摘要
随着世界粮食安全问题的日益突出，超高产研究越来越引起国内外的高度重视。我国超级稻育种在世界上处于领先地位，目前已育成一批在生产上推广应用的超级稻品种(组合)。这些品种在小面积试验或特定气候条件下产量可达到12～17 t·hm~(-2)，展示了超级稻品种的巨大增产潜力。但是，大多数超级稻品种的高产记录重演性差，在地区间或年度间产量表现出严重的不稳定性；小面积试验示范产量与农民田里实际产量存在较大差异。本研究选用超级杂交稻品种，研究栽培管理因素、气候因素对超级稻生长和产量的影响，得到的主要结果如下：
1、超级杂交稻干物质生产特点与产量稳定性
为探明超级杂交稻在不同种植地点和不同施肥量条件下的产量表现及干物质生产特点。于2004～2005年在湖南省桂东、长沙、衡阳、南县和永州5个地点进行大田试验，按照N：P_2O_5：K_2O为1：0．5：1的比例，设置3种施肥量处理(135、180、225 kgN·hm~(-2))，田间采用随机区组排列，4次重复，以超级杂交稻组合准两优527和两优293为试验材料。结果表明，超级杂交稻收获产量以桂东点产量最高，地点间差异显著，其中准两优527平均为7 492．3～12 209．2 kg·hm~(-2)，两优293为6 984．0～11 679．5kg·hm~(-2)。产量构成因子和干物质生产量的地点间变化与收获产量一致，但在同一地点的不同施肥量处理间收获产量和干物质生产量差异均不显著。收获产量与单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重表现为正相关，而与每穗粒数表现为负相关。超级杂交稻存在适宜的种植区域，且在施肥量为135～225 kg N·hm~(-2)的范围内，施肥量不是超高产栽培的限制因子。超级杂交稻的库容量大，提高结实率和粒重是实现超级杂交稻产量潜力的重要途径。
2、不同产量水平下的超级杂交稻群体特征及通径分析
为了解超级杂交稻产量形成的主要限制因子及影响方式。通过分析种植在湖南省5个生态区的超级稻主要产量性状与产量之间的多元相关性、回归关系及通径关系，估测了超级稻8个主要产量性状对产量影响的相对重要性。结果表明，超级稻在不同地方种植，其产量和产量构成因子均表现出很大的变化差异，有效穗数，每穗粒数、颖花量对产量的影响最大。研究结果启示我们在超级稻的实际栽培管理中，应尽量协调各因子间，特别是有效穗数和每穗粒数之间的矛盾，使其实现超高产潜力。
3、基于ORYZA2000模型的超级稻生长模拟及生态适应性
为了模拟超级杂交稻的生长进程和产量形成规律，以及验证超级稻在不同地方种植的产量差异。利用湖南省5个试验点的2年超级稻准两优527的田间试验数据资料，依2005年试验结果对水稻生长模拟模型ORYZA2000模拟超级稻生长进行参数校正和验证，获得了超级稻的基本作物参数，包括超级稻不同生育阶段的发育速度、生物量累积速度、比叶面积和干物质分配系数等。利用2004年的数据对模型进行检验分析，图解和回归分析结果显示ORYZA2000模拟超级稻生物量、叶面积、产量的模拟值与观测值基本呈线性关系，模拟效果良好，茎生物量、叶生物量、穗生物量、总生物量、叶面积和产量的相对均方根误差NRMSE分别为35％、47％、44％、32％、51％和24％。应用校正和验证的结果，初步得出了湖南省内5个地区超级的产量潜力，丰富了超级杂交稻模拟和产量潜力的理论和实践，对超级稻的发展及栽培管理有一定的参考价值。
4、光温因子对超级杂交稻生长及产量的影响
为了解各种光温因子对超级杂交稻生长及产量的影响。利用湖南省内多个试验点多年的超级稻大田小区试验数据，应用典型相关分析了光温因子与超级稻生物积累量、产量构成因素及产量的典型相关性。分析结果表明，不同生育时期内的光温因子与超级稻产量构成因子、生物积累量、及产量的组间均有着显著的典型相关性，尤其是与产量构成因子间的第一、第二、第三和第四典型相关系数均达到极显著水平。光温因子主要通过单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数和单位面积颖花量的作用而影响超级稻产量；不同生育期对超级稻起主导作用的光温因子不同，全生育期内的光温因子以日均低温对超级稻的影响最大，其次是日均高温，再次是累积日温差。
5、不同栽培方式对超级杂交稻产量形成的影响
超级杂交稻的优化(稀植、乳苗移栽、结构施肥)栽培试验于2002-2004年在长沙进行，以比较不同栽培方法对超级杂交稻产量及物质生产的影响。以两优培九为材料，并以汕优63作为对照。结果表明，两种栽培法，两个供试品种的产量表现不同，其中两优培九采用优化栽培产量为8．20-10．37 t·hm~(-2)，比传统栽培增产显著。主要表现为有效穗多，而结实率、千粒重、穗实粒数等产量因子差异不明显。汕优63采用优化栽培产量比传统栽培减产0．37％-8．8％。两种栽培方法间的茎蘖发生动态和单株分蘖数存在极显著差异，两品种单株分蘖数优化栽培比传统栽培分别多110．36％和110．64％，但由于移栽密度不同，两种栽培方式间的单位土地面积分蘖数没有明显差异。采用优化栽培的两优培九在各个生育时期，植株体内的含氮量比传统栽培的高。
6、不同插植方式对超级杂交稻产量及产量形成的影响
探索不同生长微环境对超级稻产量及产量形成的影响。于2006年至2007年，在湖南省长沙，桂东和永州，选用超级稻组合准两优527，两优293，和Y优一号进行不同株行距配比大田试验。试验设置两种移栽密度，每平方米20蔸和16．7蔸，三种株行距配比方式，等行距，宽行窄株和宽窄行。田间采用随机区组排列，3次重复。结果表明，采用宽窄行的产量显著高于等行距，略高于宽行窄株，主要是由于宽窄行方式适当扩行，更有利于增加每穗颖花数、结实颖花数、结实率，增加单位面积的结实颖花数和抽穗后干物积累量，提高经济系数。
7、不同插植方式对超级杂交稻光能及养分利用率的影响
探索不同株行距配比方式对超级稻光能和养分利用的影响。利用超级稻组合准两优527，两优293，Y优一号，于2006-2007年在长沙，桂东和永州进行不同株行距配比大田试验。主要研究等行距，宽行窄株和宽窄行插植方式的水稻群体冠层和底部的光辐射分布，以及氮磷钾养分吸收利用规律。研究结果表明，在相同地点种植的同一个超级稻品种，不同株行距配比方式，其整个群体的光截获量比率相同，但采用宽窄行的冠层光截获量所占比率低于等行距和宽行窄株处理。在桂东种植的超级稻生长后期群体的光截获比率达到了95-98％，明显高于长沙点。相同品种相同地点的不同株行距配比方式处理间的NPK养分吸收积累量，以及叶片中的酶生理活性没有差异。由此可见，采用宽窄行插植方式有利于改善超级稻群体内部的透光性。
8、不同施肥水平下超级杂交稻对N、P、K的吸收累积规律
