摘要
呼吸道疾病已连年列成都市居民死因首位。文献调查发现,成都市肺癌发病率年增长高达44%,此现象可能与大气污染有关。对呼吸道疾病与大气污染的相关性研究目前大都集中于大气中简单氧化物和大气颗粒物颗粒本身上,对大气颗粒物上元素的健康效应研究较少。本文依托中国地质大调查项目子课题《四川省成都经济区城市生态地球化学调查评价(200314200015)》和教育部博士点基金《成都市近地表大气尘中重金属元素的分配规律及机理研究(20060616020)》,专题研究居民呼吸道疾病与大气尘重金属元素之间的相关性。大气颗粒物中的元素通过呼吸进入人体,可能是导致呼吸道疾病的重要原因。为了论证这一观点,本文选择在成都经济区,将大气环境地球化学原理与方法应用于居民健康效应研究,寻找呼吸道疾病的元素起因。
本文以近地表大气尘样品代表大气颗粒物,以肺癌和儿童哮喘代表居民呼吸道疾病,测试各个区域大气尘的元素含量(共测试20余种元素),同时统计各区域呼吸道疾病入院率,从宏观和微观两个层面,分析“大气颗粒物元素含量”和“居民呼吸道疾病发病”之间的相关性。宏观上,对整个成都经济区进行研究,比较各地区大气颗粒物元素状况和呼吸道疾病发病状况,发现重金属富集大的区域呼吸道疾病发病高;微观上,在成都市区按每平方公里设置网格,统计网格内的大气尘元素含量和呼吸道疾病入院率,通过多元回归计算各元素浓度与呼吸道疾病入院率的相关程度,结果显示,各网格中元素含量与肺癌入院率的回归结果较好,与儿童哮喘回归结果较差,Hg与两种呼吸道疾病的相关系数都最高。
在以上结果的基础上,本文通过大气尘粒径分析和大气飘尘元素分析、人发元素分析、元素的致癌性检验等方法,进一步验证重金属元素与肺癌的关系:
首先,证实可以用近地表大气尘元素含量代表大气颗粒物元素含量。由于近地表大气尘是粗微粒,大气颗粒物是细微粒,对近地表大气尘做了粒径分析,确认其中有细微粒的成分,证实近地表大气尘与大气颗粒物有物质上的联系。为了检验近地表大气尘和大气颗粒物的元素相关性,本文在成都市区采集了大气飘尘样品13件,测试元素Hg含量,与相同位置近地表大气尘中Hg元素含量对比,发现两者的元素分布是一致的,说明用近地表大气尘元素含量代表大气颗粒物元素含量的方法是可信的。
其次,根据元素富集程度和居民健康情况的不同,在全经济区范围选取4个重点地区,采集居民人发样品,并采取肺癌确诊患者的人发,分析其中9种元素含量,揭示居民体内元素赋存状况。一方面,对比地区间大气尘重金属元素含量和居民人发元素含量;另一方面对比肺癌患者和普通人群人发元素含量。来验证大气的元素赋存是否影响居民体内元素赋存,肺癌发病与否是否伴随体内元素含量的差异。
第三,对前文中发现的与肺癌有关的元素进行致癌性检验,分作两个子实验。一是选择元素Hg,以甲基汞为受试物进行单细胞凝胶电泳致突变实验,推断Hg的致癌性。二是由于烟草是已知导致肺癌的因素,采用一种新方法进行烟草燃烧过程11种元素迁移状况的研究,探究与肺癌有关的元素在吸烟过程中以多大比例转移进入气相,从而可能危害人体健康。同时有机物燃烧是向大气排放重金属的重要途径,选择烟草作为有机物样品进行燃烧过程的元素气固分配比实验,还可揭示哪些元素容易向大气富集。
本文取得如下结论:
(1)将大气元素地球化学的原理和方法用于居民呼吸道疾病的元素起因研究,发现近地表大气尘中有约17%的细粒子能随呼吸进入呼吸道深处,并在人体存留,发挥健康效应。定性分析和定量的多元回归计算均表明大气中的Hg、Cd、Pb、As等重金属元素与肺癌发病存在相关性,后续实验认定大气颗粒物中的Hg元素是导致肺癌的原因之一。
(2)实地调查数据显示,在成都经济区范围内大气颗粒物中Hg、Cd、As、Pb等元素的富集程度高,分别达到上地壳克拉克值的58倍、35倍、20倍、17倍,这与该地区肺癌、儿童哮喘两种呼吸道疾病发病率平均年增长约20%的情况相对应。其中,德阳元素富集最大,呼吸道疾病发病率最高;而眉山元素富集最小,呼吸道疾病发病最低。说明大气颗粒物中的元素确实对健康造成影响。
(3)居民人发中元素含量与环境中大气颗粒物元素含量存在对应关系,肺癌组与对照组人发中元素Hg含量存在差异,P<0.05。
(4)致突变毒理实验表明甲基汞很可能是一种致癌物,香烟燃烧元素气固分配比实验也表明烟草燃烧过程中约90%的Hg元素迁移进入气相,Hg可能是吸烟致癌的又一原因。
综合以上结论,本文认为,大气中以Hg为代表的Hg、Cd、Pb、As等元素可能是导致肺癌的起因之一,与居民呼吸道疾病发病有一定的联系,这些元素通常都被划入重金属范畴。降低这些元素在大气中的赋存可能是防治居民呼吸道疾病的途径之一。
According to the references, respiratory diseases incidence has been rising these years, especially in Chengdu city, which rises 44% per year. Respiratory diseases have been the most mortality there. It had been concluded that the pollution acts as the main factor explaining the high incidence of respiratory diseases. Most research limited in the gas pollution such as oxide and particulate itself, paying less attention to the toxic elements. Thinking the meteorology characteristic of Chengdu area, windless and inversion, basing on the fact that toxic elements of particulate enter human body through breath and effect respiratory tract, this paper observed the relationship between respiratory diseases and the toxic elements in the air particulate. Hope to find the elements which cause respiratory diseases, this paper would give a reference to the environment study, to help to promote people’s health level.
