摘要
以往土地整理在增加耕地、改善农业生产条件和生态环境、提高农业综合生产能力等方面取得了显著成效。随着社会经济发展,新农村建设、现代农业发展、城乡统筹、生态环境保护等一系列综合性的社会经济命题的展开,导致对土地整理研究的社会需求更为旺盛。但是,由于缺乏综合的理论视角,目前土地整理研究的理论体系建设还滞后于土地整理实践的发展,不能对土地整理及其相关的社会经济命题作出科学回答。在社会经济发展的压力下,土地整理如何响应?如何加强土地整理的理论和方法创新,寻求提升土地资源综合生产能力的机理、模式与途径?成为土地资源学科建设和土地整理研究的重要方向。
本研究适应土地整理综合化发展的趋势,在对人地关系协调与土地整理基础理论辨识的基础上,基于“人地关系背景-人地关系调控-土地整理-人地关系协调”的动态认识过程,构建了基于人地关系协调视角的土地整理过程综合分析框架。参照这一分析框架,以研究区的基本地貌格局为基础,对不同地貌格局下的人地关系特征进行了描述,借助土地利用变化分析及相关的环境效应,反映了重庆市直辖十余年来的人地关系背景,并划分了研究区不同的人地关系类型。在人地关系类型划分的基础上,探讨了不同人地关系类型区土地整理的愿景设计、目标取向、路径设置、潜力测算、现行土地整理过程分析等相关问题,构建了基于人地关系协调的土地整理评价指标体系并进行了实证应用。
(1)基于“人地关系背景-人地关系调控-土地整理-人地关系协调”的动态认识过程,构建了人地关系协调视角下的土地整理过程综合分析框架,为土地整理研究提供了综合的认识途径。面对新的压力和经济机会,微观尺度的个体响应会改变土地利用行为,驱动土地利用变化;而在社会、经济及资源环境压力下,宏观尺度的公共政策响应也会提出新的社会经济命题,这些命题与土地利用相联系,与微观个体相互作用,形成人地关系调控的新途径。从土地整理着手,科学设定土地整理愿景、目标和路径,并进行科学系统的综合评价,可实现土地整理有效调控人地关系。分析框架摆脱了“二元论”的束缚,反映了基于系统论解释人地关系相互作用机制的新方向。
(2)人地关系背景分析与类型划分是针对性进行人地关系调控的科学依据。一定地貌格局下的土地利用变化分析可粗线条地反映区域人地关系背景。分析结果表明,重庆西部方山丘陵区,人地关系紧张,退耕还林和农地利用的集约化以及农民生产经营行为的变化,导致劣质坡耕地转向生态用地,改善了生态环境；东北部构造溶蚀层状中山区,在相对集中的优质农地上实施了小面积的集约化生产,同时结合退耕还林,将生产能力低下的耕地用于发展生态产业,减少了人类活动对敏感生态环境的扰动；中部平行岭谷低山丘陵区,人地关系高度紧张,虽然退耕还林和农地利用集约化利用有利于改善生态环境,但是剧烈的非农建设活动和化肥、农药等生产要素的追加导致了环境退化；东南部强岩溶化峡谷低中山区,由于农业劳动力大量外流,作为农地利用集约化的逆过程,粗放化和弃耕现象明显,改善了脆弱的生态环境。基于人地关系背景分析,综合各区域社会经济发展及相关规划,将重庆市划分为都市高压区、环都市紧张区、渝东北敏感区和渝东南脆弱区4种人地关系类型区。人地关系类型区的合理划分,为从土地利用角度进行人地关系调控提供了科学性和针对性。
(3)资源禀赋基础、社会经济发展战略、产业发展功能定位、未来人地关系情景以及土地利用战略导向是土地整理进行愿景设计的基础和依据。①都市高压区土地整理愿景应服务于区域经济安全,完善城市功能与结构,提高城市土地集约利用水平,改善土地利用条件,转变土地利用功能,发展都市现代农业,推进新农村建设,为城市建设置换用地空间；②环都市紧张区土地整理愿景应服务于重庆市经济和粮食安全,为现代农业生产、规模化集约化经营造就条件,为改善农村居住生活环境,承接都市区的经济梯度转移、支撑区域经济安全提供用地空间；③渝东北敏感区土地整理愿景应服务于区域生态和粮食安全,改善土地利用条件,培育区域特色农业和绿色农业,引导农村产业、居住、公共设施相对集中,营造良好、稳定的生态环境；④渝东南脆弱区土地整理愿景应服务于区域生态和资源安全,加快生态林网建设,加强灾毁地、石漠化及流域综合整治,大力发展生态农业,改善贫困地区生产、生活条件。
(4)土地整理愿景设计框架和中心功能定位确定了土地整理的目标取向,适合的路径设置是土地整理目标实现的关键。①都市高压区土地整理目标取向应以经济增效为中心功能,为城镇建设和产业发展置换用地空间,并兼顾都市农业发展和新农村建设。城市土地整理、开发区整理、农村居民点整理和农地整理的相互匹配模式是适合的路径；②环都市紧张区土地整理目标取向应以粮食增产稳收、经济增效为中心功能,为促进农业发展、粮食安全,改善人居环境创造条件,同时为承接都市高压区经济发展和建设用地扩张提供支撑。适合的土地整理路径应是以农业生产为主的土地整理模式与以中心村和小城镇为中心的土地整理模式相互匹配；③渝东北敏感区地整理目标取向应以维护和改善生态环境、提高土地生产能力为中心功能,为促进生态保护和农业发展提供保障。生态型土地整理、农业生产综合型土地整理、生态屏障建设型居民点整理的相互匹配模式是适合的路径；④渝东南脆弱区以生态恢复治理、重塑农业生态景观为中心功能,为生态恢复和重塑农业生态景观,促进贫困人口脱贫致富创造有利的条件。合理保护未利用地的整理、灾害防治型土地整理、农业生态景观建设型土地整理以及生态脱贫型农村居民点整理相匹配的整理模式是适合的路径。
(5)耕地整理、农村居民点整理、适宜未利用地开发和废弃地复垦是构成重庆市土地整理潜力的主要来源。但受资源基础、地形地貌、农村人口规模等因素约束程度不同,不同人地关系类型区土地整理潜力大小和时空分布存在差异。潜力测算结果显示,重庆市新增耕地总潜力为272990.22hm~2,新增园林地及其他农用地总潜力为127037.34hm~2。新增耕地总潜力中,都市高压区21697.12 hm~2,环都市紧张区109921.70hm~2,渝东北敏感区94938.81 hm~2,渝东南脆弱区46432.59 hm~2；新增园林地及其他农用地总潜力中,都市高压区为15481.01 hm~2,环都市紧张区44582.16hm~2,渝东北敏感区53235.68 hm~2,渝东南脆弱区13738.49 hm~2。同时,受相同制约因素影响,同一人地关系区内不同评价单元间土地整理新增耕地、林园地及其他农用地的潜力也存在差异。
(6)土地整理的过程和效果可客观反映和真实刻画土地整理实践自身的特征和协调区域人地关系的状况。运用2000-2008年研究区土地整理项目统计及相关过程资料,结合212份农户有效调查问卷综合分析,结果表明：①在新增耕地率方面,受未利用地开发、废弃地复垦在土地整理规模中所占比重影响,新增耕地率表现出渝东南脆弱区>渝东北敏感区>环都市紧张区>都市高压区,这与各类型区土地整理潜力资源分布相一致；在土地整理投资强度方面,无论实施规模还是新增耕地每公顷投资强度,均表现为项目级别越高,投资强度越大,即国家级项目>市级项目>区县级项目;项目空间配置方面,经济发展程度和政策导向主导了土地整理项目时空配置,结果表现为渝东北敏感区>环都市紧张区>渝东南脆弱区>都市高压区；②增加耕地显著、农业基础改善、生态完整性提高、促进农民收益是目前土地整理在各人地关系类型区获得的共同成效,但同时“目标单一,模式雷同”、生态型土地整理实践不深入、项目实施后评判机制缺位是土地整理在各类型区存在的普遍问题。
(7)从土地整理调控人地关系、协调人地矛盾、展现人地关系愿景的角度出发,围绕土地整理导致土地利用条件变化,土地整理的环境、灾害、生态效应,土地整理的资源、经济、社会效应三个方面,确定了28个具体考量指标,构建了基于人地关系协调的土地整理评价指标体系。并通过选取重庆市不同人地关系类型区20个典型土地整理项目,运用AHP与模糊综合评判的方法进行应用评价。评价结果显示,都市高压区人地关系协调度为0.6383,环都市紧张区为0.6659,渝东北敏感区为0.5747,渝东南脆弱区为0.5463。各人地关系类型区土地整理实现人地关系协调程度相差不大,且协调度都在0.6左右。表明目前土地整理在协调各类型区人地关系方面都只取得基本理想的效果,距各类型区土地整理协调人地关系的愿景相差甚远,且在土地整理导致土地利用条件变化、产生相应的环境效应和带来的经济和社会效应方面,各类型区间又存在差异。
综上所述,面对土地整理及其相关的社会经济命题,本研究以人地关系系统为认识框架,基于“人地关系背景-人地关系调控-土地整理-人地关系协调”的动态认识过程,构建了基于人地关系协调视角下的土地整理过程综合分析框架,为土地整理研究提供了综合的理论视角；人地关系类型的科学划分,较为清楚地刻画出重庆市域的人地关系格局；对不同人地关系类型区土地整理愿景设计、目标取向、路径设置和潜力测算以及现行土地整理过程分析的研究,为重庆市土地整理促进人地关系协调发展提供了指导；基于人地关系协调的土地整理评价指标体系的构建及应用,丰富了土地整理评价理论并客观揭示了重庆市土地整理在协调区域人地关系方面的效果。
Existing land consolidation projects effectively increased the amount of cultivated land, improved agricultural facilities and environment, and enhanced overall agricultural productivity. With the development of social economy, the social demand for land consolidation is increasing since it is related with a series of topics, such as construction of new socialist countryside, modern agricultural development, balancing urban and rural development, and environment protection. However, little attention has paid on comprehensive understanding of land consolidation, since there is a gap between the development of land consolidation theories and its practices. So there lacks scientific answer to land consolidation and relevant social economic problems. For example, how is the pressure of social economic development relieved by land consolidaiton? How to find out the mechanism, pattern and path of increase comprehensive productivity of land resources, mainly through the innovation of land consolidation theories and practices? These problems are very important but no answer in the study of land consolidation and land resource science.
The analytic framework provided integrative ways to understand land consolidation from the perspective of coordination of HLR, which was based on the dynamic analysis of'context of HLR-coordination of HLR-land consolidation-visions of land consolidation'. It was directed by the theories of coordination of HLR and identification of land consolidation, and was orientated at providing deeper understanding of comprehensive land consolidation. Based on the framework, this dissertation divided the types of HLR, taking Chongqing municipality as a case study. First, land use change and its corresponding environmental effect were analyzed in the basis of description of the characteristics of different landform pattern. Second, the specific context of HLR was explored in Chongqing after it was designated as the fourth Municipality directly under the Central Government. After that, vision designing, oriented objective, path selection and potential appraisals and the process of land consolidation were explored in areas with different HLR types. Finally, the performances of land consolidation were assessed by an index system related to the coordination of HLR, based on samples of land consolidation projects in Chongqing.
