摘要
目的:以脾脏自主神经调节环路为研究主线,分别从高级中枢、低级中枢和脏器3个层面研究有氧运动对脾脏自主神经系统内各种神经递质的影响,并结合脾脏免疫功能的变化,分析免疫和自主神经两者之间的关系,探讨长期参加有氧运动增强机体免疫机能的自主神经机制。
方法:以健康雄性SD大鼠为实验对象,分为中等强度游泳组(简称运动组)和安静对照组(简称对照组),运动组游泳训练8周(6次/周,1～2h/次,每2周单次游泳时间递增0.5h)。应用高压液相色谱—电化学检测法和生化比色法分别分析血液、神经组织和脾脏组织中的儿茶酚胺和乙酰胆碱酯酶含量,应用氨基酸自动分析仪检测神经组织中的氨基酸类神经递质含量,以脾脏系数、脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力、血液T淋巴细胞亚型等指标反映脾脏的免疫机能。通过组间比较,探讨长期参加有氧运动对脾脏免疫功能的影响及其内在机制。61～70岁身体基本健康的老年妇女按照有无有氧锻炼习惯划分为有氧运动组和习惯久坐组,比较各组的血常规、血中抗体和补体水平、血液T淋巴细胞亚型、血液儿茶酚胺和乙酰胆碱酯酶、以及心率变异性(HRV)等指标,分析长期有氧运动对脾脏免疫机能和脾脏自主神经调节功能的影响,并分析两者之间的相关性,为探讨有氧运动增强机体免疫功能的自主神经机制提供进一步的实验证据。
结果:与对照组大鼠相比,运动组的脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力提高,血液CD4+比例、CD4+/CD8+上升,提示脾脏介导的免疫功能提高。运动组大鼠下丘脑结节部兴奋性氨基酸含量下降,抑制性氨基酸含量上升,儿茶酚胺含量下降,脊髓中间外侧柱兴奋性氨基酸含量下降、兴奋性氨基酸/抑制性氨基酸下降、儿茶酚胺含量降低,脾组织内NE含量降低,提示有氧运动组大鼠的脾脏交感神经调节通路的兴奋性受到抑制。
与习惯久坐的老年妇女相比,有氧锻炼组老年妇女具有较低的外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞比例和较高的CD4+/CD8+比值。有氧锻炼组老年妇女的心率整体变异程度增大,交感神经和迷走神经之间的均衡性向迷走神经方向倾斜,并且机体免疫功能与自主神经功能存在紧密的相关性。
结论:长期参加有氧运动可增强脾脏的免疫功能,其机制可能与长期有氧运动应激作用下,脾脏交感神经调节通路的兴奋性受到抑制有关,这种抑制作用在脾脏自主神经调节环路的中枢和外周均可以发生,并且涉及氨基酸能神经、儿茶酚胺能神经和胆碱能神经。
Purpose:Taking autonomic nerves system of spleen as main line of research, frome three aspects(superior center,inferior center and organ) to study the effect of aerobic exercise on some kinds of neurotransmitter in autonomic nerve system,and combined the changes of immunological function of spleen to analyze the relation of immune and autonomic nerve system.Accordingly,from the aspect of autonomic nerve system to study the mechanism of aerobic exercise increasing immunological fucinon,wich will richen body building theory of aerobic exercise.
Methods:With the healthy male SD rat as the subject,the experiment divides the SD rats into exercise group(swim) and control group(quiet).The exercise group swim free from load(6 times/week,1～2h/time,the endurance incease 0.5h by each 2 weeks,8 weeks in all).The experiment analyses the esterase volume of Catecholamines and Acetylcholine in blood,nervous tissue and spleen tissue by way of Chromatography With Electrochemical Detection,detects the volume of aminophenol nervoustransmmiter in nervous tissue by way of automatic amino acid analyzer,and reflects the immunity function of spleen by using the spleen index,the cabability of T lymphopoiesis of spleen,the sub-T lymphocyte of blood.So it can look into the inner mechanism of lasting aerobic exercise to spleen immunity function.