The Air Particulate Near the Surface(APNS) was collected in Chengdu area, and surveyed 22 elements contents, to be the sample which informs the elements distribution of air particulate. The medical cases of lung cancer and children asthma were collected to calculate the respiratory diseases incidence. This paper evaluated the relation between the distribution of air elements and the distribution of respiratory diseases both with the method of microcosmic and macrocosm. In macrocosm, this paper taking the whole Chengdu area as object, juxtaposed the elements and diseases levels among the six cities; In microcosmic, this paper focusing in a small area, the Chengdu downtown, cut it to be 93 squares(1km*1km), estimated the elements concentration and the respiratory diseases incidence in each square, and did Partial Least-Squares (PLS) regress between the elements and the diseases. The interrelation was found.
To make sure the relation between them, three more experiments were done to examine the result, the particulate diameter analysis and the Particulate Matter in 10um(PM10), hair elements analysis, elements toxicological experiment.
At first, because the APNS is coarse, and the air particulate is fine, so the diameter of APNS was survyed to make sure APNS includes fine particulate. Then, 13 PM10 samples were collected in APNS’s same area, to survey the elements distribution of PM 10, comparing with the elements of APNS, to make sure the elements in APNS is the proper sample to the elements in the air particulate.
Second, 4 special area were picked up according to the elements content and respiratory diseases incidence. The citizen and lung cancer patients hair samples were collected to comparing that the different elements condition of air environment and different diseases condition, do or do not effect in human elements distribution.
Third, two elements toxicological experiments were done. (1) According to the previous conclusion, Hg was proven to promote the probability of lung cancer, so a Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis(SCGE) test was be done to judge the mutagenic Hg, further to judge the carcinogenicity of Hg. (2) Since papers had reported that part harmful elements in the air come from the combustion of organism, and smoking is one of the reasons that cause lung cancer, tobacco was chosen to be the example of organism to burn to survey the elements rates of ash and gas phase. Using a new geochemical method, the Element Ratio Method(ERM), 11 elements were surveyed in the ash and the cigarette sample, to show how much elements transfer to the air. Those elements would be one of the reasons that smoking cause cancer, and wold move to the air in other burning process.
The conclusion include:
(1) 17% APNS is fine particulate which could enter the deep respiratory passage, and store in human body, cause respiratory diseases. Many analysis methods showed that Hg、C d、P b、As in the APNS are relative to respiratory diseases, Hg could be one of the reasons which cause lung cancer.
(2) The incidence of lung cancer and children asthma in Chengdu area have been rising 20% per year, corresponding Hg、C d、A s、P b concentrated in APNS reaching 58, 35, 20, 17 times of Clarke Value. The most medical cases incidence hanppened in Deyang district and least happened in Meishan, corresponding the elements content were high and low in Deyang and Meishan.
