 to 2006, as far as patch type’s level landscape pattern changes are concerned, the ecological landscape pattern trended to be well, however, natural wetland largest patch index was reducing, landscape was dispersed, and the environment which the biodiversity relied on was breaking. Although the area of sandy and salt desertification was reducing, the heavy sandy and salt desertification was showing a concentrated spread tendency.
2. The relationship between environment evolution and global changes in Song-liao plain and the other convergence response relationship between climate change and global changes. Climate change degree was three times than global change, and 1.65 times than that in northern hemisphere. There were significant relationship between NDVI, wetland change and climate change. Recent years, the climate was showing a warm-dry tendency. The change of NDVI and wetland turned out to be linear and nonlinear relationship.
3. The research shows that there has linear relationship between ecological positive factors (NDVI, wetland) and climate change (global change), and significance linear relationship between ecological environment negative factors and climate change (global change), but the nonlinear correlation and indirect relation. Ecological environment negative factors closely linked with human being activity. Negative factors turned out to be well owing to the human’s positive effect and vice versa.
In a word, quaternary geology and landform are the great background, the material composition and new tectonic framework are the inherent characteristics of ecological environment in Song-liao plain. What mentioned above decide the quality of ecological environment, but its variety, compared with variety of ecological environment in 30 to 50 years, is very minimal. However, the human activity is the main driving force of ecological environment change in this time scale.
4. According to the evaluation of regional adaptability under the global changes in Song-liao plain, the adaptabilities in Shenyang City and Harbin City are the strongest. Meanwhile, the adaptabilities in Songyuan City, Baicheng City, Panjin City and Tongliao City which called risk response regions are the weakest.
5. According to analyze the driving force factors, the major ecological environment regional adaptability driving force factor is the effect of nature, and the environment adaptability of human being also plays important role.
There are five innovative points in this paper.
1. In the past, province, autonomous region or small area was taken as research unit. The data source and research method were independent. Studying on the whole area in Song-liao plain was rare. It is very novel that the ecological environment evolution principle of the whole Song-liao plain is studied on, according to intimate connection between ecology and economy in three northeastern provinces and four cities of eastern Inner Mongolia, under the global changes background.
2. Global changes are embodied by regional response, regional adaptability is the measurement of human beings’positive coping with the global changes. In this paper, sustainable development and region theory are taken for guidance, the spirit of the IHDP sixth open meeting in 2006 is regarded as theory basis, previous ecological environment evaluation framework and indexes combination are taken as reference, the PS_2R_A_D regional adaptability model which is suitable for the characteristic of Song-liao plain is set up.
3. The concept of farming-grazing production per unit area is proposed. The characteristics of farming-pastoral zone are supporting grazing with agriculture, promoting agriculture with animal and the interdependence in grazing and agriculture. Traditional grassland and theoretical grazing capacity etc. don’t conform to the actual situation of environment stress which is caused by animal husbandry. Aiming at the actual situation in Song-liao plain, taking previous relevant research as reference, arming-grazing production per unit area which can measure the degree of farming-grazing threat in farming-pastoral zone is proposed.
4. According to the actual situation in Song-liao plain, the theory and method of ecological environment restoring ability are enriched, the calculation formula of ecological carrying capacity is modified.
5. The concept of quaternary geology vulnerability index is proposed with integrating quaternary geology and modern ecological environment study. In the process of studying ecological environment threat, the congenital, acquired, natural and humanistic factors are embodied objectively. The study on ecological environment vulnerability is expanded in time and space dimensions.