The results are listed as follows:
(1) The analytic framework based on coordination of HLR provided integrative ways to understand land consolidation. It was put forward based on the analysis of'context of HLR-coordination of HLR-land consolidation-visions of land consolidation'. Micro agents would change their behaviors of land use as a response to new pressure and economic opportunity, which would further driver land use change. Then macro public polices would respond to new social economic problems in the pressure of society, economy, resources and environment. The interaction of micro agents and macro policies would require new ways of coordinating HLR. Land consolidation was regarded as a useful way in the coordination of HLR, if the visions, objectives and paths were designed and assessed scientifically and systematically. The proposed framework could be used to better explain the interaction of human and land based on systematic theory rather than dualistic theory.
(2) The context analysis and zoning division of HLR types provided scientific foundation of coordination of HLR. The context of HLR would be reflected from land use change analysis in a certain landform. First, a conflict of HLR was witnessed in the western mesa and hilly areas, where environment was improved by'grain to green'policy, intensive agricultural land use and peasants' behavior change in agricultural production and operation. Second, a highly intensive conflict of HLR was found in paralleled valleys and low mountains and hills in the middle of Chongqing. Environment degradation in this area was aggravated by intensive non-agricultural construction activities and use of fertilizer and pesticides, despite it was partly weakened by'grain to green project'and intensive agricultural land use. Third, the disturbance of human activities on environment was reduced in middle-hilly area with eroded and stratified structure in the northeast of Chongqing. In this area, concentrated and high-yield cultivated land was used in small-scale intensive agricultural production, while low-yield cultivated land was utilized in ecological industries due to sloping land conversion program. Fourth, rocky area in valleys and low-middle hills in the southeast part was characterized by recovery from fragile ecological system, which was aroused by extensive and abandoning agricultural production in contrast to intensive land use with transfer of large rural labor force. Based on the above analysis and other plans in social economic development, four types of HLR in Chongqing could be distinguished, namely metropolitan areas with a highly intensive conflict of HLR, a peri-urban area with conflict of HLR, a northeast area with sensitive HLR, and a southeast area with fragile HLR. The rational division of HLR types provided scientific foundation for coordination of HLR through land use.
(3) The vision designing of land consolidation should consider multiple factors, such as regional resources endowment, social economic development, agricultural functional localization, scenarios of future HLR, and strategic positioning of land use. First, the visions of land consolidation in the metropolitan area could be concluded as ensuring regional economic security, improving urban function and spatial structure, promoting intensive level of urban land use. They also included improving land use efficiency and enhancing its function, developing modern agriculture, and promoting new socialist countryside construction as well as making space for urban expansion through land consolidation. Second, the visions of land consolidation in the peri-urban area should aim at ensuring security of economic development and food supply for Chongqing Municipality. In order to achieve the goals, some measures should be taken into consideration, such as facilitating intensive and scale operation for modern agriculture, improving living environment for rural inhabitants, receiving transferred industries from urban areas, and providing available land for regional economic development. Third, the visions of land consolidation in the northeast area were summarized as ensuring regional security of food and ecology for this area. The facilities for use should be improved through land consolidation projects and the featured or green agriculture should be cultivated through adjustment of agricultural structure. Land consolidation should promote concentration of rural industries, rural inhabitants and public facilities and construction of good and stable ecological system. Fourth, the visions of land consolidation in the southeast area could be described as ensuring security of ecology and resources. Thus the objectives of land consolidation included construction of ecological forest network, rehabilitation of land destroyed by disaster, land with desertification or land in river basins, development of ecological agriculture, and improvement of living and producing conditions for the poor area.