With healthy women of 61～70 years old as the subjects,the experiment divides them into aerobic exercise group and lasting-sit group by whether have the habit of aerobic exercise.By contrasting the difference of the blood routine,the antibody in blood,the sub-T lymphocyte of blood,the Catecholamines and Acetylcholine in blood,and Heart Rate Variability,the experiment analyses the influence lasting aerobic exercise makes to spleen immunity function and the autonomic nervous regulative function,and analyses the relationship between them,then it can provide further experimental proof for looking into aerobic exercise improving the autonomic nervous mechanism of body immunity function.
Results:After the experiment,by contrast with the control group of rat,the proliferative cabability of spleen T lymphosyte is improved,the rate of blood CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ are increased in exercise group,which means 8 weeks' moderate intensity swim can improve the spleen-mediated immunity function.The volume of stimulant amino acid in the hypothalamic tuberal part of rat is dcreased,the volume of rejective amimo acid increased,the volume of Catecholamines drceased,the volume of the stimulant amino acid in spinal cord intermediolateralis,the rate of stimulant amino acid and rejective amimo acid,and the volume of Catechomamones dcreased,the volume of NE in spleen tissue dcreased,all of which means the irritability of sympathetic nervous circulus in spleen is restrained.By contrast with the women in lasting-sit group,it is found that the women in aerobic exercise group have the lower rate of peripheral blood CD8+ and T lymphosyte and higher rate of CD4+/CD8+.The difference of Heart Rate Variability in both group is obvious.It is concluded the whole heart rate variation dgree of old women is increased,the turgor variation of pneumogastric nerve vagus may be increased,and the conformation between sympathetic nerve and pneumogastric nerve vagus is inclined to pneumogastric nerve vagus.There is close relationship between the body immunity function and autonomic nervous function.
Conclusion:The lasting aerobic exercise can improve the immunity function of spleen,the mechanism may be related to the restraint that the irritability of the spleen sympathetic nerve is got under the stress after lasting aerobic exercise.This kind of restraint can be happened in both nerver center and peripheral region of spleen autonomic nervous regulative circulus,and also have relationship with aminonergic nerve,catechonergic nerve and cholinonergic nerve.
引文
[1]Nieman DC.Is infection risk linked to exercise workload[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc.2000,(Suppl):S406-411
[2]Mooren FC,Bloming D,Lechtermann A,et al.Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise[J].J Appl Physiol,2002,93(1):147-153
[3]金其贯,吴凤起.运动性免疫抑制的机制研究[J].西安体育学报.2004;21(5):48-52
[4]朱家媛,欧可群,王蕾.大鼠中枢神经对脾脏神经支配的调控-假狂犬病毒跨突触标记.华西医科大学学报.2000:31(4);463-467
[5]Besedlovsky H,Sorkin E.Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions.Clin Exp Immunol,1977,27(1 ):1
[6]Plate-Salaman CR.Immunoregulators in the nervous system.Neurosci Biohehav Rev,1991,15(1 ):185
[7]Bateman A,Singh,Kral T.The immune-hypothalamic - pitu it ary - adrenal axis.Endlicrine Rev,1989,10(1):92
[8]Kavelaars A,Jeurisen F,Heijnen CT.Substance P receptors and signaltransduction in leukocytes.Immunomethods,1994,5(1):41
[9]Gangolli EA,Conneely OM,O'Malley BW.Neurotransmitters activate the human estrogen receptor in a neuroblastoma cell line,J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,1997,1(1 -2):1
[10]Pakan PR,Sapolsky RM.Glucocorticoid Endangerment of the hyppocampus:tissue steroid and receptors pecificity.Neuroendocrinology,1990,51(3):613
[11]Greco B,Edwards DA,Michael RP,et al.Androgen receptors and estrogen receptors are colocalized in male rat hypothalamic and limbic neurons that express FOS immunoreactivity induced by matins.Neuroendocrinology,1998,67(1):18
[12]谢启文.现代神经内分泌学[M].上海:上海医科大学出版社,1999.
[13]万文君,等。神经-内分泌-免疫网络及其在运动时的整合作用.陕西省生理学术会议论文集[C].1999.
[14]周衍椒、张悦如。生理学[M].第:3版.北京人民卫生出版,1993.9.
