自然保护区绩效评价研究
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摘要
我国自然保护区起步很晚,比黄石公园晚了将近一个世纪。自1956年建立第一个自然保护区——广东鼎湖山自然保护区以来,随后的50多年,我国自然保护区的发展虽然曲折但速度较快。截至2005年底,全国共建立各种类型、不同级别的自然保护区2349个,其中国家级243个(面积为8898.87万hm~2),省级773个,地市级421个,县级112个。自然保护区总面积为14994.9万hm~2,占陆地国土面积的14.99%。虽然发展迅速,但在保护区的建设和开发利用中存在许多问题,如:对保护区事业的认识有所提高但还很不平衡、传统落后的管理模式制约保护区事业的发展、过分强调单一的保护目标、重经营而忽视管理、不合理开发利用、经费投资严重不足、有关法律法规虽已建立但仍不完善等,这些问题直接影响到了我国自然保护区的可持续发展。
本文在充分研究国内外自然保护区发展概况、国内外有关自然保护区评价以及自然保护区生态旅游资源评价方法和理论的基础上,并借鉴历年来的学术研究上许多关于绩效评价的理论和方法,构建了自然保护区绩效评价体系。并以吉林龙湾国家级自然保护区为例,进行实例研究和验证,提出了龙湾国家级自然保护区展的建议,并指出了龙湾自然保护区的经营管理模式和发展方向。本文主要内容和创新有:
根据评价体系构建的基本原则和指导思想,构建了自然保护区绩效等级评价的评价模型框架体系,并提出了自然保护区绩效等级评价的方法体系。具体步骤是:选择评价指标;采用德尔菲法和层次分析法相结合求解判断矩阵确定评价因子的权重;设置评价指标标准表;最后用多级模糊模式识别模型与非结构型决策理论对项目进行综合评价,得出自然保护区绩效的隶属级别以及各分项目的绩效指数值。这种评价方法不仅仅考虑了评价对象的自身条件、评价者给出的评价结果,还结合了对评价者的评价。与层次分析法相比较,本文的评价方法对最后评价结果的统计过程进行了优化。可以使我们对评价对象有更全面、客观的认识。
采用反复过滤法、频度统计法、专家咨询法和研讨会等方式建立自然保护区绩效评价指标体系。然后针对评价体系中所列因素层中的各个因素的进行逐一研究,结合以往权威人士对这些因素评价的研究结果,并通过相关指标的分析比较,结合专家咨询法,筛选确定了每个子系统对应的基本评价指标的评价标准,从而进行定量化或定性分析。
采用计算机软件处理专家咨询意见,构造判断矩阵,计算得出自然保护区绩效评价各个指标的权重,并对指标权重进行分析。由权重计算结果可知:对于自然保护区而言,影响绩效水平的最重要因子是生态绩效,其次是社会绩效,再次是经济绩效。其次,设置指标评分表。然后,根据绩效等级综合评价得分将自然保护区划分为优、良、中、差四个等级。根据分项目绩效指数得分值,将自然保护区划分为三种类型:效益型自然保护区、生态效应型自然保护区、非效益型自然保护区。
采用主成分分析法对61个自然保护区绩效评价指标要素中某些指标要素进行淘汰。经计算处理,将影响自然保护区绩效的61个指标要素分为45个主要指标和14个次要指标。主成分分析是研究如何将多个存在一定相关关系的变量减少为几个彼此互不相关又能反映原来变量信息的综合变量,从而可起到简化数据的作用。指标的主成份分析既让人们知道自然保护区绩效评价指标的主次成分分别为哪些,又为将来的研究提供了方向。
龙湾自然保护区综合绩效等级评价得分为3.4472∈(3,4),可知自然保护区的综合绩效等级为良,将需要进一步优化,增优保良,向优迈进。各项目的绩效指数都比较高,基本都在8以上,且各分项目之间基本能够协调发展。由此可知,龙湾自然保护区属于效益型自然保护区。故对于龙湾自然保护区旅游的发展和开发要防止过热,严格控制干扰程度,以免环境的退化。
从自然保护区经营管理模式的定义着手,在咨询专家和保护区管理人员协助的基础上,对龙湾自然保护区的经营管理提出了保护区建设建议、保护区生态旅游经营建议、保护区多种经营建议和保护区管理机构建议。再次,在这些思想和建议的指导下,提出了九条龙湾自然保护区当前的发展方向的建议。
结合生态旅游资源的开发评价结果和龙湾自然保护区目前所存在八大主要问题,笔者提出对研究区生态旅游资源规划与开发的建议。通过对龙湾自然保护区生态旅游资源的研究,笔者提出生态旅游开发的项目设计。
本文的最主要创新点在于:建立了一套完整的自然保护区绩效评价体系,包括:绩效评价模型的构建、方法体系、指标体系、权重计算等,开创了我国自然保护区绩效评价研究的先例。通过此课题的研究,为自然保护区生态旅游管理绩效评价提供一个初步的可操作基础理论和实践案例。
Nature Reserve in China started very late,later than Yellowstone National Park for nearly a century.Since 1956 established the first Nature Reserve - Guangdong Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve,the subsequent 50 years,although the development of China's Nature Reserves twists and turns but faster.By the end of 2005,the country had established 2349 various types, different levels of Nature Reserve,243 of them are National(an area of 88.9887 million hm~2), 773 provincial,421city,112 county.A total area of Nature Reserve is 149.949 million hm~2, accounting for 14.99%of country area.Although the Nature Reserve development rapidly, there are many problems in construction,development and utilization.These problems directly affect the sustainable development of China's Nature Reserves.
