用户名: 密码: 验证码:
环境相对友好指数的测度及综合调控机制研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
在当前环境友好型社会建设的背景下,如何测算经济发展的环境友好程度,并通过相应政策机制的调控有效加强环境保护和污染控制成为理论及实践关注的热点问题。本文提出环境相对友好指数的概念及其计算方法。在此基础上,从产业选择偏好的调整、环境政策工具的运用以及环境治理主体作用的发挥三个方面建立综合调控机制,以缓解经济发展过程中面临的生态困境。全文以我国中部地区为例进行实证分析。
     本文的主要内容包括:
     (1)提出环境相对友好指数的概念及其测度方法。通过对“压力-状态-响应”模型的剖析,将环境相对友好指数的三个维度界定为环境间接压力、环境直接压力及环境治理能力(三力)。在此基础上,通过确定各省在三维立方体中的空间位置及到最优顶点的欧式距离,以此判断各地经济发展的环境友好程度。运用该模型对中部六省进行测算,可发现中部地区的环境相对友好指数离最优顶点距离较远。为此,应通过相关政策机制进行调控。
     (2)从发展压力看,对产业结构进行调整和优化升级是从源头减轻经济发展对生态环境造成潜在压力的重要举措。运用网络搜索及文本分析方法揭示地方政府的产业选择偏好及其可能对环境系统造成的潜在影响。通过对中部地区81个省辖市和482个县的政府网站、政府工作报告及相关新闻报道进行统计分析,可发现工业化为成为中部地区大多数市县政策制定者的主要发展战略和追求目标。在所重点支持的产业中,污染密集型产业所占比重过大。盲目的工业化浪潮及不顾环境承载能力大力发展污染密集型产业,势必会给中部地区原本脆弱的生态环境造成巨大压力。为此,中部地区应根据当地禀赋特征选择合适的工业化发展道路,并加强对污染密集型产业的环境规制力度。
     (3)从环境系统内部的污染控制状态看,规制手段的合理设计与有效实施是保证环境目标实现的关键。采用计量经济学方法分析了主要环境规制手段与五类常见污染物排放强度的相关关系,以界定各类环境政策工具的规制绩效。运用中部六省2003-2007年的省际面板数据对各种规制手段与五类常见污染物(化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、烟尘与工业粉尘)排放强度的相关关系进行实证研究。结果显示,经济激励相对于行政强制在减少污染排放中更具主导性作用,自愿性环境规制效果明显,信息披露在大气污染防治中效果较好,但公众参与在环境保护中的作用尚未显现。为此,在提高现有行政手段效率的基础上,应更加注重经济手段、信息披露和自愿规制手段在中部地区降污减排中的运用,并进一步引导和鼓励公众的环境参与。
     (4)在社会响应层面,环境保护及污染控制必须充分调动不同环境治理主体的积极性。本文引入并组合运用政策网络与系统思考两种方法以清晰界定企业污染排放的因果循环线路及各类政策主体的网络互动关系。两种方法的整合研究发现,对污染排放进行调控的关键在于有效调动不同利益相关者的积极性,避免出现治理主体间的互动困境,并通过系统结构的优化避免企业陷入污染的恶性循环。为此,要通过有效调动各类环境治理主体的积极性,加快在中部地区形成“政府-企业-公民社会”良性互动的环境多元网络治理模式。
     本文的研究创新主要体现在以下几方面:
     (1)通过三维空间距离的视角衡量不同地区的环境相对友好状态。本文在借鉴现有理论成果的基础上,构建一个三维立体模型,从欧式空间距离的角度测度不同地区的环境相对友好指数。该模型易于操作,能更形象地反映出各地区在三维立体模型中的相对位置及其与最优状况之间的差距:
     (2)通过偏好显示机制确定地方政府的产业选择偏好并依此进行产业政策调整。目前学术界对产业选择偏好的研究相对较少,迄今尚未有文献在大范围区域内就我国市县产业的选择偏好特征进行调查分析。本文运用网络搜索的方法对我国中部地区市县的政府文件及新闻报道进行调查,以把握中部各级地方政府在推进工业化过程中的产业偏好特征和规律。
     (3)实证分析了各种环境规制手段与主要污染物排放强度之间的相关关系。学术界关于环境规制对污染物排放强度影响的研究主要集中在各种正式规制手段,而忽略了对非正式规制手段的考量。本文利用中部六省的面板数据,全面分析了各种规制手段与五类常见污染物排放强度的相关关系。
     (4)运用政策网络与系统思考两种方法综合分析各类环境治理主体的互动机制。现有研究主要集中分析政府、企业及公众等常见主体在污染防治中的作用,而忽略了对更为广泛的治理主体及其互动关系的研究。本文综合利用政策网络及系统思考方法构建排污的利益相关者政策网络图及因果循环过程图,在此基础上建立多元的环境网络治理模式。
How to evaluate the degree of environmental-friendly and improve its status through policy intervention are hot topics in China. This paper puts forward the conception of environmental friendship index (EFI) and its evaluative method. Based on the results of EFI, the author constructs a comprehensive adjustment mechanism which contains the dimensions of industry preference, environmental policy instruments and the main bodies of environmental protection.