[15]毕蕾,等。免疫系统与神经内分泌系统间的调节环路[J].上海免疫学杂志,1997,(4)
[16]蔡定芳,沈自伊.中西医结合神经内分泌免疫网络研究的思考[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1997.17(7):442-445
[17]姜文凯.神经内分泌网络学说与运动的适应机制[J],体育与科学,1993,(3)
[18]Frieman EM,Irw in MR.Modulation of immune cell function by the autonomic nervous system..Pharmacol Ther,1997,75(1 ):27
[19]Madden KS,Felten DL.Experimental basis for neural-immune interactions.Physiological Reviews,1995,75:(1)77
[20]许贤豪.神经免疫学.第1版.北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1993:88-114
[21]陈文玉,王蕾,欧可群等.人鼠视交叉核与室房核的联系—病毒跨神经元追踪研究.神经解剖学杂志,1997;13(1):11
[22]杨宏,邱建勇,鞠躬.GAP-43免疫反应神经纤维对发育中人鼠脾脏支配的研究.神经解剖学杂志,1997;13(1):1
[23]Novotnv GEK,Hcucr T,Schottelndreier A,et al.Plasticity of innervation of the medulla of axially lymph nodes in the rat after antigenic stimulation.The Anat Record,1994;238(2):213
[24]Felten DL,Felten SY,Carlson SL,et al.Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue.J Immunol,1985;135:755-765
[25]Felten DL,Ackerman KD,Wiegand SJ,et al.Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of spleen:I.Nerve fibers associate with lymphocytes and macrophage in specific compartments of the splenic white pulp.J Neurosci Res,1987;28-36
[26]Dallman MJ,Thomas ML,Green JR.A monoclonal antibody that labels rat T lymphocytes and augments in vitro proliferative response.Eur J Immunol,1984;14:257-260
[27]David L,Felten DL,Suzane Y,et al.Noradrenergic sympathetic neural interaction with the immune system:structure and function.Immunol Rev,1987;100:225-260
[28]Chevendra V,Weaver LC.Distributions of neuro-peptide-Y,vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin in populations of postganglionic neurons innervating the rat kidney,spleen and intestine.Neuroscience,1992;50(3):724-243
[29]吴中亮,张远强,苏慧慈.神经肽Y免疫反应阳性神经纤维在大鼠脾脏内的分布.解剖学报,1993;24(1):27-29
[30]Romano TA,Felten SY,Felten DL.et al.Neuropeptide-Y innervation of rat spleen:another potential immunomodulatory neuropeptide.Brain Behav Immun,1991;5(1):116-31
[31]Romano TA,Olschowka JA,Felten SY.et al.Neuropeptide-Y involvement in neural-immune interaction in the rat spleen.Soc Neurosci Abstr Washton,1989;15(part 1):714
[32]Bellinger DL,Lorton D,Rowan T,et al.Neuropeptide innervation of lymphoid organs.Ann NY New York Academy of Science,1991;594:17-33
[33]王蕾,朱家媛,陈文玉等.大鼠脾脏的神经支配—荧光金及PRA追踪研究.四川省解剖学杂志,1999;7(2):133
[34]Sawchenko PE,Swanson LW.Immunohistochemical identification of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that project to the medulla or Lo the spinal cord in the rat.J Compara Neu,1982;205:(3)260
[35]朱家媛,欧可群,王蕾,等.大鼠下丘脑室旁核对脾脏免疫功能神经调控的研究.免疫学杂志,2001,17(2):100-104
[36]Okmoto S,Ibrarki K,Hayashi S,et al.Ventromedial hypothalamus suppresses splenic lymphocute activity through sympathetic innervation.Brain Res,1996;739(12):308-313
[37]Elfvin LC.Primary sensory afferents in the thymus of the guinea pig demonstrated with anterogradelv transported horseradish peroxidase conjugates.Neurosci Lett,1993;5(1):150
[38]Swanson LW,Sawchenko PE,Berod A,et al.An immunohistochemical study of the organization of catecholaminergic cell and terminals fields in the paraventricular and supraptic nuclei of the hypothalamuns.J Comp Neurol,1987;196:271-285
[39]Elenkov IJ,Ronald L,George P.The sympathetic nerve-an integrative interface between two supersystems:the brain and the immune system..[J]Pharmacological Review,2000,52:595-638.
[40]Dhabhar FS.Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses skin immunity:the rote of stress hormones and leukocyte trafficking.[J].Annals New York Academy of Sciences,2000,917:876- 893.