本研究依托全球变化的研究背景,适应国家建设发展规划需要,以地球系统科学、全球变化学、生态学、地理学、可持续发展学等理论为思想基础,立足MSS、TM、ETM、CBERS-2遥感数据、中国气象中心气象监测数据和研究区相关自然、经济、社会资料等多源数据,以GIS、RS及多种数理统计方法为技术支撑,首次从集成多时空尺度、多生态环境因子对全球变化下松辽平原生态环境的变迁规律进行深入研究,厘清全球变化下松辽平原近30～50年来环境变迁趋势及其与全球变化的响应关系,探讨松辽平原生态环境“病症”因子的变迁机理;以松辽平原的区域脆弱性、恢复性、风险性和适应性为切入点,建立PS_2R_A_D区域适应能力集成评价模型,对松辽平原28个地市级行政单元进行区域适应能力集成评价和诊断分析,以期为区域经济、社会可持续发展和生态环境恢复,提供科学、可操作的决策依据。
Global changes refer to the non-natural changes caused by human beings on the earth in recent centuries. The non-natural changes include global warming, destruction of ozonosphere, reduction of biodiversity, reduction of forest area, land desertification, freshwater resources crisis, marine resources failure, acid rain and etc. which puzzle the human society and threat the global residential environment. Analyzing global changes from the regional view, they are the accumulation of regional effect. With the rapid development and extensive application of information network technology, biotechnology and space technology, the influence of human activity is wider and deeper. Meanwhile, the evolution of regional geographical process is no longer the region’s inner process, but is one part in response of global changes. It has close connection with the evolution of global man-land system. Everyone’s consumption behavior associates with region, and then region associates with globe. Analyzing region from the global changes view, global changes are not the same in different area on the earth, but the synthetic and concentrated reflection of various space-time change. Every area has its unique changes responding to global changes. Globe is a special case for regional research.
There are three reasons for choosing ecological environment evolution in Song-liao plain as breakthrough point in regional response to global changes research.
Firstly, the ecology is fragile, the response is sensitive. Song-liao plain is located in the first macroscopic ecological fragile zone. This ecological fragile zone has colligated three fragile zones in Northern China. They are the interlaced area of agriculture and pasture which is easy to be eroded and desertification, the low-lying flat ground which is easy to be salinization and water logging, and the warm-dry low mountains and hills which are easy to be eroded and degenerate. Song-liao plain’s typical frangibility determines its sensitive response to global changes.
Secondly, the scale is suitable. Song-liao plain is the largest plain in our country, the total area is about 0.35 million square kilometers. Its scale belongs to large or middle degree. Its space-time scale accords with the study on the regional ecological environment evolution and response under the global changes.
Finally, it is needed owing to the national policy. Song-liao plain is responsible for our country’s food security. However, recently, environmental problems (for example, land sandy desertification, salt quality desertification, black soil loss and wetland shrinkage, etc.) puzzle the sustainable development of Song-liao plain and pose a threat to food security. The plan of revitalizing the old industrial base of the northeast is approved. Song-liao plain accumulates the flagship cities in Northeast economic zone. It is the major vector of the“four places and one region”. Whether man-land relationship harmonious or not determines the implementation of national strategy. Therefore, it is the urgent affairs that analyzing the ecological environment evolution principle in Song-liao plain, finding the regional development’s restriction factors and solving the problems purposefully.
The research purpose can be carried out by three problems. The first problem need to be solved is“what is it”. The method is taking the global changes as background, realizing the history of ecological environment evolution and studying the evolution factors’principle in nearly 30 to 50 years.
The second problem need to be solved is“why is it”. The method is studying the regional response relationship between ecological environment evolution and global changes.
On this basis, the final problem need to be solved is“how to do it”. The method is taking the vulnerability, restoring ability, risk and adaptability of ecological environment as breakthrough points, synthetically evaluating the regional adaptability of Song-liao plain under the global changes, analyzing the leading driving factors of regional adaptability and putting forward some suggestions on adapting to global changes and keeping sustainable development in Song-liao plain.