探索超级杂交稻对N、P、K养分的吸收利用规律。于2004年和2005年，选用超级杂交稻品种准两优527和两优293为供试材料，在湖南省5个不同水稻种植生态区进行田间小区试验，研究了在农民实际平均施肥量及分别减少和增加25％施肥量形成的三种施肥水平条件下，超级杂交稻抽穗期和成熟期植株体内的N、P、K养分含量和吸收积累规律。结果表明，无论在抽穗期，还是成熟期，不同施肥水平条件下水稻植株体内的N、P、K养分含量均无显著差异，其在不同地点间的变化幅度低于相应的水稻产量和养分吸收量；养分吸收量差异主要由单位面积干物质生产量不同所引起。在不同施肥水平下，随着产量升高，N、P、K收获指数呈上升趋势，但生产单位重量稻谷所需养分量呈下降趋势。在产量最高的桂东点，其植株体内NPK养分含量和积累量均处于中等水平。采用多次施肥，不同施肥水平(135-225 kgN·hm~(-2)、29．7～49．5kg P·hm~(-2)、112．1～186．8 kg K·hm~(-2))对超级杂交稻株体内的N、P、K养分吸收积累影响不明显；随着产量的提高，超级杂交稻对N、P、K养分的吸收利用率也可提高，从而实现高产与养分高效利用的协调统一。
As world food security become a major concern for morn than half of the world's population, research on super high yielding has also attracted growing domestic and international attention. The super rice breeding progress of China is known in the world; it has released a number of super rice varieties which was accepted by farmers. These varieties showed a high yield record of 12 - 17 t·ha~(-1) in small testing areas and under specific ecosystems, which demonstrate the enormous production potential. However, many of the super hybrid rice varieties also showed instability in different regional yield trials. There is a big yield gap between experimental testing plots and farmers' fields. Several field experiments were conducted to analyze how managements and climate factors affect the growth and yield of super hybrid rice. The following results were obtained:
1. Yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice
The yield stability and dry matter production of super hybrid rice was analyzed under different fertilizer rates at different locations. Field experiments with two super hybrid rice cultivars (Zhunliangyou527 and Liangyou293) were conducted in Changsha, Guidong, Hengyang, Nanxian, and Yongzhou of Hunan province in 2004 and 2005. According to the ratio of 1N : 0.5P_2O_5 : 1K_2O, three fertilizer rates (135, 180, 225 kg N·ha~(-1)) were designed using randomized complete block with four replications. The results showed that the yield of super hybrid rice was highest in Guidong with significant differences among the five sites. The average yield of two years and three fertilizer rates ranged from 7 492.3-12 209.2 kg·ha~(-1) for Zhunliangyou527 and from 6 984.0-11 679.5 kg·ha~(-1) for Liangyou293. The regional variation of the dry matter accumulation and grain yield components showed the same tendency as the harvest yield. There were no significant differences in yield and dry matter production among the three fertilizer rates at same site. The grain yield showed significant positive correlations with productive panicles, seed setting rate and grain weight, and negative correlation with spikelet number per panicle. The fertilizer rate in the range from 135 kg N·ha~(-1) to 225 kg N·ha~(-1) was not the limiting factor in the yield performance. Since super hybrid rice has larger sink capacity, it is feasible to achieve high yield by increasing grain setting rate and grain weight.
2. Path analysis of yield and yield components of super hybrid rice under different yield level