Based on a full study on development situation of Nature Reserves at home and abroad, and on a full study on theories and methods of evaluation on the Nature Reserve and evaluation on Nature Reserve's eco-tourism resources both at home and abroad,and use years of academic research On theoretical and methods of Performance Evaluation for reference,at last, established an evaluation system on Nature Reserve's eco-tourism resources and an evaluation system on Nature Reserve's performance.And take Longwan National Nature Reserve in Jilin as an example gave a case studies and verification,then made eco-tourism development suggestions for Longwan Nature Reserve,and pointed out management mode and development direction of Longwan Nature Reserve.Mainly contents and innovations of this thesis are:
Organized and implemented eco-tourism resources classification,investigation and evaluation on Longwan Nature Reserve Strictly abide by the "tourism resources classification, investigation and evaluation criteria"(GB/T 18972-2003).
Established eco-tourism resources development and evaluation model primarily according to related research achievements at home and abroad and the actual situation of Longwan Reserve.Use expert advice method and turmoil mind method,fixed on evaluation factors firstly,then gave factor weights to each indicator(100 by total weight),instituted indicators scoring criteria(every factors scale from 1 to 10),at last classificated eco-tourism resources in accordance with the final score values.
Constructed evaluation framework and model of performance grade evaluation and proposed performance grade evaluation methodologies of Nature Reserve according to basic principles and guiding ideology of evaluation system construction.Defined the evaluation content and evaluation indexes system at first,and then determined the weight of every evaluation factors by adopting Analytic Hierarchy Process combined with Delphi Method. According to the weight distribution,established the standard score table of evaluation indexes and divided the score into five ranks.Used the multistage fuzzy pattern recognition model and the non-structure decision-making theory to evaluate the program synthetically and obtain the subordination rank of Nature Reserve performance.This evaluation method had not only considered the condition of evaluation object itself,the evaluation results given by the person who evaluated,but also unified the evaluation on the person who evaluated them.Compares with the Analytic Hierarchy Process,this evaluation method optimized the statistical process of the last results.It makes us understanding the evaluation objects comprehensively and impersonally.
Combined with the results of development evaluation and eight major current problems of Longwan Nature Reserve,the author gave many proposals on eco-tourism resources' planning and development,and proposes the project design of eco-tourism development.
