摘要
水稻有序抛秧栽培技术是近10年来水稻生产机械化的热点和难点。一方面,钵育技术和抛栽技术对水稻的增产已为广大稻农接受;另一方面,没有真正好用、适用的抛秧机供稻农使用。从而导致稻农宁可人工栽插也不用机器的尴尬局面。主要原因就是目前推广和研制的机型普遍存在秧苗拔净率低、抛栽后直立度差、作业时雍泥涌水,并普遍存在机具笨重,破坏秧田等问题。
为解决上述抛秧机存在的问题,本文在吉林省科技发展计划项目“水稻钵苗移栽机”以及国家科技支撑计划重大专项“仿生智能作业机械研究与开发”等项目资助下开展了水稻钵苗行栽机的仿生设计研究。
本文研究开发了一种由驱动叶轮单独驱动的行走轮式行栽机,设计了独特的摆动钳式取秧机构。
本文针对行栽机取秧机构中的秧夹与推杆间摩擦副在工作中易磨损导致秧夹使用寿命降低并影响取秧效果的问题,运用仿生设计方法,提取沙漠蜥蜴体表耐磨几何特征,设计开发了仿生耐磨秧夹;运用试验优化技术在摩擦磨损试验机上通过模型试验,得到了最优的仿生设计参数。
为提高整机驱动性能,针对行栽机关键驱动部件——水田驱动叶轮,本文运用逆向工程技术提取水牛蹄特有的适于水田行走的外形几何参数,设计开发了仿生叶片;运用试验优化技术在自制的土槽叶轮试验台上通过模型试验,得到了优选的仿生叶片的参数;本文运用三维CAD建模技术和COMSOL大型有限元分析软件对最优参数的仿生叶片与普通平板叶片在介质中影响进行了数值模拟分析,进一步揭示了仿生叶片性能改善的机理。
本研究设计的钵苗行栽机的整机田间性能试验效果较好,并在吉林省部分地区进行了示范推广,该机应用前景广阔。
Due to its peerless advantage to increase yield, rice potted seedling transplanting technology is widespread accepted by the rice farmer. However, the development of the transplanting mechanization technology is still imbalance. There are various problems in previous potted seedling transplanting machines. So, Rice farmers prefer handcraft inseminate to mechanism. According to this condition, experiment study on key parts of a row type potted seedling transplanter is conducted. Main contents of this paper are as follows:
1. Based on review and analysis of rice planting agriculture tech and planter mechanism, a row type potted seedling transplanter is developed, and investigation on its key parts is conducted by applying bionic theories and techniques.
2. In order to decrease the friction and abrasion between the gripping finger and the push rod in potted seedling transplanter, the anti-friction traits of desert lizard body surface is studied by converse engineering tech, and a novel seedling-fetching device of with swing clamp is brought forward, and the three-dimension virtual assemble model of seedling fetching and conveying device is constructed in CATIA software environment.
Based on analysis on typical biology anti-grind form of desert lizard body surface, the non-smooth serration trait of squamas on a desert lizard body surface is analyzed by converse engineering, and the bionics structure unit is extracted. The experimental investigation on imitate unit is taken by a MG-2000 grating test machine, and relevant factors are analyzed and optimized according to the test results, and an bionics model is designed. Abrasion tests on the imitate model and flat model show that the gripping finger with non-smooth serration traits enhance the anti-grind performances. Compared to common flat gripping finger, the abrasion of the gripping finger with imitate structure reduces over 20%. Optimized results of the bionics trait unit are hole diameter by 1mm,distance between holes by 2mm.
Under this condition, the abrasion of the gripping finger with bionics structure reduces 80%. Fatigue test on the bionic gripping finger with optimized parameters are conducted continuously for 300 hours and suggest that the imitate gripping finger can meet the demand for at least 3 operating seasons.
3. To resolve the hipping-mud and passing-peduncle problems of rice potted seedling transplanter, a wheel with bionics blade is studied to replace traditional trailer structure. Optimized parameters of bionics blade are specified by model experiment.
Based on the surface fabric information of buffalo hoof extracted by converse engineering tech, which is suitable for walling in the paddy field, an innovational bionic impeller is developed. Bionics vane design evaluation system is put forwarded. The optimized design parameters are specified by model test research and numerical simulate analysis. Analysis on paddle wheel machine status suggest that paddle–wheel drive mode is suitable for paddy field operation. Experiment shows that compared with flat vane, the max push value and the vane effective value of bionic impeller model are higher 37.8% and 38.3%, respectively.
The operating numerical simulations of different paddle wheels with optimized bionics vane and flat vane are executed in COMSOL software environment. The results show that the flow velocity distribution of paddle wheel with optimized bionics vane surface is more even than the other one with flat vane. Low speed flow zone in the central part of the optimized bionics vane expand gradually along with the edge of vane surface and equably develop toward to the ends, while the flow velocity distribution of traditional flat vane surface is uneven, and edge flow velocity increase steeply. The optimized bionics vane surface can effectively reduce the vane quiver to liquid impact and the bounce resistance of abruption, separate liquid symmetrically from vane surface, and enhance vane impeller force and stability.
4. The assess criterion of row type potted seedling transplanter is confirmed. The performance of row type potted seedling transplanter is tested in farm field. Experimental results validate the effect of row type potted seedling transplanter. Rice row type potted seedling transplanter is needed widely in the future. This paper applies bionics tech in the design of key parts of row type potted seedling transplanter, and gains good effect. With the wide application of the row type potted seedling transplanter, the rice planting mechanism ratio can promote remarkblely.
引文
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