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黄土微观结构的区域成土环境与震害机理研究
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摘要
黄土多孔隙、弱胶结的独特微结构特性是黄土在地震荷载作用下产生突然性附加沉陷的主要内因。不同区域的黄土微结构有很大差异,导致其震陷性也有所不同。本文以不同区域和不同成土环境下的黄土微结构作为研究对象,通过高倍电子显微镜扫描图像的定量分析和能谱分析、震陷试验、数值模拟和相关理论分析,研究了不同成土环境下黄土的微结构特征、黄土震陷的微结构机理及动本构关系、黄土场地地震动特性、黄土震陷的微结构评价方法和黄土地基抗震陷的微结构酸性改良技术。并在以下几个方面取得了创新性进展:
     1)研究了我国黄土在不同气候环境和年代下形成的多种微观结构及其特征。论文对黄土地区不同气候环境下的土层结构特点进行了全面地分析,对土的区域性差异以及不同成土年代陇西黄土微结构照片特征进行了研究。测试分析了不同成土年代黄土微结构的物理力学参数的差异;研究了不同区域成土环境的微观结构特点以及气候环境差别导致的微结构特征变化,并分别对其可产生的震害特点进行了初步的评价。
     2)利用土的三相性建立了基于架空孔隙面积和应力参数的震陷系数计算公式和应力应变动本构模型。公式经不同地区土样的验证,证明与试验值较为吻合。在此基础上,进一步推导出动应力-残余应变总过程的公式,基本符合不同微结构黄土的大变形过程,如硬化阶段(弹性阶段、充填塑性阶段、剪涨压密)和软化阶段(破裂软化阶段、屈服流变阶段、应变硬化阶段)。此外还建立了黄土动应力-应变的动本构关系,并进行了验证。
     3)提出黄土的颗粒阻尼理论,建立了土的阻尼模型以及一维非线性地震动波动时程方程。经实际场地强震记录数据的验证,该波动时程方程的场地模拟结果基本符合实际场地的频谱特征,能反映不同微结构黄土的非线性动力学特性。
     4)提出了用微结构特征及其参数评价黄土层震陷的方法和指标。利用微结构特征、成土气候环境条件和能谱元素特征指标等评价了不同结构黄土的震害情况和震陷强弱程度。提出的震害评价指标参数有:Ca/Mg比值、Ca/Fe比值、K/Al比值、Si/Al比值等化学指标,砂砾粒径体积、砂粒沉积速率、粒径分布偏斜度、架空孔隙面积、土层深度等。
     5)提出了黄土地基抗震陷的酸性化学处理方法。采用微观结构和能谱分析相结合的方法来研究黄土结构强度的改善,所加入的原料为钙料、硼盐和磷酸等。通过对黄土试样的不同配方的震陷试验和微结构对比,给出了可消除黄土地基震陷性的较好的处理方案。结果表明,这种处理方法具有经济和环保等优点。
Loess with more holes and weak cementation has the unique micro-structurecharacteristics, which is the main internal factors to induce sudden subsidence underadditional seismic loading. Loess in different regions has the different micro-structure, andresults in different seismic subsidence. In this paper, by many regions and kinds of formingenvironment in the Loess Plateau to study the micro-structure, through the high magnifymultiples of scanning electron microscopy image analysis and spectrum analysis, numericalsimulation of seismic subsidence test theory and related analysis to research questions asbelow: the different environment of loess micro-structural features; loess seismic subsidencemechanism of micro-structure and dynamic constitutive relation; loess ground motioncharacteristics of the venue; loess seismic subsidence evaluation method of micro-structureand subsidence of loess foundation by acid improved technologies. The thesis carried out thefollowing three structural characteristics of loess research: the diversity character, theparticles character, and the three-phase quality. And in the following progress has been madeof innovation:
     1) The paper studied the loess micro-structure and its characteristics of different climateenvironment and forming ages in China's Loess Plateau. It analyzed comprehensivly theformation of the regional loess environment characterized on regional climate, from theformation of loess both the breadth and depth to investigation. After research on the actualareas loess micro-structures, the paper accomplished the analysis and summary the loessphotographs characteristics of micro-structure on its regional differences, as well as differentforming ages of loess. It tested and analyzed in detail the differences physical and mechanicalparameters with its different micro-structure froming. Then it research on the micro-structuralfeatures changed by different regions and differences forming climate. It also respectivelyinterpreted and judged that those loess micro-structure characteristics could resulted in whatkinds of seismic disasters on preliminariy.
     2) Based on the pore size and the stress parameters and three-phase characteristics ofloess, the paper set up seismic subsidence coefficient formula to calculate residual strain andthe stress- strain constitutive model. The formula for calculating residual strain is proved to be closed to most regions loess by test result. Further derived the dynamic stress-residualstrain general process formula, derived from the large deformation process, such as thehardening phase (elastic stage, plastic stage of filling, shear and compaction) and thesoftening phase (broken softening stage, the yield rheological phase, strain-hardening stage),which is proved to apply for different loess micro-structure. In addition, the paper alsoobtained and verified the loess dynamic stress - strain of one-dimensional constitutiveformular.
     3) It bring forward the loess particle damping theory, and found the damping of the loessmodel and one-dimensional nonlinear time-history ground motion fluctuations equation.Compared with the loess Site with strong motion records of the actual data validation, itprove that the fluctuations of time-space equation is consistent with the simulation results offrequency spectrum characteristics of the actual site, and can respond to the different loessmicrostructure characteristics of nonlinear dynamics.
     4) The paper also put forward the micro-theory methods and evaluation indicators usedto determine the loess seismic subsidence damage. Through micro-structure characteristics todetermine the loess site damage likely to be strong or weak; in accordance with the indicatorsof energy spectrum elements to determine the formation of loess and climatic conditions;Proposed damage indicator parameters: Ca / Mg ratio, Ca / Fe ratio, K/Al ratio, Si/Al ratio.,etc chemical indicators; gravel particle size; gravel sedimentation rate; size distributionskewness; impracticable holes; and loess depth., etc.
     5) The paper put forward the acidic chemical treatment method to defend the seismicsubsidence of loess foundation. It researched how to use micro-structure and energy spectrumanalysis method to improve the structural strength of loess. The added filling is calciummaterial, boron compound and phosphoric acid. After compared with different test projectby seismic subsidence test and its loess microstructure, the paper proposed a better resolvedproject to elimination loess foundation subsidence. Tests showed that this approach has theeconomical benefit and environmental protected excellence.
引文
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