(3) Hair analysis showed that the element content in human hair is changed according to the differnent air environment in districts. There is significant differences between Hg content in lung cancer patients hair and normal people hair, P<0.05.
(4) The SCGE experiment showed the HgCH3Cl is mutagenicity, which means that it probably is carcinogenicity. The cigarette elements distribution rates of ash and gas phase experiment showed that about 90% Hg elment moved into the air during smoke, Hg could be a new reason of“smoking cause cancer”.
So, this paper believe that the elements leading by Hg, Cd, Pb, As are relative with the sufferance of respiratory diseases. Most of these elements are heavy metals. To hold down the content of these elements in the air must be one of the ways to prevent and cure respiratory diseases.
引文
[1] Abbey,Nishino,MeDonne1,et al.Long-term inhalablepartieles and other air polutants related to mortality in nonsmokers[J].American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care M edicine. 1999, 159:373-382.
[2] B Finkelman,William Orem,Vincent,et al.Health impacts of coal and coal use:possible solutions [J].International journal of coal geology.2002,50:425-443.
[3] Kflzuro iwaia,Shoichi Mizunob,Yoji Miyasakae,et al.Correlation between suspended particles in the environmental air and Causes of disease among inhabitants Cross sectiona1 studies using tbevital statistics and air pollution data in Japan[J].Environmental Research,2005,112(99):106-107.
[4] Michael Jerrett,Richard T Burnett,Renjun Ma.Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles[J].Epidemiology.2005,16(6):727-736.
[5] Richard Anderson. Exercise effects on trace element metabolism. Trace Elements in Man and Animals[M] Springer Netherlands 1995
[6] B Nemer.Metal toxicity and the respiratory tract[J].Eur respiratory Journal. 1990,3: 202-219
[7] Badiello R, Feroci G, Fini A..Interaction between trace elements: selenium and cadmium ions[J] Trace Elem Med Biol. 1996 Sep.10(3).:156-162.
[8] Batzevich V A.Hair trace element analysis in human ecology study[J].Sci Total Environ. 1995, 164:89-98.
[9] Bencze K.What contribution can be made to biological monitoring by hair analysis [J].Fresenius J Anal Chem,1990,338:58-61.
[10] Bertil,Forsberg,Hans-Christen, et al.Comparative Health Impact Assessment of Local and Regional Particulate Air Pollutants in Scandinavia[J] AMBIO-人类环境杂志.2005, 34(1):63-65
[11] Chen F,Cole P.Air pollution and adenocarcinoma of the lung[J].Lung Cancer.2005.49:P189(P 285).
[12] Chen KS,Lin CF,Chou YM.Determination of rce eontributions to ambient PM2.5 in Kaohsiung,Taiwan,using a receptor model[J].Air Waste Manag Amoc,2001,51:492—498.
[13] Chen LH,Knutsen SF,Shavlik D,et a1.The association between fatal coronary heart disease and ambient particulate air polution:are females at greater risk[J].Environ Heal Perspoct,2005,113:1723-1729.
[14] De Nooij-van Dalen AG, van Buuren-van Seggelen VH, Mulder A, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of spontaneous mutants of lymphoblastoid cells with extended loss of heterozygosity[J]. Mutat Res, 1997, 374(1): 51-62
[15] Dominici F,Peng RD,Bell ML,et a1.Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases[J].JAMA,2006,205(10):1127-1134.
[16] Edersen D U,Durant J L,Penman B W,et al.Human cell mutageus in respirable airbome particles in the Northeastem United States Mutagenieity of fraetionated samples[J] . Emiron Sei Techno1.2004,38(3):682-689
[17] Epa官方网站:http://www.epa.gov/opppmsd1/PPISdata/
[18] F Mnoga L,Tusek Znidaric M,Horvat M,et a1.Mercury,selenium and cadium in human autopsy samples from Idrija residents and mercury mine wDrkers[J].Environmental Research(section A),2000.84(2):211-218.
[19] G. Keeler, G. Glinsorn, N. Pirrone. Particulate mercury in the atmosphere: Its significance, transport, transformation and sources[J]. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 1995, 2: 159-168.
[20] Gasiewicz T.A. Smith J.C.Properties of the cadmium and slelniumcomp1ex fomed in rat plama in viva and vitro[J].Chem.BioI.Inter,1987.23:171-183.