Established Performance Evaluation System of Nature Reserves use of repeated filtering method,frequency statistics method,expert advice method and seminars,then analyzed the factors one by one,in combination with the results of previous authorities,and through the analysis of relevant indicators,combined with expert advice,confirmed evaluation criteria of each indicator.
Handled expert advice by computer software,constructed judgement matrix,calculated the weight of the each indicators,and then analyzed.The weight calculation results indicate that:For Nature Reserve,ecological performances are the most important factors which impact on the level of performance,followed by the social performance,and then the economic performance.Secondly,set the score table.Then,according to the evaluation result to grade the Nature Reserve into excellent,good,medium and bad,according to the results of sub-item Performance Index divided Nature Reserve into three categories:efficiency Nature Reserve, the ecological effects Nature Reserve,non-efficiency Nature Reserve.
Washed out some indicators from the 61 performance indicators used Principal Component Analysis Method.After computed,the total 61 indicators were divided into 45 key indicators and 14 secondary indicators.Principal Component Analysis Method both let people know which are the primary and secondary components,and also directed the future research direction.
The comprehensive performance evaluation score of Longwan Nature Reserve is 3.4472∈(3,4),is in good class,indicated that it will be necessary to further optimize.The scores of each sub-items performance indicators are relatively high,indicated that Longwan Nature Reserve can be coordinated development,and it belonging to efficiency Nature Reserve.Therefore,it must be avoid overheating,and control the degree of interference strictly.
Started from the definition of management mode and Chinese Nature Reserve management mode,then elicited a series of abuses of the current management mode,and then make sure that the future development must use the sustainable development management mode.Based on the experts suggestions and the help from the staffs work for Longwan Nature Reserve management,bring forward to construction suggestions,eco-tourism management suggestions,business suggestions and management agencies suggestions for Longwan Nature Reserve.Then,under the guidance of these ideas and proposals,proposed nine development direction proposals.
The main innovation of this thesis lies in two aspects:(1) the establishment of a completed set of evaluation system in eco-tourism resources classification,investigation, evaluation and development evaluation of Nature Reserve.(2) the establishment of a completed set of performance evaluation system of Nature Reserve,including:Construction Performance Evaluation Model,methodologies,indicators system,weights,etc.,and created a performance evaluation study for China's Nature Reserves precedent.Through the study of this subject,provided ideas and reference for eco-tourism resource classification,investigation, evaluation and development evaluation of Nature Reserve.This thesis provided basis theories and operational case for eco-tourism resources development and management,especially for the performance evaluation on Nature Reserve.