In this paper, the ecological environment evolution is studied on, regional vulnerability, restoring ability, risk and adaptability are regarded as breakthrough points, and regional adaptability in Song-liao plain is analyzed synthetically. All of above have important theoretical and practical significance. The research on ecological environment evolution in Song-liao plain is taken the global changes for background, adapting to the planning of national construction development is considered as precondition, and the sustainable development and system science theory are regarded as guiding ideology. The basic theory and method include earth system science, global changes science, geography, landscape ecology, mathematical statistics, and social economy statistics. The characteristics synthetically analyze regional ecological environment evolution and adaptability of region adapting to global changes under the global changes. The technical support for the research is GIS and RS. There are kinds of data taken as main information source, such as MSS, TM, ETM, CBERS-2 remote sensing images, meteorological monitoring data from CMA (China Meteorological Administration), and natural, economic, social materials in study area.
1. Theory significance. Firstly, in our country, the study on ecological environment evolution under the global changes from the large landform unit is only attempted in Tibetan plateau, northwest arid area, and Loess plateau. Song-liao plain is located in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climate transition zone in north. The ecological landscape belongs to farming-pastoral zone. This area owns the special landscape pattern with black soil, sandy land and saline land coexisted. Secondly, based on the studying the global changes and its related theories, combined with the actual situation in Song-liao plain, the ecological environment comprehensive analysis model PS_2R_A_D model is set up.
2. Practical significance. Song-liao plain is located in semi-humid and semi-arid area in north. It belongs to the first-class ecological environment fragile zone. Although the development history is less than 200 years, owing to the new tectonics movements’control and global changes’effect, especially, with the rapid development of social economy, the environment problems, such as unreasonable resources development and utilization, river change, lake shrinkage, soil erosion, land desertification and salinization, protrude remarkably. The problems seriously restrict the ecological balance, social progress and sustainable development. The study on ecological environment evolution and region response under the global changes has application value. The research comprehensively and systematically analyzes the characteristic of regional ecological environment in order to explore the quality of ecological geological environment spatial distribution principle. The study on the ecological environment dynamic change driving factors in recent 30 years and the integrated analysis of regional vulnerability, restoring ability, risk and adaptability are the first-hand data. All of above can provide the decision references for revitalizing the old industrial base of the northeast, managing the natural resources, and adjusting the human’s resources using behavior.
There are five research characteristics in this paper.
1. Typicality. Song-liao plain is an independent geology unit which has the characteristics of many environment problems, farming-pastoral zone and fragile ecological environment. It is typical that the regional response to global changes are studied on
2. Theoretical forefront. This paper has empirical study on the forward theory of regional research on global changes in order to extend the global changes research. That is based on the spirit of the IHDP sixth open meeting in 2006 and finding the breakthrough of research area and advanced thoughts.
3. Uniqueness. The model construction and the selection of indexes system are based on the region research theory, taken advanced theories for purport. Considering the characteristics of Song-liao plain, the breakthrough point has characteristic.
4. Integration. From the view of spatial scope, the research area is 0.42 million square kilometers. From the view of the time series, the period of environment problems research is from quaternary, recent 30 years to future. From the view of research contents, ecological fragility, risk, recovery, adaptability and stress are integrated from many angles. The method integrated multi-theory large scope, multi-period and stereo multi-dimension make beneficial exploration.
5. Benefit. In this paper, the ecological environment evolution principle in Song-liao plain is analyzed and regional adaptability under global changes is discussed. The study provides scientific and operability decision references for sustainable development and rejuvenating the northeast.
The following is the main research results in this paper.
1. The environment evolution in Song-liao plain. Recent 50 years, the average temperature has shown an increasing tendency, the increasing range of extreme minimum temperature and average minimum were large, winter had the largest increasing range during the four seasons. Annual precipitation has shown a decreasing tendency. The coefficient of variation was increasing and the precipitation variation turned out to be unbalance distribution. The variation’s total tendency was increasing from east, north to west, south. Recent 30 years, the desertification area has experienced steps which were rapid increasing, slow reducing and accelerated aging. The rapid developing period was from 1975 to 1990, slow reducing period was from 1990 to 2000, accelerated aging period was from 2000 to 2006.