[41]Madden KS.Catecholamines,sympathetic innervation,and immune[J].Brain Behav Immun,2003,17:5- 10
[42]邵枫,林文娟,Washington Welton Craig等.心理应激的免疫抑制作用及其与神经内分泌反应的相关性[J].心理学报,2001,33(1):43-47.
[43]Novotny GEK,Hsu Y.The effect of immunestimulation on thymic innervation in the rat.J Hirnforsch,1993;34:155-163
[44]Reder A,Chelmicka-Schorr E.The effect of chemical sympathectomy to natural killer cells in mice.Brain Behavior and Immunity,1989;3:110-118
[45]Take S,Kalafuchi T,Ando T,et al.Hypothalamic interferon-α(INF-α) reduce splenic NK cytotoxity.Society for Neuroscience Abstract,1992b;18:288;12:681
[46]李德敏,林树新,贾斌等.中枢IL-1对脾脏免疫功能的调节.中国免疫学杂志,1998;14(3):175-1772
[47]Elenkov IJ,Vizi ES.Presyanpic modulation of release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve terminals in the rat spleen.Neur Pharmachology,1991;30(12A):1319-1324
[48]Saphier D,Feldman S.Effects of stimulation of the preoptic area in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.Unit activity and corticosterone secretion in freely moving rats.Neuroendocrinology,1986;42:167-173
[49]Basedovsky HO,Del Rey AE,Sorkin E,et al.The immune response evokes changes in brain noradrenergic neurons.Science,1983;221:564-565
[50]李伟、张群.少年运动员不同负荷运动后脾脏超声检测结果分析[J].哈尔滨师范大学.
[51]李红,朱梅菊,高顺生.针灸足三里穴对小鼠运动能力及部分免疫指标的影响,中国运动医学杂志,2004,23(1):42-45.
[52]王雪芹.T细胞活性与巨噬细胞吞噬能力对长期递增负荷运动的应答和适应特征.华南师范大学体育科学学院2005届硕士学位论文
[53]BK Petersen.Influence of Physical activity on the Cellular Immune System:Mechanisms of Action.Int,J.Sports Med,1991;12(supp.):23-29
[54]H Northoff,A Berg.Immunologic Mediators as Parameters of the Reaction to Strenuous Exercise.Int,J.Sports Med,1991;12(supp.):9- 15
[55]H Wciker E Werlc.Interaction between Hormones and the Immune System.Int,J.Sports Med,1991;12(supp.):16-19
[56]Suny JV,et al.Response of lymphocyte subsets Mitlgen-stimulated cell proliferation and immunogloblins synthesis in vigorous exercise in well-trained athletes[J].Clin sports Med 1992,2(2):237
[57]林文涛.不同运动强度对机体免疫水平的影响[J].广州体院学报,1994,14(4):33
[58]关方德.冬季天气时间冷浸浴对老年人免疫功能的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志,1989,8(4):247-248
[59]Robertsun Q J,el al.The effect of strenuous physical exercise in circulating blood lymphocytes and serum cortisol level.[J].Clin lab Innunul,1981,5:53-55
[60]哀家齐,等.慢跑对中老年人免疫功能的形响[J].中国运动医学杂志,1984,3(64):41-47
[61]Steel CM.Physiological variation in circulating B cell ratio in man[J].Nature,1994,(247):387- 396
[62]Crist PM'et al.Physical exercise increase natural killer cellular-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in elderly women[J].Gerontolony,1989,(35):66
[63]Nieman DC,et al.The effects of moderate exercise traininn on natural kill celLs and acute upper respiratory tract infections[J].Int J Sports Med,1987,(11):467
[64]Macneil B.et al.Choronic exercise enhances in vivo and in vitoro cytotoxic mechanisms of natural immunity in mice[J].J Appl Phyciol,1993,(11):3A& 395
[65]陈佩杰.急性运动对机体免疫系统的影响[J].上海体育学院学报,2000,(1):41-45
[66]Fehr HG.体育运动对腹膜巨噬细胞机能的影响[J].广州体育学院学报,1994,14(4):12
[67]陈佩杰.运动免疫学研究进展.运动生理学进展-质疑与思考[M],北京,北京体育大学出版社,1999
[68]陈佩杰.急性运动对机体免疫系统的形响[J].上海体育学院学报,2000,2(1):44
[69]王雪芹,李爱珍.运动对T淋巴细胞及其免疫调节机制的影响.解放军体育学院学报.2004,23(2):73-76
[70]Macneil B,L Hoffman-Goetz.Lymphycyte proliferation response after exercise in man:Fitness,intensity and duration.J Appl Physiol 1991,70:179-185
[71]Dohi K,et al,Lymphocyte proliferation in response to acute heavy resistance exercise in women:influence of muscle strength and total work.Eur J Appl Physiol.2001 Aug;85(3-4):367-373
[72]Lin YS.The effect of chronic and acute exercise on immunity in rats[J].Int J Sports Med,1993,14(2):86
[73]冯建英,陈吉隶.急性运动对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志,1992,11(2):65
[74]何伟,黄朝晖.急性运动对人体细胞免疫功能的影响[J].武汉体育学院学报,2002,36(1):55-57
[75]侯明新,田野.12周游泳运动对老龄小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(2):123-125
[76]Ferry A,et al,Effect of moderate exercise on rat T-cells.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1992;65(5):464-8
[77]Fernandes G,et al.Reduction of blood pressure and restoration of T-cell immune Function in spontaneously hypertensive rats by food restriction and/or by treadmill exercise.J HypertensSuppl.1986 Oct 4(3):5469-74.