本文在充分研究国内外自然保护区发展概况、国内外有关自然保护区评价以及自然保护区生态旅游资源评价方法和理论的基础上,并借鉴历年来的学术研究上许多关于绩效评价的理论和方法,构建了自然保护区绩效评价体系。并以吉林龙湾国家级自然保护区为例,进行实例研究和验证,提出了龙湾国家级自然保护区展的建议,并指出了龙湾自然保护区的经营管理模式和发展方向。本文主要内容和创新有:
根据评价体系构建的基本原则和指导思想,构建了自然保护区绩效等级评价的评价模型框架体系,并提出了自然保护区绩效等级评价的方法体系。具体步骤是:选择评价指标;采用德尔菲法和层次分析法相结合求解判断矩阵确定评价因子的权重;设置评价指标标准表;最后用多级模糊模式识别模型与非结构型决策理论对项目进行综合评价,得出自然保护区绩效的隶属级别以及各分项目的绩效指数值。这种评价方法不仅仅考虑了评价对象的自身条件、评价者给出的评价结果,还结合了对评价者的评价。与层次分析法相比较,本文的评价方法对最后评价结果的统计过程进行了优化。可以使我们对评价对象有更全面、客观的认识。
采用反复过滤法、频度统计法、专家咨询法和研讨会等方式建立自然保护区绩效评价指标体系。然后针对评价体系中所列因素层中的各个因素的进行逐一研究,结合以往权威人士对这些因素评价的研究结果,并通过相关指标的分析比较,结合专家咨询法,筛选确定了每个子系统对应的基本评价指标的评价标准,从而进行定量化或定性分析。
采用计算机软件处理专家咨询意见,构造判断矩阵,计算得出自然保护区绩效评价各个指标的权重,并对指标权重进行分析。由权重计算结果可知:对于自然保护区而言,影响绩效水平的最重要因子是生态绩效,其次是社会绩效,再次是经济绩效。其次,设置指标评分表。然后,根据绩效等级综合评价得分将自然保护区划分为优、良、中、差四个等级。根据分项目绩效指数得分值,将自然保护区划分为三种类型:效益型自然保护区、生态效应型自然保护区、非效益型自然保护区。
采用主成分分析法对61个自然保护区绩效评价指标要素中某些指标要素进行淘汰。经计算处理,将影响自然保护区绩效的61个指标要素分为45个主要指标和14个次要指标。主成分分析是研究如何将多个存在一定相关关系的变量减少为几个彼此互不相关又能反映原来变量信息的综合变量,从而可起到简化数据的作用。指标的主成份分析既让人们知道自然保护区绩效评价指标的主次成分分别为哪些,又为将来的研究提供了方向。
龙湾自然保护区综合绩效等级评价得分为3.4472∈(3,4),可知自然保护区的综合绩效等级为良,将需要进一步优化,增优保良,向优迈进。各项目的绩效指数都比较高,基本都在8以上,且各分项目之间基本能够协调发展。由此可知,龙湾自然保护区属于效益型自然保护区。故对于龙湾自然保护区旅游的发展和开发要防止过热,严格控制干扰程度,以免环境的退化。
从自然保护区经营管理模式的定义着手,在咨询专家和保护区管理人员协助的基础上,对龙湾自然保护区的经营管理提出了保护区建设建议、保护区生态旅游经营建议、保护区多种经营建议和保护区管理机构建议。再次,在这些思想和建议的指导下,提出了九条龙湾自然保护区当前的发展方向的建议。
结合生态旅游资源的开发评价结果和龙湾自然保护区目前所存在八大主要问题,笔者提出对研究区生态旅游资源规划与开发的建议。通过对龙湾自然保护区生态旅游资源的研究,笔者提出生态旅游开发的项目设计。
本文的最主要创新点在于:建立了一套完整的自然保护区绩效评价体系,包括:绩效评价模型的构建、方法体系、指标体系、权重计算等,开创了我国自然保护区绩效评价研究的先例。通过此课题的研究,为自然保护区生态旅游管理绩效评价提供一个初步的可操作基础理论和实践案例。
Nature Reserve in China started very late,later than Yellowstone National Park for nearly a century.Since 1956 established the first Nature Reserve - Guangdong Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve,the subsequent 50 years,although the development of China's Nature Reserves twists and turns but faster.By the end of 2005,the country had established 2349 various types, different levels of Nature Reserve,243 of them are National(an area of 88.9887 million hm~2), 773 provincial,421city,112 county.A total area of Nature Reserve is 149.949 million hm~2, accounting for 14.99%of country area.Although the Nature Reserve development rapidly, there are many problems in construction,development and utilization.These problems directly affect the sustainable development of China's Nature Reserves.
Based on a full study on development situation of Nature Reserves at home and abroad, and on a full study on theories and methods of evaluation on the Nature Reserve and evaluation on Nature Reserve's eco-tourism resources both at home and abroad,and use years of academic research On theoretical and methods of Performance Evaluation for reference,at last, established an evaluation system on Nature Reserve's eco-tourism resources and an evaluation system on Nature Reserve's performance.And take Longwan National Nature Reserve in Jilin as an example gave a case studies and verification,then made eco-tourism development suggestions for Longwan Nature Reserve,and pointed out management mode and development direction of Longwan Nature Reserve.Mainly contents and innovations of this thesis are:
Organized and implemented eco-tourism resources classification,investigation and evaluation on Longwan Nature Reserve Strictly abide by the "tourism resources classification, investigation and evaluation criteria"(GB/T 18972-2003).