[21] Gent JF,Triche EW,Holford TR,et a1.Association of low-level ozone and fine particles with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma[J].JAMA,2003,290(14):1859-1867.
[22] Heyes A, Moore T R, Rudd J W, Mercury and methylmercury in decomposing vegetation of a pristine and impounded wetland [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998.27(3):591-599.
[23] Honma M, Sofuni T. The mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) using the microwell method. Genetic toxicology and cancer risk assessment[J]. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 2001:141-161
[24] International Agency for Research on Cancer,Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation[R] http:// monographs. iarc. fr/ ENG /Monographs / vol83 /volume83.pdf
[25] International Union of Geological Sciences, ANNUAL REPORT TO COUNCIL,1993[R]
[26] Jefferson Fowles,Michael Bates The Chemical Constituents in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke:Priorities for Harm Reduction[R] 2001
[27] Joshi S,BK S,Pandit N.Smoking,air pollution.and the high rates of lung cancer in developing country Nepa1[J]. Lung Cancer.2005.49(Suppl 2):S191(P 291).
[28] Lag M, Helgeland K, Olsen I, Effects of cadmium acetate and sodium selenite on mucociliary functions and adenosine triphosphate content in mouse trachea organ cultures[R] 2002
[29] Lasko D, Cavenee W, Nordenskjold M. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity in human cancer[J]. Annu Rev Genet, 1991, 25: 281-314
[30] Lee J H,Doolitfle J J.Phosphate impacts on cadmium sorption in acidic and calcareous soils[J].Soil Science,2002,167:390—400.
[31] Lee M, Kwon J, Chung MK. Enhanced prediction of potential rodent carcinogenicity by utilizing comet assay and apoptotic assay in combination[J]. Mutat Res, 2003, 541(1-2): 9-19
[32] Miller KA,Siscovick DS,Sheppard L,et al.Long term exposure to air polution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women[J].N England Report of Medicine,2007,356:447-457.
[33] Nerriere E. mirouuNavier D Z, esqueyroux P D,et a1.Lung cancer risk assessment in relation with personal exposure.We to airborne particles in four french metropolitan areas[J],JOEM,2005(12):167-169
[34] Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards and Office of Research and Development. (1997, December) Mercury study report to congress volume V: Health effects of mercury and mercury compounds[R] 2002.10
[35] Ortman K, Pehrson B. Effect of selenate as a feed supplement to dairy cows in comparison to selenite and selenium yeast[J] Anim Sci. 1999 Dec;77.12:3365-70.
[36] Ostro B D.The association of air pollution and mortality examine the care for inference[J],Arch Envi Heal,1993,148:336—342.
[37] P. Jitaru and F. Adams.Toxicity, sources and biogeochemical cycle of mercury[J] EDP Sciences 2004 J. Phys. IV France 121:185-193
[38] Pagano P,De Zaiacomo T,Scarcella E,et .Mutagenie activity of total and particle-sized fractious of urban particulate matter[J].Environ Sci Technol,l996,30(12):35l2-35l6
[39] Paotetti I,Falche M,Basti D,et al. Mineral lung burden of an urban population[J].Atmos Enivron,1991,25B:381.
[40] Pardo M T . Cadmium sorption-desorption by soils in the absence and presence of phosphate[J].Communications in Soil Science and Hant Analysis,2004,35:1553- 1568.
[41] Per Nafstad,Iise Lund Hfiheim,Torbjorn Wisloff.Urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of norwegian melt[J].Environ Health Perspect.2004,112(12):610-615.
[42] Pope CA,Burnett RT,Thun MI,et al.Lung cancerm. cardiopulomonary mortality and long term exposure to fine particulate air pollution[J].JAMA.2002,287(9):1132-1141.
[43] Schwartz J,Dockery D.Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Stubenvilh ohio[J].Amer J Epidemlo, 1992,11(35):12-19。
[44] Steven J,Steindel,李映欧头发微量元素分析的不确定性[J]美国医学会杂志:中文版2001,2(6):315-316
[45] The Chemical Constituents in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke:Priorities for Harm Reduction[R],A Report to the New Zealand Ministry of Health[R]
[46] US EPA.Control of mercury emissions from coal- fired electric utility boilers:interim report [R] .U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Researchand Development.2002
[47]白剑英,大气颗粒物有机组分的致突变研究[J],卫生毒理学报,1998,12(3): 157-158
[48]蔡宏道,鲁生业,环境医学[M].中国环境科学出版社.1988第1版
[49]曹佳.加强环境致癌致畸致突变的研究,第三军医大学学报,2003,25(19):1687-1687
[50]陈德钧,季延安,林肇信,等,大气污染化学[M],科技图书股份有限公司(台湾),1988第1版
[51]陈士杰,李秀央,周连芳,大气污染物致肺癌的潜伏期灰色定量分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(3):233-235.