[78]王沛.不同负荷的运动训练对大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响[J].体育学刊,2001,8(5):79-83
[79]张勉.老年人参加太极拳运动对自身免疫功能的影响,河南师范大学学报2002,30(3):85-88
[80]Soppi E..Effect of strenous physical stress on circulating lymphocyte functon before and after training.J.Clin&lab Immunol,1982,8:43
[81]Kyriakidis M,et al.Coronary artery disease:changes of blood lymphocyte subsets induced by physical exercise.Int J Cardiol.1998 Feb 28;63(3):211- 6
[82]Sagiv M,et al.Beta-Mockers,exercise,and the immune system in men with coronary artery disease.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2002 Apr:34(4):587-91
[83]SHINKAI S.Acute exercise and immune function:relationship between lymphocyte activity and change In subset counts[J].Int J Sports Med,1992(13):452-461
[84]Lambert CP,et al.Influence of acute submaximal exercise on T-lymphocyte suppressor cell function in healthy young men.Eur J Appl Physiol.2000 May;82(1-2):151-4
[85]矫玮,佟启良,王耐勤等.力竭运动时阿片肽对免疫机能的作用[J].体育科学,2000,20(3):56-58
[86]赵树林,曾庆云.力竭运动对小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].首都体育学学报,2002,14(4):40-41
[87]Mooren FC,Alterations in intracellular calcium signaling of lymphocytes after exhaustive exercise.MedSci SportsExerc。 2001 Feb;33(2):242-8
[88]Host CR,et al.The effects of altered exercise distribution on lymphocyte subpopulations.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1995;72(1-2):157-64
[89]Lewicki R,et al.Effect of maximal physical exercise on T-lymphocyte subpopulations and on interleukin 1(IL-1) and interleukin 2(IL-2) production in vitro.Int J Sports Med.1988 Apr;9(2):114-7
[90]Green KJ,Rowbottom DG.Exercise-induced changes to in vitro T-lymphocyte mitogen responses using CFSE.J Appl Physiol.2003 Ju 1;95(1):57-63
[91]Oshida Y,et al.Effects of Acute Physical Exercise on lymphocyte Subpopulations in Trained and Untrained Subject、[J].Int J Sports Med.1988,9(2):137-140
[92]Fry RW,et al.Acute intensive interval training and T-lymphocyte function.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1992 Mar;24(3):339-45
[93]Potteiger JA,et al.Training status influences T-cell responses in women following acute resistance exercises J Strength Cond Res.2001 May;15(2):185-91
[94]Eskola J.Effect of sport stress on lymphocyte traps formation and antibody formation[J].Clip.Exp.Immunol,1978,32:329
[95]Kramer TR.Effects of food restriction in military training on T-lymphocyte responses.Int J Sports Med.1997 Mar;18 Suppl 1:SR4-90
[96]Weiss C,et al.Lymphocyte subpopulations and concentrations of soluble CD8 and CD4antigen after anaerobic training.Int J Sports Med.1995 Feh:16(2):117 - 21
[97]Pizza FX,et al.Exercise-induced muscle damage:effect on circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte subset:.Med Sci Sports Exerc.1995 Mar:27(3):363 - 70
[98]邵黎,戴卫,赵燕行等.大强度运动影响免疫功能的机制初探[J].中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(3):228-230
[99]郭建军,杨则宜,杨志勇,等.不同训练强度对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌免疫细胞因子影响的实验研究.中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(2):121-122
[100]孔兆伟,傅浩坚,周碧珠等.8周及12周游泳训练对人鼠血清瘦素水平的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志,2003,22(5):511-517
