摘要
本文针对辽北地区烟叶生产的现状,选择烤烟品种云87,采用实验室配置氨基酸钾肥,经水培试验和田间试验相结合,利用近红外光谱仪,光合仪以及实验室常规分析等手段,从生理和品质方面对氨基酸肥料的调控效果进行了系统的研究。结果如下:
1烤烟苗期,二倍钾浓度处理,促进了烟苗的生长;氨基酸处理显著提高了烟苗叶片叶绿素含量,促进了烟苗的株高、茎围、最大叶面积的增长和根系的生长,同时氨基酸的加入对维持根系细胞膜稳定性效果显著,提高了根系对营养的吸收和利用。试验设置处理中以处理CK_2+ABC和CK_2+AC的效果最佳。
2随着培养时间的延长,各处理烟苗叶片MDA含量和SOD、CAT、POD的活性都有明显上升,变化趋势一致;二倍钾浓度处理、以及添加氨基酸和钾处理降低烟苗叶片MDA含量,增强了SOD活性,烤烟叶片的膜质过氧化作用减弱;部分氨基酸和钾处理能够提高活性氧清除系统中的SOD、CAT、POD活性,对降低细胞内活性氧自由基对质膜的伤害有重要意义。
3水培试验中,氨基酸和钾的加入对硝酸还原酶活性的提高效果十分显著,其中以处理CK_2+A、CK_2+ABC、CK_2+AC硝酸还原酶活性最强,分别比对照增加了113.47%,85.65%和43.51%;钾含量的增加、以及氨基酸和钾处理能使烟株地上部与地下部之间氮、磷、钾、烟碱含量均有不同程度提高,提高幅度较大的是处理CK_2+A、CK_2+ABC、CK_2+AC,说明钾浓度的加倍以及氨基酸的加入对烟株体内矿质养分浓度及烟碱含量的提高有显著作用。
4大田打顶后氨基酸钾肥的施用减少了总氮含量的下降,提高了烟叶含钾量,尤以处理AC+K对上中下部位烟叶钾含量的提高效果最为显著;氨基酸钾肥对提高烟叶烟碱含量也有显著效果,处理A+K的各部位烟碱含量最高,其次是处理ABC+K,可见成熟期喷施氨基酸钾肥对烟叶总氮、钾以及烟碱含量的提高具有良好的效果。
5大田成熟期氨基酸钾肥的喷施,在一定程度上解决了试验地区烟碱含量偏低的问题,同时提高了整株叶片钾、总糖、还原糖、以及烟碱含量,各品质指标及主要化学成分比值均在适宜范围,烟叶化学成分协调。
6本试验对烤烟中的全氮、钾以及烟碱含量进行近红外光谱法测定,并用预测样品进行外部验证,全氮、钾、烟碱含量预测模型分析结果的决定系数(R~2)分别为94.10%、90.99%、97.52%,预测标准差(RMSEP)分别为为0.126%、0.119%、0.043%,所建模型相对较好,已具有一定的实用性,符合烟叶全氮、钾以及烟碱含量的快速测定要求。
According to the current Flue-cured tobacco production situation in the Northeast of Liaoning province, this study uses homemade fertilizer contained amino acids and potassium, and chooses Yunyan 87 to carry on the experiment on both nutrient fluidin and field experiment. In the test, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, Photosynthesis instrument, and routine analysis are adopted to do the systemic study which aims to the effect of homemade fertilizer. The results are showed as follows:
1 In seedling stage, higher potassium nutrition treatment promotes the growth of tobacco; amino acids can significantly increase the chlorophyll content of flue-cured tobacco, increase plant height, stem circumference, the leaf area and root growth, and to maintain the stability of root cell membranes,improve the root system to absorb and use nutrients, and treatments of CK_2+ABC and CK_2+AC are best.
2 MDA content and SOD, CAT, POD activity of flue-cured tobacco leaves are all increased obviously with the extension of the processing time, protective enzyme activities change in the same trend;with potassium nutrition increased and amino acids and potassium treated, MDA content decreases and SOD activity increases, and membranaceous peroxidation of flue-cured tobacco leaves reduces; some of the amino acids and potassium treatment can increase SOD, CAT, POD activity, which is of great significance in reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen substances and reducing damage of active oxygen to the plasma membrane.
3 In nutrient fluidin experiment, addition of amino acids and potassium increase NR activity significantly, treatment of CK_2+A, CK_2+ABC, CK_2+AC have increased 113.47%,85.65% and 43.51% respectively compared to CK_1; with potassium nutrition increased and amino acids and potassium treated, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, nicotine content of both ground and underground part increase in various degrees, treatment of CK_2+A, CK_2+ABC, CK_2+AC increased higher, the result shows that addition of potassium and suitable amino acids and potassium treatment on the increase of the mineral nutrient concentration of the plant is significant.
4 In field experiment, by the use of amino acids and potassium fertilizer after decapitation,the decline of total nitrogen content has reduced, potassium content have increased significantly compared to upper, middle and lower leaves of CK_1, especially treatment of AC+K; and nicotine content has also increased, treatment of A+K is highest, compared to upper, middle and lower leaves of CK_1, the next is ABC+Kcompared to CK_1; the result shows that effect of spraying of amino acids and potassium are significant for the increase of total nitrogen, potassium, as well as nicotine content.
5 In field experiment, by the use of amino acids and potassium fertilizer after decapitation, the problem of low nicotine content can be solved to some extent,and potassium, total sugar, reducing sugar and nicotine content of the whole leaves increases,the quality indicators and the ratio of main chemical composition are in the appropriate scope,and the chemical composition of flue-cered tobacco leaves are coordinated.
6 In this study, the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS) is used to analyze total nitrogen, potassium and nicotine content in flue-cured tobacco leaves,and the calculated model are establish. The results show that R~2 of calculated model of total nitrogen,potassium and nicotine content are 94.10%,90.99% and 97.52% respectively, and RMSEP are 0.126%, 0.119%and 0.043% respectively. The correlation of calculated value and actual value is pleasant, the calculated model are better in practicability, and NIRS can be used to diagnose total nitrogen,potassium and nicotine content in Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves.
引文
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