(4) Objective selection of land consolidation was on the basis of vision designing and central function positioning. Path selection was key factor in achieving the objective of land consolidation. First, the objectives of the metropolitan area were to achieve economic benefits, indicated by making space for urban construction and industrial relocation, and at the same time developing urban agriculture and constructing new socialist countryside. The best path for this area was integrated land consolidation composed of urban land consolidation, development zone's land consolidation, rural residential consolidation and farmland consolidation. Second, the objectives of land consolidation in the peri-urban area were to achieve economic benefits and increase grain production, to promote agricultural development and food security, to improve living environment, and to facilitate transferred industrial development and urban construction. The suitable path of land consolidation should include farmland consolidation for the purpose of agricultural development, and land consolidation in central villages and small towns. Third, the objectives of land consolidation in the northeast area were to maintain and improve environment, improve agricultural productivity. The suitable path should be integration of ecology-oriented land consolidation, farmland consolidation for agricultural development, rural residential consolidation in ecological protection area. Fourth, the objectives of land consolidation in the southeast area were ecological recovery or rehabilitation, agricultural landscape optimization and poverty reduction. The reasonable path in the area should include unused land development, disaster preventing land consolidation, land consolidation for optimized landscape pattern, and rural residential consolidation for the sake of poverty reduction.
(5) The potential of land consolidation sourced from cultivated land consolidation, rural residential consolidation, unused land development, wasteland reclamation in Chongqing. However, the potential and its spatial-temporal distribution varied in different HLR areas, due to the impacts of different resource endowment, landform, rural population and so on. The results of potential estimation showed that most of the total potential for newly increased cultivated land amounted to 272,990.2 hm2 in the whole Chongqing, and the potential for newly grown horticulture land, forestland and other agricultural land added up to 127,037.34 hm2. In terms of cultivated land potential, the metropolitan area had a potential of 21,697.12 hm2; the peri-urban area having 109,921.70hm2; the northeast area 94,938.81 hm2; the southeast area 46,432.59 hm2. The potential for increased other agricultural land was 15,481.01 hm2 in the metropolitan area; it being 44,582.16 hm2 in the peri-urban area; 53,235.68 hm2 in the northeast area; 13,738.49 hm2 in the southeast area. Furthermor, the potential of newly increased cultivated land, horticultural land, forest land and other agricultural land varied from county to county in the same HLR areas, as a result of different constrains in different counties.
(6) The process and effects of land consolidation could really reflect the characters of land consolidation practices and coordination of regional HLR. The data used in the analysis included statistics of land consolidation and related materials in the study area between 2000 and 2008, and questionnaire surveying with 212 households. The results showed that the amount of newly increased cultivated land was in the top rank in the southeast area, the second in the northeast area, the third in the peri-urban area, the least in the metropolitan area, which was in accordance with the distribution of land consolidation potential. The amount was mainly determined by the ratio of the amount of unused land development and wasteland reclamation to the amount of land consolidation. In terms of investment of land consolidation, the higher the level of land consolidation projects was, the larger average input per hectare of the total land area or increased cultivated land area was. So the investment per hectare of national projects was more than that of municipal projects, and even more than that of country projects. Furthermore, the distribution of land consolidation projects was impacted by social economic developments and policies making. The northeast area had the highest number of projects, whereas the metropolitan area the second, the southeast area the third, and the metropolitan area the lowest. According to assessment, land consolidation has positive effects such as increasing cultivated land, improving agricultural facilities, protecting intact ecosystem and increasing household income. However, there were many common problems brought about by land consolidation, including simplifying objectives in land consolidation, conforming design of land consolidation projects, neglecting eco-environment recovery, and lacking post-evaluation of projects.
(7) The evaluated index system was proposed form three kinds of effects brought about by land consolidation, including effects of land use change, effects of disaster and eco-environment, effects related with resource, economy and society, which were connected with adjusting and regulating HLR, reducing human and land contradiction, realizing visions of HLR, respectively. Indices with a number of twenty eight were selected to assess the performance of land consolidation, and then twenty land consolidation projects representing with different HLR were selected for assessment. The methods of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were applied. The results indicated that the coordination degree of HLR was 0.6383 in the metropolitan areas,0.6659 in the peri-urban area, 0.5747 in the northeast area, and 0.5463 in the southeast area. The coordinating degree of HLR had no significant difference between different HLR areas, with a proximate value of 0.6. Generally, land consolidation projects had satisfied effects as expected in terms of relieving HLR conflicts, but actual effects of land consolidation projects lagged behind the visions mentioned above. In addition, land consolidation projects had variations in land use change and its multiple effects related to environment, economy and society in these areas.
In sum, this dissertation conducted a series of research on land consolidation. Considering the relationship between land consolidation and related social economic issues, integrated theoretical perspective was established in land consolidation research, based on the investigation of dynamic process of'context of HLR-coordination of HLR-land consolidation-visions of land consolidation'and the analytical framework of coordinating HLR. The scientific classification of HLR types accurately described the pattern of HLR in Chongqing municipality. After that, study of vision designing, objective selection, path definition, potential appraisal and process investigation provided better understanding on how to coordinate HLR through land consolidation. Finally, the establishment and application of index system of land consolidation from the perspective of coordination HLR improved the theory of land consolidation assessment, and disclosed the effects of coordinating HLR through land consolidation.
引文
[1]刘彦随,杨子生.我国土地资源学研究新进展及其展望[J].自然资源学报.2008,23(2)：353-360.
[2]魏秀菊,王应宽,王柳,等.跟踪学科前沿,引导学科发展[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3)：171-175.
[3]汉默顿(英).史上最伟大的思想精华[M].天津：天津人民出版社.2004.
[4]奥威毕克(荷).人口理论史[M].北京：商务印书馆.1988.
[5]李宁.从人地关系原理和可持续发展观点论合理开发国土资源[J].国土与自然资源研究.1997,(3)：6-9.
[6]阿·德芒戎(法).人文地理学问题[M].北京：商务印书馆.2007.
[7]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心[J].经济地理,1991,15(3)：1-9.
[8]陆大道,郭来喜.地理学的研究核心—人地关系地域系统—论吴传钧院士的地理学思想与学术贡献[J].地理学报.1998,53(2)：97-105.
[9]潘玉君,刘荣,王斌.地理学元研究：地理学的研究核心[J].2002,22(4)：58-61
[10]樊杰,许豫东,邵阳.土地利用变化研究的人文地理视角与新命题[J].地理科学进展.2003,22(1)：1-10.
[11]陆红生,韩桐魁.关于土地科学学科建设若干问题的探索[J].中国土地科学.2002,16(4)：10-13.