Established eco-tourism resources development and evaluation model primarily according to related research achievements at home and abroad and the actual situation of Longwan Reserve.Use expert advice method and turmoil mind method,fixed on evaluation factors firstly,then gave factor weights to each indicator(100 by total weight),instituted indicators scoring criteria(every factors scale from 1 to 10),at last classificated eco-tourism resources in accordance with the final score values.
Constructed evaluation framework and model of performance grade evaluation and proposed performance grade evaluation methodologies of Nature Reserve according to basic principles and guiding ideology of evaluation system construction.Defined the evaluation content and evaluation indexes system at first,and then determined the weight of every evaluation factors by adopting Analytic Hierarchy Process combined with Delphi Method. According to the weight distribution,established the standard score table of evaluation indexes and divided the score into five ranks.Used the multistage fuzzy pattern recognition model and the non-structure decision-making theory to evaluate the program synthetically and obtain the subordination rank of Nature Reserve performance.This evaluation method had not only considered the condition of evaluation object itself,the evaluation results given by the person who evaluated,but also unified the evaluation on the person who evaluated them.Compares with the Analytic Hierarchy Process,this evaluation method optimized the statistical process of the last results.It makes us understanding the evaluation objects comprehensively and impersonally.
Combined with the results of development evaluation and eight major current problems of Longwan Nature Reserve,the author gave many proposals on eco-tourism resources' planning and development,and proposes the project design of eco-tourism development.
Established Performance Evaluation System of Nature Reserves use of repeated filtering method,frequency statistics method,expert advice method and seminars,then analyzed the factors one by one,in combination with the results of previous authorities,and through the analysis of relevant indicators,combined with expert advice,confirmed evaluation criteria of each indicator.
Handled expert advice by computer software,constructed judgement matrix,calculated the weight of the each indicators,and then analyzed.The weight calculation results indicate that:For Nature Reserve,ecological performances are the most important factors which impact on the level of performance,followed by the social performance,and then the economic performance.Secondly,set the score table.Then,according to the evaluation result to grade the Nature Reserve into excellent,good,medium and bad,according to the results of sub-item Performance Index divided Nature Reserve into three categories:efficiency Nature Reserve, the ecological effects Nature Reserve,non-efficiency Nature Reserve.
Washed out some indicators from the 61 performance indicators used Principal Component Analysis Method.After computed,the total 61 indicators were divided into 45 key indicators and 14 secondary indicators.Principal Component Analysis Method both let people know which are the primary and secondary components,and also directed the future research direction.
The comprehensive performance evaluation score of Longwan Nature Reserve is 3.4472∈(3,4),is in good class,indicated that it will be necessary to further optimize.The scores of each sub-items performance indicators are relatively high,indicated that Longwan Nature Reserve can be coordinated development,and it belonging to efficiency Nature Reserve.Therefore,it must be avoid overheating,and control the degree of interference strictly.
Started from the definition of management mode and Chinese Nature Reserve management mode,then elicited a series of abuses of the current management mode,and then make sure that the future development must use the sustainable development management mode.Based on the experts suggestions and the help from the staffs work for Longwan Nature Reserve management,bring forward to construction suggestions,eco-tourism management suggestions,business suggestions and management agencies suggestions for Longwan Nature Reserve.Then,under the guidance of these ideas and proposals,proposed nine development direction proposals.
The main innovation of this thesis lies in two aspects:(1) the establishment of a completed set of evaluation system in eco-tourism resources classification,investigation, evaluation and development evaluation of Nature Reserve.(2) the establishment of a completed set of performance evaluation system of Nature Reserve,including:Construction Performance Evaluation Model,methodologies,indicators system,weights,etc.,and created a performance evaluation study for China's Nature Reserves precedent.Through the study of this subject,provided ideas and reference for eco-tourism resource classification,investigation, evaluation and development evaluation of Nature Reserve.This thesis provided basis theories and operational case for eco-tourism resources development and management,especially for the performance evaluation on Nature Reserve.
引文
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