[101]金其贯.谷氨酰胺和精氨酸对运动性免疫抑制干预作用的研究.北京体育大学博士论文
[102]徐秀英,高雪芹,李晓君等.大强度训练对少年游泳运动员免疫功能和血清生长激素水平的影响[J].天津体育学院学报,2000,15(3):57-59
[103]徐秀英,李晓君,张文峰等.大强度游泳训练对少年运动员血清sIL-2R水平的影响[J].广东体育学院学报,2000,16(47):23-26
[104]李晓君,王瑞元.长时间大强度游泳训练对儿少运动员免疫机能的影响[J].北京体育大学学报,2001,24(4):481-484
[105]钱风雷,王晨,李建民等,大强度训练对自行车运动员淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞活性的影响[J].体育科研,1996,17(3):18-20
[106]Baj-Z.Immunological status of competitive cyclists before and after the training season.Int-J-Sports-Med,1994,15(6):319
[107]陈佩杰,任杰,刘无逸等.强化训练后血浆B-内啡吠及生长抑素与T淋巴细胞及其亚群的关系[J].上海体育学院学报,1995,19(4):24-28
[108]陈佩杰,任杰,刘无逸等.运动训练对T淋巴细胞亚群的影响[J].中华预防医学杂志,1995,29(5):317-318
[109]Mackinnon LT.Exercise,immunoglobulin and antibody.Exerc Immunol Rev 1996,2:1-32
[110]Gleeson M,McDonald WA,Cripps AW,et al.The effect on immunity of long-term intensivetraining in elite swimmers.Clin Exp Immunol 1995,102:210-216
[111]Mackinnon LT.Advances in exercise immunology.Champaign IL:Human Kinetics,1999,13-14,159-199,315-316
[112]Gleeson M,McDonald WA,Pyne DB,et al.Salivary Ig A levels and infection risk in elite swimmers.Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999,31:67-73
[113]Mackinnon LT,Hooper SL.Mucosal(secretory) immune system responses to exercise of varying intensity and during overtraining.Int J Sports Med 1994,15:5179-183
[114]Tharp GD,Bames MW.Reduction of saliva immunoglobulin levels by swim training.Eur J Appl Physiol 1990,60:61-64
[115]Mackinnon LT,Ginn EM,Seymour GJ.Temporal relationship between exercise-induced decreases in salivary Ig A and subsequent appearance of upper respiratory tract infection in elite athletes Aust J Sci Med Sport 1993,25:94-99
[116]王松涛.有氧运动对自主神经平衡状态的影响[D].北京体育大学博士论文,2006年
[117]Hayanao J.Sakaldbaba Y,Yamada A,et al.Accuracy of assessments of cardiac vagal tone by heart rate variability in normal subjects[J].Am J Cardiol,1991,67:199-204
[118]Appel ML,Berger RD,Said JP,et al.Beat to beat in cardiovascular variables:noise or music?[J].JACC,1989,14(5):1139-1148
[119]Robbe HWJ,Minder IJM,Ruddel H,et al.Assessment of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity by means of spectral analysis[J].Hypertension,1987,10(5):538-543
[120]Malik M,Camm,A J.Components of heart rate variability-what they really mean and what we really measure[J].Am J Cardiol,1993,72:821-822
[121]Hedman AE,Hartikainen JEK,Tahvanainen KUO,et al.The high frequency component of heart rate variability reflects cardiac parasympathetic modulation rather than parasympathetic 'tone'[J].Acta Physiol Scond,1995,155:267-273
[122]沈霖霖,曹银祥,吴国强,等.大鼠心率变异性频谱中高频成分的中枢机理分析[J].生理学报,1998,50(4):392-400
[123]李莉,朱经武,曹银祥,等.迷走神经和交感神经系统不同活动状态对心率变异性的影响[J].生理学报,1998,50(5):519-524
[124]Aubert AE,Beckers F,Ramaekers D.Short-term heart rate variability in young athletes[J].J Cardiol,2001,37:85-88
[125]Verlinde D,Beckers F,Ramaekers D,et al.Wavelet decomposition analysis of heart rate variability in aerobic athletes[J].Auton Neurosci,2001,90(1-2):138-141
[126]Dixon EM,Kamath MV,McCartney N,et al.Neural regulation of heart rate variability in endurance athletes and sedentary controls[J].Cardiovasc Res,1992,26(7):713-719