     The main viewpoints of the paper are shown as follows:
     (1) Based on the "pressure-status-response" model, the dimensions of EFI are divided into the environmental indirect pressure, environmental direct pressure and the force of pollution treatment. In the three-dimensional geometric model, the degree of EFI is measured through the distance away from the optimal acme. The empirical results show that the degree of EFI of the Central China is lag behind that of the East China. Besides, there is a long distance for Central China to reach the optimal status. Thus, it's necessary to adjust the result through policy interventions.
     (2) Web searching and content analysis method were used to discover the preference of development strategy and industry preference of the Central China, which concludes 81 cities and 482 counties. The searched information mainly involves the 11th five-year plan, annual public report, political leaders'speech and the official news reports. The results show that industrialization strategy has become the foremost choice of the local governments. Too much of the policy priorities have been paid to the development of the pollution intensive industries. The author argues that the fast speed of industrialization and the unreasonable development of pollution intensive industries may bring an environmental disaster to this region.
     (3) Environmental regulations and policy tools play key roles in pollution control. This paper uses the inter-provincial panel data of the six provinces of the Central China to check the correlation between environmental policy instruments and five common pollutants. These pollutants include the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, soot and industrial dust. The results show that compared with administrative enforcement, economic incentives play a more dominant role in pollution control. The effect of voluntary regulation effect is notable, information disclosure has a positive role in air pollution control, while the role of public participation is not yet apparent.
     (4) Systems thinking analysis and policy networks approach are two similar methods in public policy analysis. This paper constructs a policy networks diagram of pollution related stakeholders to identify the role of different stakeholders and their interactions. Then, through the approach of causal loop diagram, the paper reveals the dynamic causal process between different system variables. Combined with the results, a comprehensive policy mechanism for pollution control is established. The core of the mechanism lies in its effective mobilization of different stakeholders and its wide use of different policy instruments.
     The study has made some innovation in the following areas:
     (1) The environmental friendly index are defined and measured through the spacial distance. This is different from the former studies, which measured the degree of sustainability mainly from indicators or models.
     (2) Policy documents and news reports are efficient tools for showing government's references. It's a time consuming process to obain such kinds of information in a large area of local governments. The author has made some contribution to understand the development strategy and industry preference of the local governments of the Central China.
     (3) Different policy instruments should be applied in pollution control according to the characteristic of different pollutants. However, the exsiting studies have paid much emphasis to the mandatory instruments, neglecting the non-mandatory instruments. This author tries to make up for the research gap.
     (4) The roles of main bodies for environmental protection such as governments, enterprises, non-governmental organizations, media and the public should be clarified. The author establishes a new mode of environmental protection, which is called "good governance for environmental protection", to wholly understand the interconnection between these bodies.
引文
北京林业大学生态文明研究中心ECCI课题组,2009.中国省级生态文明建设评价报告[J].中国行政管理,11:13-18.
    毕亮亮,2007.多源流框架”对中国政策过程的解释力——以江浙跨行政区水污染防治合作的政策过程为例[J].公共管理学报,2:36-41.
    蔡守秋,莫神星,2003.我国环境与发展综合决策探讨[J].北京行政学院学报,6:28-32.