Analysis were conducted of the correlation, stepwise regression and path analysis between the main yield traits and grain yield of super hybrid rice cultured in 5 different locations in Hunan province. The relative importance of 8 main yield traits contributing to the grain yield was estimated. The results showed that panicle number, spikelets per panicle, and spikelets per unit area have great effect on yield in different locations. The results suggest that the relation among all yield traits, especially between panicle number and spikelets per panicle must be assorted with each other.
3. Preliminary approach on adaptability of Oryza2000 model for super rice in Hunan province
The ORYZA2000 model was tested and verified for super rice via field experiments conducted at 5 experiment stations in Hunan province, in 2004 to 2005. From field experiments in 2005, the developmental rates of super rice in different stages, partitioning factors of dry matter, specific leaf areas were obtained. The biomass, LAI and yield were verified using the experimental data in 2004. The slope(α), intercept(β), and determination coincident (R~2) of the linear regression between simulated and measured values as well as the student's t-test assuming unequal variance and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were used for the evaluating the effectiveness of ORYZA2000 model S. The results showed that ORYZA2000 model was acceptable in simulations of biomass and LAI. In general, the simulations for total biomass and panicle biomass were more accurate than that for biomass of green leaves and stem biomass. NRMSE of stem biomass, green leaves biomass, panicle biomass, total biomass and LAI, yield were 35%, 47%, 44%, 32%, and 51%, 24%, respectively. According to the results of calibration and evaluation, the authors derived the yield potential of 5 different areas in Hunan province. The result of the paper enriches the theory and practice of crop simulation and super rice cultivation, and would be an excellent reference for the development of super rice and its management.
4. Effect of light and temperature on yield and yield component of super hybrid rice
The canonical correlation analysis for super rice was tested and verified via fieldexperiments conducted at the 5 experiment stations in Hunan province, in 2004 to 2005. We analyzed the relationships between the biomass, yield components, yield of super hybrid rice and the effective accumulated temperature, extreme temperature difference, sunshine hours, daily average air temperature, minimum air daily temperature, and maximum air daily temperature during growth period of super hybrid rice. The results showed that the first, second, third, and fourth canonical correlation coefficient between the light and temperature factors with yield components of super hybrid rice were very significant. The light and temperature factors greatly affect the productive panicle number, spikelets per panicle, and spikelets per square meter area, and the resulting yield. The main affecting factors on super hybrid rice growth were not same at various growth stages. However, during the whole growth duration, the mean of minimum-daily air temperature greatly affected super hybrid growth and yield, followed by maximum-daily air temperature, and extreme temperature difference.