[127]Goldsmith RL,Bigger Jr JT,Steinman RC,et al.Comparison of 24-hour parasympathetic activity in endurance-trained and untrained young men[J].J Am Coll Cardiol 1992,20(3):552-558
[128]Macor F,Fagard R,Amery A.Power spectral analysis of RR interval and blood pressure short-term variability at rest and during dynamic exercise:comparison between cyclists and controls[J].Int J Sports Med,1996,17(3):175-181
[129]Shin K,Minamitani H,Onishi S,et al.Autonomic differences between athletes and nonathletes:spectral analysis approach[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,1997,29(11):1482-1490
[130]Andr'e E.Aubert,Bert Seps and Frank Beckers.Heart rate variability in athletes[J].Sports Med,2003,33(12):889-919
[131]Furlan R,Piazza S,Dell'Orto S,et al.Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate[J].Cardiovasc Res,1993,27(3):482-488
[132]Jensen-Urstad K,Saltin B,Ericson M,et al.Pronounced resting bradycardia in male elite runners is associated with high heart rate variability[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997,7(5):274-278
[133]Banach T,Zoladz JA,Kolasinska-Kloch W,et al.The effect of aging on the activity of the autonomic nervous system in long distance runners[J].Folia Med Cracov,2000,41(3-4):113-120
[134]Jensen-Urstad K,Bouvier F,Saltin B,et al.High prevalence of arrhythmias in elderly male athletes with a lifelong history of regular strenuous exercise[J].Heart,1998,79(2):161-164
[135]高炳宏.经常锻炼成年男子的静态心率变异性[J].上海体育科学研究,2003,24(1):
[136]邵回龙,王杏莲,姜新荣,等.体育锻炼对正常人心率变异性时域分析的影响[J].心电学杂志,2001,20(4):213-214
[137]杨溢,银翠云,钟求知,等.运动对健康中老年人心率变异性的影响及其意义[J].中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(3):265-266
[138]Ramaekers D,Ector H,Aubert AE,et al.Heart rate variability hyperand heart rate in healthy volunteers:is the female autonomic circunervous system cardioprotective?[J].Eur Heart J,1998,19(9):1334-1341
[139]张丽娟,刘丽敏,谢燕,等.定量体育运动后心率变异性指标的变化特征[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(8):138-139
[140]Melanson EL,Freedson PS.The effect of endurance training on resting heart rate variability in sedentary adult males[J].Eur J Appl Physiol 2001,85(5):442-449
[141]Melanson EL.Resting heart rate variability in men varying in habitual physical activity[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000,32(11):1894-1901
[142]Loimaala A,Huikuri H,Oja P,et at.Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity[J].J Appl Physiol 2000,89(5):1825-1829
[143]Boutcher SH,Stein P.Association between heart rate variability and training response in sedentary middle-aged men[J].Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1995,70(1):75-80
[144]Perini R,Fisher N,Veicsteinas A,et al.Aerobic training and cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in older men and women[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002,34:700-708
[145]Sacknoff DM,Gleim GW,Stachenfeld N,et al.Effect of athletic training on heart rate variability[J].Am Heart J 1994,127(5):1275-1278
[146]曲绵域,高云秋,浦钧宗,等主编.实用运动医学[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1995.63-67
[147]张三林,卫世强,倪军,等.应激对新老兵几茶酚胺、血糖、乳酸的影响及中西药的 干预作用[J].人民军医,2004,47(5):251-253
[148]刘洪珍,孔喜良.LD含量和LDH、ACP、ALP、TCHE活性在有氧运动影响下的变化[J].曲阜师范大学学报,2002,28(4):105-107