    陈昭锋,2006.论长江三角洲先进城市高新技术产业集群偏好[J].科学学与科学技术管理,6:98-104.
    成金华,吴巧生,2007.中国工业化进程中的环境问题与“环境成本内化”发展模式[J].管理世界,1:147-148.
    陈艳莹,2004.可持续经济增长的实现机理研究[D].大连:大连理工大学博士论文.
    程叶青,李同升,张平宇,2004.SD模型在区域可持续发展规划中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,12:13-18.
    范迪军,2007.县域可持续发展评价体系研究与实证[J].国家行政学院学报,1:97-99.
    冯南平,杨善林,熊必琳,2008.我国环境政策效率流失分析及变革思路[J].中国科技论坛,3:100-104.
    傅京燕,2009.产业特征、环境规制与大气污染排放的实证研究——以广东省制造业为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2:73-77.
    龚曙明,朱海玲,2009.“两型社会”综合监测评价体系与方法研究[J].统计与决策,3:14-16.
    关劲峤,2004.面向可持续发展的太湖流域企业环境行为研究[D].南京:南京大学硕士论文.
    国家环境保护部.关于2009年国家重点监控企业及污水处理厂主要污染物全年排放超标情况的通报(环境保护部办公厅文件,环办[2010]35号)[EB/OL]. http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgt/201003/t20100326_187445.htm,2010-3-2.
    国家环境保护总局.“十一五”国家环境保护模范城市考核指标及其实施细则[EB/OL]. http://ww.mep.gov.cn/gkml/zj/bgt/200910/t20091022_173952.htm, 2006-3-27.
    国家环境保护总局.关于印发《生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(修订稿)》的通[EB/OL]. http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/zj/wj/200910/t20091022_172492.htm, 2007-12-26.
    国家环境保护总局、国家统计局.中国绿色国民经济核算研究报告2004(公众版)[EB/OL]. http://ceepr.gdass.gov.cn/resnet/admin/upload/news/1001875/P020060 908545859361774.pdf,2006-9-7.
    国家建设部.关于印发《国家园林城市申报与评审办法》、《国家园林城市标准》的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.cin.gov.cn/gcwzcfb/200611/t20061101_19246.htm, 2005-3-25.
    国家统计局.国民经济行业分类[EB/OL]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/index.htm, 2002-12-03.
    国家统计局课题组,2006.和谐社会统计监测指标体系研究[J].统计研究,5:23-29.
    郭庆,2007.治污能力制约下的中小企业环境规制[J].山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),5:105-110.
    郭万恒,2003.系统思考方式研究[J].宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版),6:5-7.
    胡鞍钢,1998.中国国情分析研究报告第21期:地方干部如何看待中央与地方关系制度化[EB/OL]. http://www.cei.gov.cn/doc/50ren/HuAnGang/txtl0.htm, 1998-9-16.
    胡鞍钢,郑京海,高宇宁,张宁,许海萍,2008.考虑环境因素的省级技术效率排名(1999-2005)[J].经济学(季刊),3:933-960.
    胡剑锋,朱剑秋,2008.水污染治理及其政策工具的有效性——以温州市平阳县水头制革基地为例[J].管理世界,5:77-84.
    湖南大学《两型社会建设指标体系研究》课题组,2009.“两型社会”综合指标体系研究[J].财经理论与实践,159:114-117.
    黄细兵,李海东,赵定涛,2008.基于生态足迹模型的中部地区发展评价[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2:28-33.
    黄志斌,王晓华,2000.产业生态化的经济学分析与对策探讨[J].华东经济管理,3:7-8.
    姜爱林,2008.城市环境治理的发展模式与实践措施[J].国家行政学院学报,4:78-81.
    姜沙沙,2008.西部生态环境问题的制度安排分析[J].西安石油大学学报(社会科学版),1:10-14.
    江珂,2009.环境规制对中国技术创新能力影响及区域差异分析——基于中国1995—2007年省际面板数据分析[J].中国科技论坛,10:28-33.
    蒋洪强,曹东,王金南,2004.环境-经济系统整合模型的构建研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,4:25-29.
    金碚,2006.科学发展观与经济增长方式转变[J].中国工业经济,5:5-14.
    郎友兴,葛维萍,2009.影响环境治理的地方性因素调查[J].中国人口·资源与环境,3:107-112.