[12]李振泉.人地关系论[A].李旭旦.人文地理学论丛[C].北京：人民教育出版社,1985.37-46.
[13]王黎明.区域可持续发展-基于人地关系地域系统的视角[M].北京：中国经济出版社,1998.
[14]成岳冲.历史时期宁绍地区人地关系的紧张与调适-兼论宁绍区域个性形成的客观基础[J].中国农史,1994,13(2)：8-18.
[15]陈印军.四川人地关系日趋紧张的原因及对策[J].自然资源学报,1995,10(4):380-388.
[16]叶岱夫.人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的相互作用机理初探[J].地理研究,2001,20(3)：307-314.
[17]乔家君,李永文.21世纪人文地理科学的发展趋势分析及预测研究[J].人文地理,2000,15(5)：9,58-61.
[18]朱国宏.人地关系论[J].人口与经济.1995.(1)：18-24,35.
[19]任启平.人地关系地域系统结构研究[D].东北师范大学博士学位论文,2005.
[20]樊杰.“人地关系地域系统”学术思想与经济地理学[J].经济地理.2008,28(2)：177-183.
[21]王爱民,刘加林,缪磊磊,等.人地关系研究中的土地利用特征指标分析—以兰州市为例[J].经济地理.1999,19(1)：62-66.
[22]谢高地,成升魁,丁贤忠.人口增长胁迫下的全球土地利用变化研究[J].自然资源学报.1999,14(3)：193-199.
[23]王爱民,刘加林,缪磊磊.土地利用的人地关系透视[J].地域研究与开发.2002,21(1)：9-12,17.
[24]李秀彬.从土地利用看人地关系的演变[J].地理教育.2009,(6)：4-5.
[25]朱德举.土地科学导论[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社.2001.
[26]Rachel Carson(美).吕瑞兰译.寂静的春天[M].上海：上海译文出版社.2008.
[27]Garrett Hardin(美).戴星翼,张真(译).生活在极限之内：生态学、经济学和人口禁忌[M].上海：上海译文出版社2005.
[28]樊杰,吕昕.简论人地关系地域系统研究的核心领域—土地利用变化[J].地学前缘.2002,9(4)：429-430.
[29]陆大道,樊杰.经济地理学的领路人、人文地理学的开拓者—沉痛悼念我国当代杰出的地理学家吴传钧先生[J].经济地理.2009,29(3)：353-356.
[30]蔡运龙.土地利用／土地覆被变化研究：寻求新的综合途径[J].地理研究.2001,20(6)：645-652.
[31]IGBP. Global change and earth system: a planet under pressure[R]. IGBP Science Series 4,2001.
[32]IGBP. Global change and earth system:a planet under pressure. Executive Summary[A]. In:Steffen W., Eliott S., et al. IGBP secretariat[C]. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,2004.
[33]任美锷.地理科学系统理论及其在现代经济建设中的意义—以长江三角洲为例[J].地球信息科学.2004,6(1)：1-3.
[34]香宝,银山.人地系统演化及人地关系理论的考察[J].中国人口·资源与环境.2000,10(专刊)：1-2.
[35]郭跃,王佐成.历史演进中的人地关系[J].重庆师范学院学报(自然科学版).2001,18(1)：22-31.
[36]吴传钧.人地关系地域系统的理论研究及调控[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2008,40(2)：1-3.
[37]王爱民,刘加林,高翔.青藏高原东北缘及其毗邻地区人地关系地域系统研究[J].经济地理.2000,20(2)：31-35.
[38]阎建忠.大渡河上游生计方式演变与土地覆被变化-从局地到区域的解释[D].北京：中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士学位论文,2004.
[39]潘玉君,刘荣,王斌.地理学元研究：地理学的研究核心[J].2002,22(4)：58-61.
[40]刘勇,张红,赵学艺.山西省人地关系的资源环境基础与可持续发展[J].生产力研究.2003,(2)：174-175.
[41]张佩芳,吕星,周钜乾.论绿色文明与民族边疆山区农村经济的可持续发展—以云南省西双版纳为例[J].热带地理.2001,21(1)：71-75.
[42]黄贤金,陈利根.大城市郊区土地利用结构类型区评价—以南京市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境.1997,6(2)：134-142.
[43]王长征,刘毅.沿海死去人地关系演化及优化分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境.2003,13(6)：91-96.
[44]刘俊杰.华南沿海地区人地关系态势与调控机理—以雷州半岛为例[J].生产力研究.2002,(6)：166-168.
[45]周青,黄贤金,濮励杰,等.快速城镇化农村区域土地利用变化及驱动机制研究—以江苏省原锡山市为例[J].资源科学.2004,26(1)：22-30.
[46]乔家君,李小建.土地利用／土地覆被对人地系统的影响分析—以河南巩义市3个不同类型村为例[J].水土保持研究.2006,13(2)：91-94.
[47]石敏俊,王涛.中国生态脆弱带人地关系行为机制模型及应用[J].地理学报.2005,60(1)：165-174.
[48]海山.内蒙古农牧交错带人地关系地域系统调控研究[J].内蒙古科技与经济.2000,(5)：11-12.
[49]姜逢清,朱诚,穆桂金,等.新疆绿洲当代人地关系紧张情势与缓解途径[J].地理科学.2003,23(2)：157-163.
[50]黄春长.渭河流域3100年前资源退化与人地关系演变[J].地理科学.2001,21(1)：30-35.
[51]阎建忠,张镱锂,摆万里,等.大渡河上游生计方式的时空格局与土地利用／覆被变化[J].农业工程学报.2005,21(3)：83-89.
[52]师江澜,史纪安,杨改河.黄河源区玛多县土地利用时空格局分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报.2007,35(5)：147-153,158.
[53]鲁西奇.人地关系理论与历史地理研究[J].史学理论研究.2001,(2)：36-46.
[54]陆大道.关于地理学的“人-地系统”理论研究[J].地理研究,2002,21(2)：135-145.
[55]H J Geist & E F Lambin. What Drives Tropical Deforestation?——A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence[N]. LUCC Report Series No.4., 2001.
[56]E F Lambin. Modelling deforestation processes: a review. TREES Series B. Research Report 1. European Commission, Brussels, EUR,1994.
[57]谢高地,成升魁,丁贤忠.人口增长胁迫下的全球土地利用变化研究[J].自然资源学报.1999,14(3)：193-199.
[58]毛留喜,张建新,程序,等.北方农牧交错带人口承载力胁迫研究[J].农业环境保护.2000,19(3)：137-140.
[59]毛留喜,刘国彬,王利文,等.北方农牧交错带的粮食生产率胁迫力研究[J].水土保持学报.2000,14(5)：98-103.
[60]朱会义,李秀彬.关于区域土地利用变化指数模型方法的讨论[J].地理学报.2003,58(5)：643-650.
[61]马建华,赵庆良,韩晋仙,等.河南省洛宁县森林覆被及其变化的分形分析[J].资源科学,2002,25(2)：14-19.
[62]张雷.中国东部沿海地带人地关系状态分析[J].地理学报,2004,59(2)：311-319.
[63]郭腾云,徐勇,杨国安.延安市土地利用变化与人地关系状态演变[J].水土保持研究.2004,11(3)：61-65.