[149]周毅.短跑训练对人体血乳酸代谢和血清酶活性的影响[J].中国临床康复.2002,6(9):1330-1331
[150]王鸿翔.耐力项目练习者在超大强度运动中几茶酚胺类激素的反应[J].体育学刊,2004.11(6):42-45
[151]Zouhal H.Adrenal medulla responsiveness to the sympathetic nervous activity in sprinters and untrained subjects during a supramaximal exercise[J].Int J Sports,Med,1998,19:1-5
[152]洪长青,谢敏豪.运动与交感-肾上腺系统(综述)[J].体育学刊,2004,11(5):141-144
[153]Bellinger DL,Felten SY,Lorton D,et al.Origin of noradrenergic innervation of the spleen in rats[J].Brain Behav Immun,1989,3(4):291-231
[154]韩济生主编.神经科学原理(第二版)[M].北京:北京医学大学出版社,1999,836-852
[155]Vlk J,Volin M,Smetanova J.Effect of repeated exercise on postnatal development of the noradrenaline content of the albino rat heart,spleen and skeletal muscle.Physiol Bohemoslov.1985,34(3):209-215
[156]Ostman I,Nyback H.Adaptive changes in central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons in rats following chronic exercise.Neuroscience.1976;1(1):41-47
[157]邱世亮,贾龙.中枢单胺类递质与运动性疲劳.广州体育学院学报,200,24(4):30-33
[158]Samorajski T,Rolsten C,Przykorska A,et al.Voluntary wheel running exercise and monoamine levels in brain,heart and adrenal glands of aging mice.Exp Gerontol.1987;22(6):421-31
[159]Blomstrand E,Perrett D,Parry-Billings M,et al.Effect of sustained exercise on plasma amino acid concentrations and on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in six different brain regions in the rat.Acta Physiol Scand.1989,136(3):473-481
[160]曹建民.补脾活血中药对小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].体育科学,1996,16(2):51
[161]王平宁,张凤真.大鼠脑读片提要及图谱[M].西安:西北大学出版社.1995
[162]朱长庚,张喜京,刘庆莹,等.下丘脑室旁核神经元多重神经支配的电镜研究[J].解剖学报,1994,25(2):123-127
[163]王智明,李云庆.大鼠神经系统内γ-氨基丁酸B受体1亚型的定位分布[J].解剖学报,2000,31(s):64-68
[164]Z.Yang,J.H.Coote.Influence of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat[J].J Physiol,1998,513: 521-530
[165]E.Badoer.Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and cardiovascular regulation[J].Clin Exp Physiol,200I,28:95-99
[166]李岷雯,高力,邢宝仁.GABA对大鼠下丘脑薄片室旁核神经元放电活动的影响[J].新疆医科大学学报,2001,24(3):210-212
[167]M.J.Kenney,M.L.Weiss,K.P.Patel,et al.Paraventricular nucleus bicuculline alters frequency components of sympathetic nerve discharge bursts[J].Am.J.Physiol,2001,28:H1233-1241
[168]魏瑛,朱长庚,刘庆莹,等.雌激素受体与代谢型谷氨酸受体在延髓和脊髓的分布与共存[J].同济医科大学学报,1999,28(2):98-101
[169]李云庆,王智明,施际武.大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核和脊髓内离子型谷氨酸受体、GABAA 受体和甘氨酸受体的分布[J].解剖学报,1997,28(2):118-122
[170]Zagon A,Sm ith AD.Monosynaptic projections from the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata to identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons[J].Neuroscience,1993,54:729- 743
[171]王伟忠,刘旭东,戎伟芳,等.大鼠头端延髓腹外侧区前交感神经元的电生理研究[J].中国神经科学杂志,2000,16(2):119-122
[172]Romero SM,Pereira AF,Garofalo MA,Hoffmann A.Effects of exercise on plasma catecholamine levels in the toad,Bufo paracnemis:role of the adrenals and neural control.J Exp Zoolog A Comp Exp Biol.2004,301(12):911-918
[173]田野主编.运动生理学高级教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.P221
[174]郝选明,万文君,黄海,等.补体系统对有氧运动的免疫应答与适应特征.中国运动医学杂志,1999,18(3):242-244
[175]张开滋,郭继鸿,刘海祥,等.临床心电信息学[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2002,582-612
[176]白融,王琳.心率变异性分析临床应用的回顾与展望[J].临床心血管病杂志,2001,17(9):428-431