From 1990 to 2006, the black soil area reduced continuously, but the reduction speed was showing a decreased tendency, the area of gully and building site was sustainable increasing. It is found that the black soil reduced strongest in the area whose slope is 1 to 5 degree.
From 1983 to 2003, NDVI slope was negative, and the NDVI was showing a reducing tendency.
From 1990 to 2000, wetland area reduced, from 2000 to 2006 the phenomenon of wetland area lessening reversed.
From 1990 to 2006, as far as patch type’s level landscape pattern changes are concerned, the ecological landscape pattern trended to be well, however, natural wetland largest patch index was reducing, landscape was dispersed, and the environment which the biodiversity relied on was breaking. Although the area of sandy and salt desertification was reducing, the heavy sandy and salt desertification was showing a concentrated spread tendency.
2. The relationship between environment evolution and global changes in Song-liao plain and the other convergence response relationship between climate change and global changes. Climate change degree was three times than global change, and 1.65 times than that in northern hemisphere. There were significant relationship between NDVI, wetland change and climate change. Recent years, the climate was showing a warm-dry tendency. The change of NDVI and wetland turned out to be linear and nonlinear relationship.
3. The research shows that there has linear relationship between ecological positive factors (NDVI, wetland) and climate change (global change), and significance linear relationship between ecological environment negative factors and climate change (global change), but the nonlinear correlation and indirect relation. Ecological environment negative factors closely linked with human being activity. Negative factors turned out to be well owing to the human’s positive effect and vice versa.
In a word, quaternary geology and landform are the great background, the material composition and new tectonic framework are the inherent characteristics of ecological environment in Song-liao plain. What mentioned above decide the quality of ecological environment, but its variety, compared with variety of ecological environment in 30 to 50 years, is very minimal. However, the human activity is the main driving force of ecological environment change in this time scale.
4. According to the evaluation of regional adaptability under the global changes in Song-liao plain, the adaptabilities in Shenyang City and Harbin City are the strongest. Meanwhile, the adaptabilities in Songyuan City, Baicheng City, Panjin City and Tongliao City which called risk response regions are the weakest.
5. According to analyze the driving force factors, the major ecological environment regional adaptability driving force factor is the effect of nature, and the environment adaptability of human being also plays important role.
There are five innovative points in this paper.
1. In the past, province, autonomous region or small area was taken as research unit. The data source and research method were independent. Studying on the whole area in Song-liao plain was rare. It is very novel that the ecological environment evolution principle of the whole Song-liao plain is studied on, according to intimate connection between ecology and economy in three northeastern provinces and four cities of eastern Inner Mongolia, under the global changes background.
2. Global changes are embodied by regional response, regional adaptability is the measurement of human beings’positive coping with the global changes. In this paper, sustainable development and region theory are taken for guidance, the spirit of the IHDP sixth open meeting in 2006 is regarded as theory basis, previous ecological environment evaluation framework and indexes combination are taken as reference, the PS_2R_A_D regional adaptability model which is suitable for the characteristic of Song-liao plain is set up.
3. The concept of farming-grazing production per unit area is proposed. The characteristics of farming-pastoral zone are supporting grazing with agriculture, promoting agriculture with animal and the interdependence in grazing and agriculture. Traditional grassland and theoretical grazing capacity etc. don’t conform to the actual situation of environment stress which is caused by animal husbandry. Aiming at the actual situation in Song-liao plain, taking previous relevant research as reference, arming-grazing production per unit area which can measure the degree of farming-grazing threat in farming-pastoral zone is proposed.
4. According to the actual situation in Song-liao plain, the theory and method of ecological environment restoring ability are enriched, the calculation formula of ecological carrying capacity is modified.
5. The concept of quaternary geology vulnerability index is proposed with integrating quaternary geology and modern ecological environment study. In the process of studying ecological environment threat, the congenital, acquired, natural and humanistic factors are embodied objectively. The study on ecological environment vulnerability is expanded in time and space dimensions.
引文
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