[52]陈天虎,徐惠芳,大气降尘TEM观察及其环境矿物学意义,岩石矿物,2003,22(4):425-428
[53]陈卫红,广西锡矿工人肺癌病例对比研究[J],职业卫生与职业病,1999.254:23-34
[54]陈正昌,程炳林,陈新丰,等,多变量分析方法[M],中国税务出版社,2005年第1版
[55]戴宇飞,陈艳,硒对砷毒性的拮抗作用研究[J],中国公共卫生,2002,18(10):1187-1189
[56]杜春玲,赵修海,张辉,铁矿采矿工人呼吸系统职业性损伤的调查[J],中国工业医学杂志,2003,16(1):42-43
[57]费云芸,刘代成,低剂量汞元素的毒性作用机理[J],山东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2003,18. (10): 88-90
[58]傅绍清,苏云康,宋恰,等,成都平原菜园地土壤及主要蔬菜作用物汞污染研究[J],土地农业通报,1989,4(2):926-928
[59]高秋华,范华汉,肺癌病人头发中微量元素的分析及其意义[J]癌症,1997,16(4):263-264
[60]顾祖维,确认人类致癌物的艰巨性及其可能的途径[J],中国公共卫生,1998, 14(1): 12-13
[61]关迪源,郭海恩,潘翠琴,大气中不同粒径颗粒提取物的动物皮肤致癌实验[J],中华预防医学杂志,1990, 24(1):9-13
[62]郭新彪,大气污染对健康影响研究的一些新进展[J],北京大学学报:医学版,2007,39(1):116-118
[63]郭亚杰,王亚男,张立实,TK基因突变实验检测叶绿素的抗诱变性[J],现代预防医学,2006,33(6):861-862,867
[64]何建,肖保平,成都市城市布局与大气环境质量的关系[J],铁道劳动安全卫生与环保,2002,29(25):208-210
[65]河北省卫生防疫站环卫科,《保定市大气污染对人体健康影响调查研究报告》[R],1983
[66]洪昭毅,周建德,头发锌测定前样品洗涤方法的探讨[J],上海医学检验杂志,1989,4(1):84-86
[67]侯新生,余吾其,中子活化分析在研究成都市大气飘尘中的应用[J],中国环境监测,1997,13(6): 20-23
[68]胡雷芳,五种常用系统聚类分析方法及其比较[J],经济研究,2004,12 :20-23
[70]胡伟,魏复盛,JimZHANG,空气污染与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互影响[J],安全与环境学报,2004,4(6):22-26
[71]胡晓荣,王丽鑫,徐培渝,等,氯化汞和亚硒酸钠对大鼠的毒性相互作用[J]化学研究与应用,2004,16(3):317-319
[72]胡雁,青岛市大气污染对人体健康经济损失评估[J],中国公共卫生,2003,19(8):940-941
[73]胡宇,肖碧玉,干热沙漠环境石油工人血,尿,发中16种元素水平的研究[J],中国公共卫生,2000, 16(6):499-500
[74]黄海燕,福州市5区大气TSP与PM10的调查分析[J],职业与健康,2004,20(11):09-110
[75]黄建华,魏咏兰,成都市1990—1993年恶性肿瘤发病及死亡监测资料分析[J],肿瘤防治,1995,1: 1-3
[76]黄欣欣,蔡琳,大气污染与肺癌关系研究进展[J],中国公共卫生,2006,22(12):1443-1445
[77]黄永健,大气气溶胶汞污染研究[D],成都理工大学,2002,5
[78]吉林省卫生防疫站,《辽源市大气污染对人群健康影响的研究》[R],1982
[79]纪建光,大气污染与人体健康影响[J],河北环境科学,2000, 8(3):53-56
[80]阚海东,陈秉衡.贾健,上海市大气污染与居民每日死亡关系的病例交叉研究[J],中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(10):863-867
[81]阚海东,陈秉衡,我国部分城市大气污染对健康影响的研究l0年回顾[J].中华预防医学杂志,2002,36(1):59-61.