[64]Singh I, Squire L, Strauss J. Agricultural Household Models: Extensions, Applications and Policy[M]. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1986.
[65]Krusem an G, Ruben R, Hengsdijk H et al. Farm household modeling for estim ating the effectiveness of priceinstrum ents in land use policy[J]. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science.1995,(43):111-123.
[66]Krusem an G, Bade J. Agrarian policies for sustainable land use: bio-economic modeling to assess the effectiveness of policy instruments[J]. Agricultural System,1998,(58):465-481..
[67]M ullen J D, Taylor D B, Fofana M, et al. Integrating long-run biological and economic considerations into Strigam anagem entprograms[J]. Agricultural System,2003,(76):787-795.
[68]Fleming E, Milne M. Bioeconomic modeling ofthe production and export of cocoa forprice policy analysis in Papua New Guinea[J]. Agricultural System,2003,(76):483-505.
[69]Kruseman G. Assessing the Effects of Policy Measures on Household Welfare and Agro-Ecological Sustainability:An Overview of Farm Household Modelling Approaches [A]. Economic Policy and Sustainable Land Use[C]. New York: Physica-Verlag,2001.
[70]Schoorl, J M, A Veldkamp. Linking land use and landscape process modeling: a case study for the Alora region(SE Spain) [J]. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.,2001,(85):281-292.
[71]E F Lambin, H J Geist. Regional differences in tropical deforestation[J]. Environment,2003,45(6):22-36.
[72]N Stephenne, E F Lambin, A Dynamic simulation model of land-use changes in the Sudan-Sahelian countries of Africa[J]. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.,2001,(85):145-161.
[73]A Veldkamp, E F Lambin. Predicting land-use change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.,2001,(85):1-6.
[74]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报,1999,54(2)：177-185.
[75]李秀彬.土地利用变化的解释[J].地理科学进展,21(3)：195-203.
[76]Peter Verburg, Tom Veldkamp, Martin Dijst, Paul Schot. Framing land use dynamics [N]. LUCC Newsletter, 2003, Issue No.9:5-6.
[77]摆万奇.深圳市土地利用动态趋势分析[J].自然资源学报,2002,5(2)：112-116.
[78]王建华,江东,顾定法,等.基于SD模型的干旱区城市水资源承载力预测研究[J],地理学与国土研究,1999,15(2)：18-22.
[79]Xie Y. Analytical Models and Algorithms for Cellular Urban Dynamics, Ph.D. Thesis, University of New York at Buffalo,1994.
[80]Xie Y. A Generlized Model for Cellular Urban Dynamics [J] Geographical Analysis,1997,28:350-373.
[81]Parker D C, Manson S M, Steven M. LUCC Report Series No.6:Agent-Based Models of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change: An International Workshop[R]. in preparation to be published by LUCC Focus 2001:1-89.
[82]张春祥.以科学发展观审视我国的人地关系[J].城乡建设.2004,(10)：49-52.
[83]刘彦随.区域土地利用系统优化调控的机理与模式[J].资源科学.1999,21(4)：60-65.
[84]李秀彬,朱会义,谈明洪,等.土地利用集约度的测度方法[J].地理科学进展.2008,27(6)：12-17.
[85]Pender J L. Rural population growth, agricultural change and natural resource management in developing countries:A review of hypotheses and some evidence from Honduras[R]. EPTD discussion papers No.48, International Food Policy Research Institute,1999.
[86]Templeton S R., Scherr S J. Population pressure and the microeconomy of land management in hills and mountains of developing countries[R]. EPTD discussion papers No.26, International Food Policy Research Institute,1997.
[87]MacDonald D, Crabtree J R, Wiesinger G, et al. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(1):47-69.
[88]Burgi M, Turner M G. Factors and processes shaping land cover and land cover changes along the Wisconsin river[J], Ecosystems.2002,(2):184-201.
[89]史培军,宋长青,景贵飞.加强我国土地利用／覆盖变化及其对生态环境安全影响的研究[J].地球科学进 展.2002,17(2)：161-168.
[90]Matson P A, Parton W J,Power A G, et al. Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties[J]. Science. 1997,277(5325):504-509.
[91]Tilman D. Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion:The need for sustainable and efficient practices[J]. PNAS,1999,96(11):5999-6000.
[92]Foley J A, DeFries R, Asner G P, et al. Global consequences of land use[J] Science.2005,309(5734):570-574.
[93]王爱民,缪磊磊.地理学人地关系研究的理论述评[J].地理科学进展,2000,(4)：415-420.
[94]巴雅尔,敖登高娃.基于LUCC的内蒙古人地关系地域系统调控模式初探[J].2006,35(2)：91-95
[95]张佩芳,吕星,周钜乾.论绿色文明与民族边疆山区农村经济的可持续发展-以云南省西双版纳为例[J].2001,21(1)：71-75.
[96]鲁奇.中国耕地资源开发、保护与粮食安全保障问题[J].资源科学.1999,21(6)：5-8.
[97]范金梅,孟宪素,薛永森.中国耕地整理潜力评价初探-以北京延庆县为例[J].地理研究.2004,23(6)：736-744.
[98]闫东浩,侯森兴,朱德举,等.耕地整理潜力测算[J].农业工程学报.2004,20(3)：257-261.
[99]夏建国,张素兰.中国西部大城市郊区土地开发整理与耕地总量动态平衡探讨[J].农业工程学报.2005,21(增刊)：174-178.
[100]郭洪泉,王磊,范金梅,等.北京延庆县耕地整理潜力多因素综合评价数据模型研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(8)：83-86.
[101]张正峰,赵伟.北京市大兴区耕地整理潜力模糊评价研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(2)：83-88.
[102]李宪文,张军连,郑伟元,等.中国城镇化过程中村庄土地整理潜力估算[J].农业工程学报.2004,20(4)：276-279.
[103]杨庆媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地区农村居民点土地整理模式[J].地理研究.2004,23(4)：469-478.
[104]石诗源,张小林.江苏省农村居民点用地现状分析与整理潜力测算[J].中国土地科学.2009,23(9)：52-58.
[105]曹秀玲,张清军,尚国琲,等.河北省农村居民点整理潜力评价分级[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(11)：318-323.
[106]陈荣清,张凤荣,孟媛,等.农村居民点整理的现实潜力估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4)：216-221.
[107]何英彬,陈佑启,杨鹏,等.农村居民点土地整理及其对耕地的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(7)：312-316
[108]喻光明,车懿,林小薇,等.土地整理规划中的水资源需求分析与工程设计[J].华中师范大学学报：自然科学版.2007,41(4)：608-611.
[109]殷建军,龙腾飞.论工程移民与土地整理[J].商业时代.2007,(33)：11-12.
[110]任杰,王力,罗杰.工程移民中的土地开发整理实证研究-以四川省石棉县为例[J].中国农学通报.2007,23(7)：539-542.
[111]熊广成,孟庆香,常庆瑞.农地整理项目的效益分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2003,3(5)：13-16.
[112]杨继瑞.土地整理的理论与实践[M].成都：四川大学出版社,2001.
[113]Mihara M. Effect of agricultural land consolidation on erosion processes in semi-mountainous paddy fields of Japan[J],Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research.1996, (64):237-247.