5. Research on the optimum cultivation method of super hybrid rice
Field experiments with Liangyoupei9 (super hybrid rice) and Shanyou63 (CK) were conducted in Changsha from 2002 to 2004 to compare the effects of different cultivation methods on the yield performance and dry matter production of super hybrid rice. Two cultivation methods, the optimized cultivation (OM) and traditional method (TM), were compared by using randomized completely block design with 4 replications. The results showed that the two varieties yielded differently under the two kinds of cultivation methods.Liangyoupei9 yielded 8.20-10.37 t·ha~(-1) under OM and significantly higher than that under TM. The yield of Shanyou63 under OM was reduced by 0.37%-8.8% compared with TM. There was a highly significant difference in the dynamics of change in tiller number per seedling between two cultivation methods. The tiller number per hill of the two varieties under OM was more than 110% than that of TM, but the tiller number per land area between two cultivation methods were not significantly different because of the different transplanting density. The plant nitrogen content of Liangyoupei9 under OM at each growth stage was not higher than that under TM.
6. Uptake and utilization of nutrients by super hybrid rice under different fertilizer rates
Characteristics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake and their utilization in super hybrid rice were studied. Field experiments with super hybrid rice Zhunliangyou527 and Liangyou293 were conducted in five locations of Hunan province in 2004 and 2005. The following fertilizer application rates were used: low rate (135 kg N·ha~(-1), 29.7 kg P·ha~(-1) ,112.1 kg K·ha~(-1)), medium rate (180 kg N·ha~(-1), 39.6 kg P·ha~(-1),149.4 kg K·ha~(-1)) and high rate (225 kg N·ha~(-1), 49.5 kg P·ha~(-1),186.8 kg K·ha~(-1)) using randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Aboveground plants were sampled to measure the dry matter weight, NPK content, NPK uptake rate, NPK harvest index and nutrient use efficiency at heading and maturity stage. No significant differences in plant NPK content at heading and maturity stage were found between two tested varieties and among the 3 fertilizer rates. The variation in range of plant NPK content among 5 locations was relatively smaller than that of the actual yield as well as the NPK uptake rate. The differences in plant NPK uptake rates among the locations were mainly due to the differences in the dry matter production. With the increase in yield, the harvest index of NPK showed an increased tendency and the requirements for NPK nutrients to produce 1000 kg grain yield showed a decreasing tendency. The highest yield was recorded in Guidong site but the plant NPK nutrient content and their uptake rates were at the medium level among 5 locations. There were no significant differences in plant NPK content and uptake rate for super hybrid rice in the range of fertilizer rates of 135-225 kg N·ha~(-1), 29.7-49.5 kg P·ha~(-1), 112.1 -186.8 kg K·ha~(-1). With the increase in yield of super hybrid rice, the uptake and use efficiency of fertilizer NPK nutrients increased. Therefore, the high use efficiency of fertilizer nutrients was associated with the high yield performance of super hybrid rice.
7. Effect of plant-row spacing on yield and yield components of super hybrid rice
The yield performance and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice wereanalyzed under different plant-row spacings at different growing locations. Field experiments with three super hybrid rice cultivars (Zhunliangyou527, Liangyou293, and Yyoulhao) were conducted in Changsha, Guidong, and Yongzhou of Hunan province in 2006 and 2007. Two transplanting densities (Hd=High density, Ld=Low density) and three plant-row spacing (SQ= Square, RE= Rectangle, ST= Stripline) were designed by using randomized block with three replications. The results showed that the grain yield of ST was highest among the 3 plant-row spacing, and was significantly higher than SQ. This resulted from more spikelets per m~2, higher grain filling, higher grain weight, and more dry matter production after heading stage and harvest index.
8. Effect of plant-row spacing on radiation and nutrient use efficiency of super hybrid rice
The radiation and nutrient use efficiency of super hybrid rice were analyzed under different plant-row spacings at different growing locations. Field experiments with three super hybrid rice cultivars (Zhunliangyou527, Liangyou293, and Yyoulhao) were conducted in Changsha, Guidong, and Yongzhou of Hunan province in 2006 and 2007. Two transplanting densities (Hd=High density, Ld=Low density) and three plant and row spacing (SQ=Square, RE=Rectangle, ST=Stripline) were designed by using randomized block with three replications. PAR value at the canopy and 10 cm above water level and NPK uptake amount at mature stage were analyzed. The results showed that there were no differences in PAR value 10 cm above water level among the different plant-row spacings with same variety in the same location. However, the PAR value at canopy level of ST treatment was significantly lower than SQ and RE. There were no differences in nutrient use efficiency or enzyme activity in leaves among the plant-row spacings in the same variety and location. The results indicated that the bottom leaves can get more radiation with stripline row spacing.
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