    黎尔平,2007.“针灸法”:环保NGO参与环境政策的制度安排[J].公共管理学报,1:78-83.
    李仕兵,2008.区域环境友好度评价方法研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学博士论文.
    李仕兵,赵定涛,2007.区域环境友好度评价的灰色关联投影模型及应用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,8:103-106.
    李义平,2005.资源逼迫与经济增长模式提升[J].中国工业经济,6:31-37.
    李永友,沈坤荣,2008.我国污染控制政策的减排效果——基于省际工业污染数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,7:7-17.
    梁文森,2009.生态文明指标体系问题[J].经济学家,3:102-104.
    刘蓓蓓,俞钦钦,毕军,张炳,张永亮,2009.基于利益相关者理论的企业环境绩效影响因素研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,6:80-84.
    刘思华,1994.生态与经济协调互促:现代经济发展模式的重构[J].中南财经大学学报,1:35-40.
    罗勇,2001.环境保护经济手段的国际比较研究[J].经济社会体制比较,4:76-82.
    罗雨泽,罗来军,2006.外资企业、港澳台企业与内资企业的进入偏好与产业集聚[J].世界经济研究,6:82-88.
    吕丹,2007.环境公民社会视角下的中国现代环境治理系统研究[J].城市发展研究,6:80-86.
    马军.信息公开是环境管理的有效手段[N].南方都市报,2007-04-27.
    马凯,2004.树立和落实科学发展观,推进经济增长方式的根本性转变[J].宏观经济管理,6:4-10.
    马晓明,易志斌,2009.网络治理:区域环境污染治理的路径[J].南京社会科学,7:69-72.
    马小明,张立勋,2002.基于压力-状态-响应模型的环境保护投资分析[J].环境保护,11:31-33.
    马小明,赵月炜,2005.环境管制政策的局限性与变革——自愿性环境政策的兴起[J].中国人口·资源与环境,6:19-23.
    马永欢,2008.我国循环经济的梯度推进战略与区域发展模式[J].中国软科学,2:82-88.
    毛小兵,2008.资源节约型社会的评价研究[D].南昌:江西财经大学博士学位论文.
    潘岳,2006.以环境友好促进社会和谐[J].求是,15:15-18.
    潘岳.谈谈环境经济新政策[N].经济观察报,2007-9-16.
    钱锡红,杨永福,徐万里,2009.资源节约与环境友好型工业评价指标体系:以广东省为例[J].中国科技论坛,6:73-78.
    任勇,2005.政策网络的两种分析途径及其影响[J].公共管理学报,3:55-69.
    石淑华,2008.美国环境规制体制的创新及其对我国的启示[J].经济社会体制比较,1:166-171.
    万伦来,黄志斌,李万波,2005.循环技术及其定量评价方法研究[J].中国科技论坛,5:105-108.
    王春福,2005.科学发展观与公共政策的多元整合机制[J].中国科技论坛,9:88-90.
    王春福,2006.政策网络与公共政策效力的实现机制[J].管理世界,9:137-138.
    王华,2000.污染控制的信息手段及其在中国的应用[J].中国环境科学,3:268-272.
    王金南,张吉,杨金田,2006.环境友好型社会的内涵与实现途径[J].环境保护,3:42-45.
    王金南.建立环境经济政策体系推动又好又快发展[N].中国环境报,2008-01-14.
    王立彦,林小池,2006.IS014000环境管理认证与企业价值增长[J].经济科学,3:97-105.
    王旎,李倦生,2009.推进两型社会建设环境保护公众参与的对策建议——基于1998-2008年调查数据的比较分析[J].环境保护,6:45-48.
    王琪,纪朝彬,2009.渤海环境综合治理的制度安排[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2:1-3.
    王树义,2002.从绿色壁垒的双重性看我国应采取的对策[J].中国软科学,8:35-38.
    魏杰,董进,2005.高成本时代与中国经济转型——兼论节约型经济[J].中国工业经济,9:26-32.
    吴玲,李翠霞,2008.我国环境保护制度安排与创新[J].科技进步与对策,4:1-4.
    习近平,2005.大力发展循环经济,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会[J].管理世界,7:1-4.