[114]A. Bronstert, S. Volimer, J. Ihringer. A review of the impact of land consolidation on runoff production and flooding in Germany[J]. Phys.Chem.Earth.1995,20(3-4):321-329.
[115]Rafael Crecente, Carlos Alvarez, Urbano Fra. Economic, social and environmental impact of land consolidation in Galicia[J]. Land Use Policy.2002, (19):135-147.
[116]Wendy Crane. Biodiversity conservation and land rights in South Africa:Whither the farm dwellers?[J]. Groforum.2006, (37):1035-1045.
[117]Jordan S. Oestreicher, Karina Benessaiah, Maria C. Ruiz-Jaen, et.al. Avoiding deforestation in Panamanian protected areas: An analysis of protection effectiveness and implications for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation[J]. Global Environmental Change.2009, (19):279-291
[118]李汉敏,陈常优.土地整理的生态环境建设问题研究[J].气象与环境科学.2007,30(2)：13-16.
[119]何芳.前联邦德国土地整理介绍与分析[J].中国土地.1997,(10)：41-44
[120]王建军.土地整理存在的问题及对策[J].中国高新技术企业.2007,(10)：136,138.
[121]党淑英,薛东前.陕西省土地开发整理与生态环境效应研究[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版).2007,31(4)：544-548.
[122]张贞,魏朝富,李萍,等.西南丘陵山区土地整理方案比选研究[J].农业工程学报.2007,23(10)：98-105.
[123]喻光明,胡秀丽,张敏,等.土地整理的生态风险评价[J].安全与环境学报.2007,7(6)：83-88.
[124]Fiorino D J. Citizen Participation and environmental risk:a survey of institutional mechanisms[J]. Science, Technology & Human Values.1990,15(2):226-243.
[125]Jose Castro Coelho, Jose Portela, P Aguiar Pinto. A social approach to land consolidation schemes[J]. Land Use Policy.1996, (13):129-147.
[126]J.Castro Coelho, P. Aguiar Pinto, L. Mira da Silva. A systems approach for the estimation of the effects of land consolidation projects(LCPs):a model and its application[J]. Agricultural Systems.2001,(68):179-195.
[127]Terry van Dijk. Complications for traditional land consolidation in Central Europe[J]. Geoforum.2007,(38):505-511.
[128]Quadflieg, F. An economist's view of the measures introduced to accomopany the change in the agrarian structure[J]. Berichte Uber Landwirtschaft.1997,(75):501-514.
[129]Petr Sklenicka. Applying evaluation criteria for the land consolidation effect to three contrasting study areas in the Czech Pepublic[J]. Land Use Policy.2006,(23):502-510.
[130]Gopal B. Thapa, Gajendra S. Niroula. Alternative options of land consolidation in the mountions of Nepal:An analysis based on stakeholders'opinions[J]. Land Use Policy.2008,(25):338-350.
[131]毛明来,陈通,孙洪昌.加强土地整理,推进新农村建设[J].中国农机化.2007,(6)：59-61.
[132]李树芬.论土地开发整理中新农村建设中的作用[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版).2007,9(5)：663-665.
[133]信桂新.农户生计变化与社会主义新农村建设-以邛崃市典型村为例[D].西南大学.2009.
[134]Binns B o. The consolidation of fragmented agricultural holding FAO agricultural studies Washington[R].1950.
[135]King R L, Burton S P. An introduction to the Geography of land fragmentation and consolidation occasional paper 8[J]. Leicester University Department of Geography.1981.
[136]马克·布洛赫.法国农村史[M].北京：商务印书馆.2003.
[137]Ellis F. Agriculture policies in developing countries[M]. Cambidge: Cambidge University Press.1992.
[138]Khanna B S. Rural development in South Asia-India[M]. New Delhi:Deep and Deep publications.1991.
[139]Jugale V V, Jugale Y V. Agro-climatic regional planning: an approach towards sustainable development[M]. In:Shukla, A. (Ed.), Regional Planning and Sustainable Development. New Delhi:Kanishka Publishers. 2000.
[140]Blaikie P M, Brookfield H. Defining and debating the problem[M].In:Blaikie P M, Brookfield H. (Eds.), Land Degradation and Society. Methuen, London.1987.
[141]Paudel G S. Farmers'land management practices in the hills of Nepal:a comparative study of watersheds "with" and "without" external intervention[D]. Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand.2001.
[142]Niroula G S, Thapa G B. Impacts of land fragmentation on input use, crop yield and production efficiency in the mountains of Nepal[J]. Land Degradation and Development.2007, (18):237-248.
[143]FAO (Food and Agriculture organization of the UN). The design of land consolidation in political projects in Central and Eastern Europe[R]. FAO Land Tenure Studies, FAO, Rome.2003.
[144]Giovarelli R, Bledsoe D. Land reform in Eastern Europe[R]. Rural Development Institute, Seattle.2001.
[145]Laird F L. Participatory analysis, democracy, and technological decision making[J]. Science, Technology & Human Values.1993,18(3):341-361.
[146]Tayfun Cay, Turgut Ayten, Fatih Iscan. Effects of different land reallocation models on the success of land consolidation projects:Social and economic approaches[J]. Land Use Policy.2009,(3):1-8.
[147]杨庆媛.西南丘陵山地区土地整理与区域生态安全研究[J].地理研究.2003,22(6)：698-708.
[148]周明喜.四川省邛崃市建设新农村成就斐然[N].中国贸易报.2008-04-22.
[149]Sonnenberg J. The European dimension and land management-Policy Issues (land readjustment and land consolidation as tools for development)[R]. Land Management in the Process of Transition. FIG Commission 7, Budapest.1996.
[150]Van den Brink A. Sustainable development and land consolidation[M]. In:Dixon-Gough R W. (Ed.), Land Reform and Sustainable Development. Ashgate, Aldershot.1999.61-68.
[151]Van Lier H N. Land use planning and land consolidation in the future in Europe[J]. Zeitschrift fu r Kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung.2000,41(3):138-144.
[152]Janssen R, Rietveld P. Multicriteria evaluation of land reallotment plans:a case study[J]. Environment and Planning A.1985,(17):1653-1668.
[153]Van den Noort P C. Land consolidation in The Netherlands[J].1987,(5):11-13.
[154]Van Huylenbroeck G, Martens L. The average value ranking multi-criteria method for project evaluation in regional planning[J]. European Review of Agricultural Economics.1992,(19):237-252.
[155]Van Huylenbroeck G, Coelho J, Pinto P A. Evaluation of land consolidation projects(LLCs): a multidisciplinary approach[J]. Journal of Rural Studies.1996,12(3):297-310.
[156]Gonzalez X P, Alvarez C J, Crecente R. Evaluation of land distributions with joint regard to plot size and shape[J], Agricultural Systems.2004,(82):31-43.
[157]信桂新,杨庆媛,杨华均,等.土地整理项目实施后影响评价[J].农业工程学报.2009,25(11)：312-317.
[158]Monke E, Aviller F, Ferro M. Consolidation policies and smallfarm agriculture in northwest Portugal[J], European Review of Agricultural Economics.1992,(19):67-83.
[159]Goodale M R, Sky P K. Owener's relationship to property and land consolidation:a social approach[J]. Kart Og Plan.1998,(4):264-268.