[82]孔灵菲,王鲁宁,沈阳市城市人口咳嗽喘息症状抽样调查结果分析[J],中国医科大学学报,2002,31,(3):213-214
[83]孔瑞祥,必需微量元素的营养、生理及临床意义[M],安徽科技出版社,2000
[84]雷浩然,2007年成都空气质量优良天数达319天再创新高[N],成都商报,2008年-01月04日第一版
[85]李桂英,唐小玲,毕新慧,等,广州市不同粒径大气颗粒物有机提取物的致突变性研究[J],环境科学学报,2005,25(3): 319-323
[86]李海奎,肖亚丽,苗军,常用统计软件中非线性回归功能的分析与评价[J]河南农业大学学报,2003,37(2):200-204
[87]李鸿宝,2002～2004年上海市普陀区肺癌发病率及死亡率分析[J],上海预防医学,2006,18(2):60-61
[88]李基文,微量元素硒与健康的研究进展[J],职业卫生与应急救援,2006, 24(2):76-79
[89]李秀云,刘旭红,居民区不同粒径大气颗粒物的致突变研究[J],中国环境科学,1992, 12(5):365-368
[90]李增禧,秦俊法,头发元素分析临床应用发展史略[J],广东微量元素科学,2002, 9:1-33
[91]廖江,杜其筠,成都市恶性肿瘤和肺癌发病率及死亡率分析[J],中国慢性病预防与控制,2006, 14(4):286-287
[92]廖江,贾勇.成都市2005年居民死亡原因分析,中国慢性病预防与控制[J],2007,15(3):290-291
[93]林健荣,邓平建,李喜梅,氯化汞对草地贪夜蛾sf9细胞及核型多角体病毒的损伤与致突变研究[J],中国农业科学,2006,39(1): 88-94
[94]卢新卫,黔东湘西汞矿区的环境健康问题研究[J],西北地质,2003, 36(100) :146-148
[95]吕春平,吕冬梅,癌症病人头发中无机元素含量变化初探[J],广东微量元素科学,1999,6 (9):26-28
[96]马春庭,高萍,武海军,等,掌握和精通spss10机械工业出版社[M],2001年第1版
[97]马威,任易,武汉地区不同年龄段人发微量元素正常参考值的确立[J],中国公共卫生,2002,18(1):128-129
[98]娜斯曼,陈友兰,肺癌与头发微量元素关系的探讨[J],中国肿瘤临床与康复,1999,6 (5):64-65
[99]倪凤伟,硒与健康和疾病的关系[J],中华医学研究杂志,2006,6(7):829-830
[100]彭玉魁,赵锁,陕西省大中城市郊区大气矿质元素及重金属元素含量研究[J],西北农业学报,2002,11(1):97-100
[101]祁争健,王瑞,原子吸收光谱法测定香烟烟气中重金属的含量[J],分析测试学报,2004,23(4):107-109
[102]乔卓,沈阳市机动车尾气的污染影响和控制对策[J],环境保护科学,2003,29(2): 8-9
[103]张亮,日科学家发现四成致癌性大气污染物来自植物[N],科技日报,2006,06 (13),2
[104]山根靖弘,贺振东等译,环境污染物质与毒性[M],四川人民出版社,1990
[105]施泽明,倪师军,张成江,等,成都市城市土壤中重金属的现状评价[J],成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2005,32(4):391-395.
[106]石杰,李力,烟草中微量元素和重金属检测进展[J],烟草科技,2006,2:40-45
[107]四川省统计年鉴2003、2004[M]中国统计出版社
[108]孙英敏,青岛市大气污染与肺癌相关性的调查[J],环境与健康杂志,1999,16 (1): 41-43
[109]汤艳,盐亭县1969-1997肺癌死亡率变化趋势[J],中国肺癌杂志,2002,4 (5):17-19
[110]滕恩江,室内燃煤取暖与烟雾程度对呼吸道健康的影响研究[J],中国环境监测,2001, 1 (7):28-32
[111]童永彭,陆亚松,PM10颗粒物致大鼠肺炎过程中肺组织元素变化的研究[J],核技术,2002, 12 (25): 997-1002
[112]王继生,王洪海,发样洗涤方法对微量元素测定影响的探讨[J],微量元素与健康研究,1999, 2 (16):67-68
[113]王瑾,许峰,周清华,肺癌流行病学研究进展[J],中国肺癌杂志,2005,5 (8):395-400
[114]王任群,赵肃,氯化汞对雄性果蝇生殖细胞致突变性的研究[J],癌变,畸变,突变,1993.,5. (5): 17-19
[115]王世俊,金属中毒[M],人民卫生出版社,1988,7,第2版
[116]王文斌,2006年成都市大气环境综合整治工作情况报告[R], 2007
[117]王星云,杨青,肺癌患者血清中微量元素含量检测的意义[J],吉林大学学报:医学版,2004,5. (1):133-135
[118]王章玮,张晓山.,北京市大气颗粒物PM2.5,PM10及降雪中的汞[J].,环境化学,2004,11(6):668-673.