    肖巍,钱箭星,2003.环境治理中的政府行为[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),3:73-79.
    许光清,邹骥,2005.可持续发展与系统动力学[J].经济理论与经济管理,1:69-71.
    徐强,郭本海,2005.区域可持续发展与区域形象设计[M].东南大学出版社.
    许庆明,2001.试析环境问题上的政府失灵[J].管理世界,5:195-197.
    杨东宁,周长辉,2005.企业自愿采用标准化环境管理体系的驱动力:理论框架及实证分析[J].管理世界,2:85-95.
    杨小柳,2008.参与式流域环境管理——以大理洱海流域为例[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),5:64-69.
    杨志强,何立胜,2007.自我规制理论研究评介[J].外国经济与管理,8:16-23.
    鄞益奋,2005.政策网络的研究边界探析[J].公共管理学报,4:37-41.
    袁志明,2008.环境友好型社会评价指标测度方法研究[J].科研管理,7:175-179.
    岳书敬,刘富华,2009.环境约束下的经济增长效率及其影响因素[J].数量经济技术经济研究,5:94-106.
    臧志彭,崔维军,2008.中国30个制造行业环境友好状况的实证研[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1:140-148.
    曾贤刚,易龙生,吴卉婷,2008.地方政府环境与经济综合决策的保障制度[J].中国环保产业,4:17-20.
    张紧跟,庄文嘉,2008.从行政性治理到多元共治:当代中国环境治理的转型思考[J].中共宁波市委党校学报,6:93-99.
    张红凤,陈淑霞译,Stefan Ambec, Philippe Barla著,2007.环境规制对企业有好处吗——对波特假说的一个检验[J].国家行政学院学报,6:104-106.
    张红凤,周峰,杨慧,郭庆,2009.环境保护与经济发展双赢的规制绩效实证分析[J].经济研究,3:14-26.
    张坤民,王灿,2000.中国环境保护的政策框架及其投资重点[J].中国人口·资源与环境,1:20-24.
    张坤民,温宗国,彭立颖,2007.当代中国的环境政策:形成、特点与评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2:1-7.
    张嫚,2005.环境规制与企业行为间的关联机制研究[J].财经问题研究,4:34-39.
    张敏,姜学民,2002.环境污染的经济分析及对策[J].中国人口·资源与环境,6:5-7.
    张世秋,2004.环境政策边缘化现实与改革方向辨析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,3:14-18.
    张晓,1999.中国环境政策的总体评价[J].中国社会科学,3:88-99.
    张孝德,2001.建立成本内化的可持续发展模式[J].国家行政学院学报,1:77-80.
    张晓松.中国人均耕地面积减少到1.4亩,为世界40%[EB/OL]. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-04-11/20338670667s.shtml,2006-4-11.
    张艳辉,2005.资源节约型制造业的评价方法与实证分析——以上海市制造业为例[J].中国软科学,10:147-153.
    张玉兰,丁严冰,杜福建.桐柏锁住淮河第一污染源[N].农民日报,2005-1-22.
    赵定涛,毕军贤,林寿富,2008.中部县域工业化与环境负荷关系研究[J].经济理论与经济管理,11:64-70.
    赵定涛,洪进,魏玖长,吴强,2004.我国流域环境政策与管理体制变革研究[J].公共管理学报,3:67-70.
    赵定涛,魏玖长,2003.基于网上搜索的科技政策比较研究[J].科学学研究,5:502-505.
    赵红,2007.环境规制对中国产业技术创新的影响[J].经济管理,21:57-61.
    中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅.关于进一步推行政务公开的意见[EB/OL]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/lianzheng/2005-08/10/content_3333967.ht m,2005-3-24.
    中国环保联合会,2008.2008中国环保民间组织发展报告[R].北京:中华环保联合会.
    中国环境文化促进会.中国公众环保民生指数(2006)[EB/OL]. http://news.qq.com/a/20070116/002172_2.htm,2007-1-16.
    中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,2006.2006中国可持续发展战略报告[M].北京:科学出版社.
    中国绿色国民经济核算体系框架研究课题组.中国环境经济核算体系框[EB/OL]. www.sepa.gov.cn/image20010518/1163.doc,2004-9-10.