[160]LushoS, Papa D. Land fragmentation and consolidation in Albania[R]. Albania Series. Working Paper 25. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison.1998.
[161]Van Dijk T. Effects of land consolidation in practice analysis of post-war experience in The Netherlands[C]. In: Fendel, E.M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 22~(nd) Urban and Regional Data Management Symposium-Seminar on Land Markets and Land Consolidation in Central Europe. TU Delft, Delft.2000.
[162]Miranda D, Crecente R, Alvarez M F. Land consolidation in inland rural Galicia, N W Spain, since 1950:an example of the formulation and use of questions, criteria and indicators for evaluation of rural development policies[J]. Land Use Policy.2006,(23):511-520.
[163]Sklenicka P. Applying evaluation criteria for the land consolidation effect to three contrasting study areas in the Czech Republich[J]. Land Use Policy.2006,(23):502-510.
[1]何博传.山坳上的中国[M].贵阳：贵州人民出版社.1989,222-270.
[2]胡果文.论清代人口的膨胀[J].华东师范大学学报.1984,(2)：25-30.
[3]谢忠梁.中国历代人口略计表[J].四川大学学报从刊.1979,(3)：80-86.
[4]崔功豪,魏清泉,陈宗兴.区域分析与规划[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2006,331-332.
[5]黄宗智.中国农村的过密化与现代化：规范认识危机及出路[M].上海：上海社会科学院出版社.1992,2-18.
[6]黄宗智.制度化了的“半工半耕”过密型农业[J].读书.2006,(2)：30-37.
[7]黄宗智.制度化了的“半工半耕”过密型农业[J].读书.2006,(3)：72-80.
[8]黄宗智,彭玉生.三大历史性变迁的交汇与中国小规模农业的前景[J].中国社会科学.2007,(4)：74-88.
[9]贺雪峰.农业的前途与农村的发展[J].读书.2008,(10)：39-45.
[10]黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M].北京：中华书局,2000.
[11]赵冈.人口、垦殖与生态环境[J].中国农史.1996,15(1)：56-66.
[12]王乃昂,颉耀文,薛祥燕.近2000年来人类活动对我国西部生态环境变化的影响[J].中国历史地理论从.2002,17(3).
[13]马强.汉中地区生态资源的历史变迁及其成因[J].中国历史地理论丛.2002,17(3).
[14]徐海亮.历代中州森林变迁[J].中国农史.1988,7(4)：14-22.
[15]林汀水.明清福建植被的破坏与水土流失[J].中国社会经济史研究.2002,(3)：33-39.
[16]姚兆余.明清时期西北地区农业开发的技术路线与生态效应[J].中国农史.2003,22(4)：102-111.
[17]蓝勇.乾嘉垦殖对四川农业生态和社会发展影响初探[J].中国农史.1993,12(1)：19-28.
[18]封志明,刘宝勤,杨艳昭.中国耕地资源数量变化的趋势分析与数据重建：1949-2003[J].自然资源学报.2005,20(1)：3543.
[19]张雷.人地关系步入紧张阶段[N].中国经济时报.2000-07-19.
[20]吕苑鹃.不断开拓的事业-我国耕地保护60年历程回顾[EB/OL].www.gov.cn.2009-09-30.
[21]孙荣飞.专家称中国耕地面积6年后将跌破18亿亩底线[N].第一财经日报.2007-05-14.
[22]李秀彬.土地利用变化的解释[J].地理科学进展.2002,21(3)：195-203.
[23]李秀彬.农地利用变化假说与相关的环境效应命题[J].地球科学进展.2008,23(11)：1124-1129.
[24]Boserup E. The conditions of agricultural growth [M].Chicago:Aldine,1965.
[25]Stone G D. Theory of the square chicken: Advances in agricultural intensification theory[J].Asia Pacific Viewpoint.2003,42(2/3):163-180.
[26]Abernethy V D. Foreword, to 2005 edition of esther boserups conditions of agricultural growth[C]//Boserup E. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers,2005.
[27]Lambin E F, Rounsevell M D A, Geist H J. Are agricultural land-use models able to predict changes in land-use intensity?[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment.2000,82(1/3):321-331.
[28]Geetz C. Agricutural Involution[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press.1963.
[29]Broolfield H C. Intensification and disintensification in Pacific agriculture[J]. Pacific Viewpoint.1972,13(1):30-48.
[30]严金明,钟金发,池国仁.土地整理[M].北京：经济管理出版社.1998.
[31]国士资源部规划司和土地整理中心.土地开发整理规划实例[M].北京：地质出版社.2001.
[32]高向军.土地整理理论与实践[M].北京：地质出版社.2003.
[33]朱志刚,李元.土地开发整理项目预算定额标准[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社.2005.
[34]杨庆媛,周宝同,涂建军,等.西南地区土地整理的目标及模式[M].北京：商务印书馆.2006.
[35]杨子生,姜锦云,胡珀,等.云南省土地开发整理规划.昆明：云南科技出版社.2006.
[36]刘彦随,杨子生.我国土地资源学研究新进展及其展望[J].自然资源学报.2008,23(2)：353-360.
[37]杨子生,刘彦随.中国山区生态友好型土地利用研究[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2007.
[38]张正峰,陈百明.土地整理效益分析[J].农业工程学报.2003,19(2)210-213.
[39]吴传均.人地关系地域系统的理论研究及调控[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2008,40(2)：1-3.
[1]冉清红,岳云华,谢德体,等.土地整理的人-地系统响应综述[J].水土保持研究.2008,15(4)：171-174,178.
[2]刘彦随,杨子生.我国土地资源学研究新进展及其展望[J].自然资源学报.2008,23(2)：353-360.
[3]杨子生,刘彦随.中国山区生态友好型土地利用研究[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2007
[4]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社.1996.
[5]陈彦光,刘继生.城市土地利用结构和形态的定量描述：从信息熵到分数维[J].地理研究.2001,20(5)：146-152.
[6]谭永忠,吴次芳.区域土地利用结构的信息熵分异规律研究[J].自然资源学报.2003,18(1)：112-117.
[7]高永年,刘友兆.经济快速发展地区土地利用结构信息熵变化及其动因分析-以昆山市为例[J].土壤.2004,36(5)：527-531.
[8]童绍玉,蔡运龙,李成双.云南省楚难市与双柏县土地利用变化对比研究[J].地理研究.2006,25(3)：397-406.
[9]赵晶,徐建华,梅安新,等上海市土地利用结构和形态演变的信息熵与分维分析.地理研究.2004,23(2)：137-146
[10]邓聚龙.灰色控制系统[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社.1985.
[11]陈荣蓉,宋光煜,信桂新,等.土地利用结构特征与社会经济发展关联分析-以重庆市荣昌县为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版).2008,30(7)：138-143.
[12]王淑芬.应用统计学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.中国林业出版社.2007.
[13]吴传钧.人地关系地域系统的理论研究及调控[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,40(2)：1-3.
[14]樊彦国等.土地开发整理技术及应用[M].东营：中国石油大学出版社.2007：30-54.
[15]钱学森,许国志,王寿云.组织管理的技术-系统工程[M].论系统工程(增订本).长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1988.