[119]卫生部卫生防疫司《我国二十六城市大气污染与居民死亡情况调查资料汇编1976-1981》[M]人民卫生出版社,1984
[120]伍学强,胡天勇,肺癌防治新进展[M],河南医科大学出版社
[121]西安刘毅锋老师的个人网站:http://liuyifeng.nease.net/liu01.htm
[122]向守贤,郭黎,云锡职工头发中砷含量与肺癌[J],云锡科技,1990,17 (1):53-56
[123]肖纯凌,韩秀珍,大气污染对儿童上呼吸道微生态影响的分析[J],中国公共卫生,2002,12,(18):1457-1458
[124]徐述章,黄细花,徐桂萍,等,儿童哮喘与环境空气污染物关系的调查研[J],中国小儿急救医学,2006,4 (13).: 347-349
[125]许秀娣,肺癌患者头发中的微量元素分析[J],广东微量元素科学,1995,2 (2):53-55
[126]杨慧辉,周易,发样洗涤方法的探讨[J],分析化学,1990,12 (18):1134-1137
[127]杨文敏,吴炳耀,大气颗粒物的微观特征研究[J],中华预防医学杂志,1996,5 (30):292-295
[128]印红玲,洪华生,叶翠杏,等,厦门市大气PM10中PAHs的健康风险评估-BEQ评估,环境化学,2006,3 (25):360-362
[129]俞冰,卢慧敏,王一,上海市卢湾区居民日死亡数与大气污染关系的时间序列研究[J]上海预防医学,2006,18 (6): 264-266
[130]张丽,孙杰,成都市11年间慢性非传染性疾病监测分析[J],现代预防医学,2003,2 (3):160-162
[131]张苒,氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法测定可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品中的Hg及As[J],现代科学仪器,2001 (2):67-70.
[132]张艳玲,周汉平,烟草重金属研究概述[J],烟草科技,2004,12 :20-23,27
[133]章元沛,药物的致突变,致癌和致畸胎作用[J],科技通报,1990,2 (6):102-105
[134]赵琦,唐将,沈前斌,等,成都市土壤测量Hg元素的发育特征及其来源[J]贵州工业大学学报:自然科学版.2004,33 (1):15-20
[135]赵生国,郑红文,胡之德,等,某煤矿地区人发中微量元素含量与疾病关系的分析与研究[J],分析科学学报,2004,4 (20):349-352
[136]赵旭伟,汪凤山肺癌的研究现状[J],中华实用中西医杂志2005年18卷19期:1208-1209
[137]赵振华,微量元素地球化学原理[M]科学出版社1997年第1版
[138]郑星泉,对头发中微量元素测定预处理方法的研究[J],环境与职业医学, 2002,6 (19):374-378,395
[139]周道其(编译)化学物质进入人体[M]现代科技出版社2002
[140]周家斌,王铁冠,黄云碧,等,不同粒径大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征[J].环境科学,2005,26(2):40-43
[141]周玖萍,郑丽,大气中不同粒径颗粒物浓度及5种金属元素含量的分析[J],职业与健康,2006,13(22): 987-989
[142]周宗灿,环境医学[M],中国环境科学出版社,2000年第2版
[143]朱广一,大气可吸入颗粒物研究进展,城市环境,2002,6 (16):21-23
[144]朱礼学,刘志祥,陈斌,四川成都土壤地球化学背景及元素分布[J],四川地质学报,2004,24 (3):139-143
[145]朱文丽,外环境烟雾吸入对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响[J]国外医学:医学地理分册,2002,4 (23):185-187
[146]祝斌,朱先磊,张元勋,等,农作物秸秆燃烧PM2.5排放因子的研究[J],环境科学研究,2005,2 (18):29-33参考文献以第一作者名序排列