    周国雄,2007.公共政策执行阻滞的博弈分析——以环境污染治理为例[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版),4:91-96.
    周余庆,李峰平,薛伟,周宏明,2009.知识管理系统构建策略初探——系统思考在知识管理系统中的应用[J].科学学研究,1045-1052.
    朱孔来,孙志伟,张首芳,何琳,2007.生态省建设进程指标体系及其监测评价[J].管理世界,2:166-167.
    朱留财,2005.现代环境治理:圆明园整治的环境启示[J].环境保护,5:19-22.
    朱留财,2006.从西方环境治理范式透视科学发展观[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),5:52-57.
    朱旭峰,2008.市场转型对中国环境治理结构的影响——国家污染物减排指标的分配机制研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,6:80-86.
    朱旭峰,2008.转型期中国环境治理的地区差异研究——环境公民社会不重要吗?[J].经济社会体制比较,3:76-83.
    Bohringer Christoph and Jochem E.P. Patrick,2007. Measuring the immeasurable:A survey of sustainability indices [J]. Ecological Economics,63:1-8.
    Chau Michael, Fang Xiao and Liu Sheng R. Olivia,2007. What are People Searching on Government Web Sites? A Study of Search Activity on the Utah.gov. web.site [J]. Communications of the ACM,50:87-92.
    Cordan, M., Frieze, I.H. and Ellis, K.M.,2004. Entangled Affiliations and Attitudes: An Analysis of the Influences on Environmental Policy Stakeholders'Behavioral Intentions [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,49:27-40.
    Dong Yonghua and Holt Diane,2001. An Overview of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Management in China [J]. International Journal of Environment and Pollution,15:406-441.
    Economy Elizabeth,2004. The River Runs Black:The Environmental Challenge to China's Future [M]. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
    Enserink Bert and Koppenjan Joop,2007. Public participation in China:Sustainable urbanization and governance [J]. Management of Environmental Quality:An International Journal,18:459-474.
    Galanakis K.,2006. Innovation Process:Make Sense Using Systems Thinking [J]. Technovation,26:1222-1232.
    Gouldson Andy, Lopez-Gunn Elena, Alstine Van Jamie, Rees Yvonne, Davies Miles and Krishnarayan Vijay,2008. New alternative and complementary environmental policy instruments and the implementation of the water framework directive [J]. European Environment,18:359-370.
    Gunningham Neil and Grabosky Peter,1998. Smart regulation designing environmental policy [M]. Oxford:Clarendon Press.
    Hezri A.A.,2004. Sustainability indicator system and policy processes in Malaysia:A framework for utilisation and learning [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,73:357-371.
    Ho Peter,2001. Greening without conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and civil society in China [J]. Development and Change,32:893-921.
    Kathuria Vinish,2006. Controlling water pollution in developing and transition countries—Lessons from three successful cases [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,78:405-426.
    Khanna Madhu and Damon A. Lisa,1999. EPA's voluntary 33/50 program:Impact on toxic releases and economic performance of firms [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,37:1-25.
    Khanna Madhu,2001. Non-mandatory approaches to environmental protection [J]. Journal of Economic Surveys,15:291-324.
    King, E. G and Hobbs R. J.,2006. Identifying linkages among conceptual models of ecosystem degradation and restoration:Towards an integrative framework [J]. Restoration Ecology,14:369-378.
    Lancaster, K.J,1966. A New Approach to Consumer Theory [J].Journal of Political Economy,74:132-157.
    Lee, T.P.,2004. Bridging Systems Thinking to Policy Networks:An Application to Developing Network Accountability of Contracting Out System [J]. Journal of Public Administration,13:91-119.
    Li Wanxin,2006. Looking at the Songhua River Incident from An Environmental Regulatory Governance Perspective:A Long Standing Issue in China [J]. Perspectives, (7):21-35.
    Liu Jianguo and Diamond Jared,2005. China's Environment in a Globalizing World [J]. Nature,435:1179-1186.
    Liu Jianguo and Diamond Jared,2008. Revolutionizing China's Environmental Protection [J]. Science,319:37-38.