[16]曾珍香,顾培亮.可持续发展的系统分析与评价[M].北京：科学出版社.2000：115-130.
[17]王万茂.市场经济条件下土地资源配置的目标、原则和评价标准[J].资源科学.1996,(1)：24-28.
[18]章泽宾,陈银蓉.比较优势理论与武汉城市圈土地资源优化配置研究[J].乡镇经济,2008,(11)：46-49.
[19]刘青松,邹欣庆,左平.可持续发展简论[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社.2003.
[20]刘传祥,承继成,李琦.可持续发展的基本理论分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,1996,6(2)：3-7.
[21]高向军.土地整理理论与实践[M].北京：中国地质出版社.2003.
[22]蔡运龙.土地利用／土地覆被变化研究：寻求新的综合途径[J].地理研究.2001,20(6)：645-652.
[23]罗明,王军.中国土地整理的区域差异及对策[J].地理科学进展.2001,20(2)：97-103.
[24]高向军.国家投资土地开发整理项目管理程序[J].中国土地.2001,(11)：7-9.
[25]高向军,罗明.土地利用和覆被变化(LUCC)研究与土地整理[J].农业工程学报.2001,17(4)：151-155.
[26]荀文会,刘友兆.土地整理环境影响评价的技术方法研究[J].国土资源科技管理.2005,22(4)：10-14.
[27]张慧,付梅臣.土地整理项目中的景观生态规划设计[J].山东农业大学学报：自然科学版.2005,36(2)：270-274.
[28]李荣.全国土地整理中心主任座谈会在京召开[J].土地整理通讯.2006,85期.
[29]贾丽,张雅杰,於忠祥,等.土地整理中的生态安全问题[J].国土资源科技管理,2008,25(3)：42-45.
[30]信桂新,杨庆媛,杨华均,等.土地整理项目实施后影响评价[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(11)：312-317.
[31]中国科学院自然区划工作委员会.中国综合自然区划[M].北京：科学出版社.1959.
[32]阎建忠.大渡河上游生计方式演变与土地覆被变化-从局地到区域的解释[D].北京：中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士学位论文,2004.
[33]Pender J L. Rural population growth, agricultural change and natural resource management in developing coutries:A review of hypotheses and some evidence from Hoduras[R].EPTD discussion papers No.48, International Food Policy Research Institute.1999.
[34]Platt R H. Land Use and Society:Geography, Law, and Public Policy[M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1996.
[1]鹿心社．论中国土地整理的总体方略．农业工程学报．2002，18(1)：1-5．
[2] Stophenne N, Lambin E E. A dynamic simulation model of land-use changes in Sudamo-sahelian countries of Africa(SALU )[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2001, 85:145-161.
[3]史培军，宋长青，景贵飞．加强我国土地利用／覆盖变化及其对生态环境安全影响的研究[J]．地球科学进展．2002，17(2)：16l-168．
[4]史培军，王静爱，陈婧等．当代地理学之人地相互作用研究的趋向[J]．地理学报．2006， 61(2)：115-126．
[5]王成，魏朝富，邵景安，等．局地土地利用变化现实情景研究[J]．地理科学进展．2006，25(6)：76-86．
[6] Antrop M. Why landscapes of the past are important for the future?[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2005, (70): 21-34.
[7] Turner II B L, Clark WC, Kates R W, et al. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years[M]. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1990.
[8] Liu S H. Spatial Patterns and Dynamic Mechanisms of Urban Land Growth in China: Case Studies of Beijing and Shanghai[R] . International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Interim Report IR-02-005.Luxemburg, IIASA, 2002, 38.
[9] Liu J Y, Zhan J Y, Deng X Z. Spatio-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Urban Land Expansion in China during the Economic Reform Era[J]. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2005, 34(6): 450-455.
[10]黄贤金，彭补拙，张建新，等．区域产业结构调整与土地可持续利用关系研究[J]．经济地理．2002，13(1)：425-429．
[11]孔祥斌，张风荣，徐艳，等．集约化农区近50年耕地数量分析驱动机制分析[J]．自然资源学报．2004，19(1)：12-20．
[12]欧阳进良，宋春梅，字振荣，等．黄淮平原农区不同类型农户的土地利用方式选择及其环境影响[J]．自然资源学报．2004， 19(1)：1-9．
[13]彭群，龙花楼，罗明等.西部地区土地整理生态评价[J]．经济地理．2003， 23(6)：822-825．
[14]张正峰，陈百明．土地整理的效益分析[J]．农业工程学报．2003， 19(2)：210-213．
[15]罗明，张惠远．土地整理及其生态环境影响综述[J]．资源科学．2002， 24(2)：60-63．
[16]张妍,杨志峰，李巍．农牧交错地带的生态评估对土地整理的启示[J]．自然资源学报．2005，20(4)：555-563，
[17]高向军，罗明，张惠远．土地利用和覆被变化(LUCC)研究与土地整理[J]．农业工程学报．2001，17(4)： 151-155．
[18]王军，罗明，龙花楼．土地整理生态评价的方法与案例[J].自然资源学报．2003， 18(3)：363-367．
[19]杨庆媛，周宝同，涂建军，等．西南地区土地整理的目标及模式[M]．北京：商务印书馆．2006．
[20]伊利，莫尔豪斯(著)．滕维藻(译)．土地经济学原理[M]．北京：商务印书馆．1982．
[21]李秀彬，朱会义，谈明洪，等．土地利用集约度的测度方法[J]．地理科学进展．2008，27(6)：12-17．
[1]伊利,莫尔豪斯(著),滕维藻(译).土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982.
[2]李秀彬.土地利用变化的解释[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(3)：195-203.
[3]Lambin E F, Rounsevell M D A, Geist H J. Are agricultural land -use models able to predict changes in land -use intensity? [J]. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment.2000,82 (1):321-331.
[4]李秀彬,朱会义,谈明洪,等.土地利用集约度的测度方法[J].2008,27(6)：12-17.
[5]张伟,张宏业,郑财贵.建立土地整理与新农村建设协调机制的思考[J].经济研究导刊.2009,(4)：37-38.
[6]张正峰,赵伟.土地整理的生态环境效应分析[J].农业工程学报.2007,23(8)：281-285.
[7]赵桂慎,贾文涛,柳晓蕾.土地整理过程中农田景观生态工程建设[J].农业工程学报.2007,23(11)：114-119.
[8]罗明,张惠远.土地整理及其生态环境影响综述[J].资源科学.2002,24(2)：60-63.
[9]钟险,白玉.科学评价土地整理效益[EB/OL]. http://www.clr.cn/front/read/read.asp.2009-8-14.
[10]孙九林.土地系统动态模拟与土地用途转换分析的方法探索—兼评“土地系统计量模型”图书[J].地理学报.2009,64(6)：764..
[11]洪军,葛剑平,蔡体久,等.基于多时相遥感数据的地表覆被分区研究[J].东北林业大学学报.2005,33(5)：38-40.
[12]秦元伟,赵庚星,王静,等.黄河三角洲滨海盐碱退化地恢复与再利用评价[J].农业工程学报.2009,25(11)：306-311.
[13]庄大方,刘纪元.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究[J].自然资源学报.1997,12(2)：105-111.