    Ma Xiaoying and Ortolano Leonard,2000. Environmental Regulation in China: Institutions, Enforcement, and Compliance [M]. Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
    Maani, K.E, and Cavana, R.Y,2007. Systems Thinking, System Dynamics:Managing Change and Complexity [M]. New Zealand:Pearson Education.
    MacBean Alasdair,2007. China's environment:problems and policies [J]. World Economy,30:292-307.
    Mani M. and Wheeler D.,1998. In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the World Economy,1960 to 1995 [J]. Journal of Environment & Development,7: 215-247.
    Menegat Rualdo,2002. Participatory democracy and sustainable development: Integrated urban environmental management in Porto Alegre, Brazil [J]. Environment and Urbanization,14:181-206.
    Nader R. Manal, Salloum Abi Bachir and Karam Nadim,2008. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon:A practical municipal level approach [J]. Ecological Indicators,8:771-777.
    Nijkamp Peter and Vreeker Ron,2000. Sustainability assessment of development scenarios:Methodology and application to Thailand [J]. Ecological Economics, 33:7-27.
    Nourry Myriam,2008. Measuring sustainable development:Some empirical evidence for France from eight alternative indicators [J]. Ecological Economics,67: 441-456.
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,1996, Environmental Performance Reviews [M]. New Zealand, OECD, Paris.
    Pollak, R.A,1977. Price Dependent Preferences [J].American Economic Review,67: 64-75.
    Qiu Hongfeng and Dunn Anne,2008. Policy agenda-setting of the public on local government in the new media era and Chinese context:A case study [C]. ANZCA08 Conference, Power and Place, Wellington.
    Ronchi E., Federico A. and Musmeci F.,2002. A system oriented integrated indicator for sustainable development in Italy [J]. Ecological Indicators,2:197-210.
    Santos Rui, Antunes Paula, Baptista Gualter, Mateus Pedro and Madruga Luisa,2006. Stakeholder participation in the design of environmental policy mixes [J]. Ecological Economics,60:100-110.
    Schmidt W. Charles,2002. Economy and Environment:China Seeks a Balance [J]. Environmental Health Perspective,110:517-522.
    Senge, P.M.,1990. The Fifth Discipline:The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization [M]. New York:Doubleday Currency.
    Senge P.M. et al.,1994. The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook:Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization [M]. New York:Doubleday Press.
    Shi Han and Zhang Lei,2006. China's Environmental Governance of Rapid Industrialisation [J]. Environmental Politics,15:271-292.
    Tietenberg Tom,1998. Disclosure strategies for pollution control [J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,11:587-602.
    Tilt Bryan,2007. The political ecology of pollution enforcement in China:A case from Sichuan's rural industrial sector [J]. The China Quarterly,192:915-932.
    Venkatachalam L.,2008. Behavioral economics for environmental policy [J]. Ecological Economics,67:640-645.
    Wang H., Bi J., Wheeler D., Wang J., Cao D., Lu G. and Wang Y.,2004. Environmental performance rating and disclosure:China's Green Watch Program [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,71:123-133.
    Wang Mark, Webber Michael, Finlayson Brian and Barnett Jon,2008. Rural industries and water pollution in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,86:648-659.
    Wang Qin'Geng, Gu Gang and Higano Yoshiro,2006. Toward Integrated Environmental Management for Challenges in Water Environmental Protection of Lake Taihu Basin in China [J]. Environmental Management, (37):579-588.
    Wei Jiuchang, Zhao Dingtao, Jia Ruiyue and Marinova Dora,2009. Environmental damage costs from airborne pollution in the major cities in China [J]. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development,8:190-207.
    World Bank,1997. Clear Water, Blue Skies:China's Environment in the New Century [M]. Washington, DC:World Bank.
    World Bank,2001. China Air, Land and Water:Environmental Priorities for a New Millennium [M]. Washington, DC:World Bank.
    World Bank and the State Environmental Protection Administration of China, Cost of pollution in China:Economic estimates of physical damages [EB/OL]. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resourc es/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf, February,2007.
    Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy and Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University.2010 Environmental Performance Index [EB/OL]. http://epi.yale.edu,2010-1-28.
    Yang Guobin,2005. Environmental NGOs and institutional dynamics in China [J]. The China Quarterly,181:46-66.
    Zhang Kun-min and Wen Zong-guo,2008. Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,88:1249-1261.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700