东北地区中心地结构与扩散域研究
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摘要
论文从中心地理论当前发展的新背景和新条件入手,梳理了中心地理论的发展脉络,指出其理论创新的必要性、创新框架和未来导向,探讨了中心地系统形成与演变的一般机制与影响要素。在理论分析基础上,以东北地区为实证地区,阐明其发展历史和阶段性特征,利用数学统计方法与GIS技术对其进行中心性测度、职能类型划分和扩散域空间界定。具体而言,主要研究内容如下:
(1)对中心地理论的相关基础理论尤其是区位论进行详细的阐述,指出当前地理学研究范式转变和城市地理学的制度转向、文化转向等发展特点要求对中心地理论进行相应的改造和理论拓展。结合国内外中心地理论研究进展的梳理和评判,认为中心地理论作为一个建立在农业社会向工业社会转变的特殊时期的地理学基础理论,其理论基础和理论背景都发生了较大的转变,而建立在古典区位论基础上的传统中心地理论已经存在诸多的不适应性,同时当前城市地理学的研究客体已经发生了巨大的变化,这些都需要在新的技术手段和方法论下对中心地理论进行修补的发展。在此基础上尝试从中心地系统组织形式的变化、中心地系统影响要素转变和中心地理论创新的条件等方面提出了中心地理论发展的模式和创新框架,对未来中心地理论发展和实践应用进行展望。
(2)从系统论角度考量中心地系统,指出中心地系统具有复杂性特征,且具有高度的开放性。从严格假设条件下的古典中心地理论出发,探讨了假设条件缓和情况下系统特征及中心地系统的动态演变,包括对均衡市场腹地的探讨,人口分布不均时的情形、消费者行为异化、中心地区位固定、人口迁移(城市化)、等级替代等动态模式。阐述了影响中心地系统的普遍要素,包括降水与水资源分布的影响、地形地貌的作用机制,以及中心地系统的新生扩散和异化的边界效应。进一步分析了新时期新要素的影响机制,包括交通运输网络演进、信息化与全球化作用下的中心地结构。
(3)以东北地区地级以上城市为研究对象,选取表征规模指标、结构指标、可达性指标、经济开放度指标、信息化和通讯能力指标、现代服务提供能力指标的31项具体指标建立评价指标体系,使用主成分分析方法结合基尼系数和规模指数分别对所选城市1996,2001,2006三个时点的中心性强度进行测度,划分中心地等级,认为省会城市中心性最强且地位稳定;沈阳首位度降低,“2+2”格局显现;高等级中心地高度集聚,两翼边缘化明显;综合中心城市重振,门户和枢纽城市地位凸显;区域差异扩大,资源型城市高度分化。
(4)界定扩散域概念和一般影响机制,利用GIS手段,通过时距圈和交通速度折减方法,对东北地区三级以上中心地的扩散域进行空间界定,形成扩散域嵌套图示,结果显示,扩散域具有相互的嵌套、轮空与重叠结构;六边形网络丧失,海港、矿业、铁路枢纽成为中心地区位主导;东北地区海港-腹地中心地系统在东北地区有所体现;圈层状的中心地等级系统不复存在,多核心的链式中心地系统格局显现。
The paper lists the development venation of central place theory from the new background and prerequisites, it points out the necessarity and framework of the theory innovation. The simple function and influence factors of central place systems’development are discussed. Based on theory discussion, takeing Northeast China as experiment areas, the paper shows out the history of central place system in Northeast China and points out the characters of every stage.Using Spss and GIS technology, the paper measures the centrality of those cities, divides their function types and delimits their speading areas.At last, strategies of how to optimize the central place system of Northeast China are put forward based on discrimination of problems.In details, main points of this paper are shown below:
(1)Relation theories especially the location theory are discussed in detail, it points out central place theory should be put forward based on the new development of Geography especially Urban Geography. Combined with combing of new development of central place theory both from home and abroad, it shows that the background and base of the theory have changed significantly. The central place theory puts up inelasticity obviously.What’s more,the object of Urban Geography have been changed. So the central place theory needs to be redeveloped.Based on this analyse, it tries to put out new models and new framework of the central place theory’s development in the future on those points below, first is the change of the organization form of central place system, second is the change of influencing factors and innovation conditions. And also, look into the future, new development and practical application are put out.
(2)Considerations are provided from the angle of view of system theory, it points out that central place system is full of omplexity and Openness. It discussed the central place theory from the classical theory which is based on strict assume, it also shows the development of central place system when the assumption is relaxed.For further research, it analyse the dynamic system, which contains discussion of equilibrium market; situation when population distribution is asymmetry;consumer’s behaviour change;condition when location of central place is fixed; population migration(unbanization); rank replacement. It exprouds the simple effect factors to central place system, which contain rain fall level, distribution of water resource, effect of topography, innovation diffusion of central place system and diversification of effect of border.For further analyse, it discusses the function of new factors in new period, which contains the development of traffic system, informationazation and globalization.
(3)Taking cities at prefectural level and above in Northeast China as the research object, 31 indexes are selected to establish evaluation index system, it contains six sections, selection of characterization of scale, structure index, index of accessibility of index and economic openness indicator, information and communication ability, modern service ability and concrete index. The paper uses principal component analysis method, combining the gini coefficient and the scale index to measure the centrality strength of the selected cities based on three years, 1996,2001 and 2006.This work get some conclusions: centrality of capital cities is naturally strongest and their position are very stable; Shenyang is still at the top class; "2 + 2" pattern appeared, high concentration of high-grade centre cities; both wings marginalization Comprehensive center city; the portal and revitalize hub cities enhance their prominent position, Regional differences enlarged among the resource-based cities .
(4)The concept of spreading area is defined and general mechanism is shown. By using GIS, and traffic through distance reduction method to speed, it delimits their speading areas.of the central places above 3 level in Northeast China and get the diffusion map. Several consequences are formed: the spreading areas are nested each other, some regions are not be covered by the spreading areas of the top level of central places; hexagonal net structure becoming vanished; harbor based, mining based, railway hub based central places became leading centers of the area, The seaport-hinterland central place system is typical in Northeast China; circle like structure of the central place system disappeared, The center to circle-shape rating system no longer exists, the the chain structure with multiple cores appears obviously.
(1)对中心地理论的相关基础理论尤其是区位论进行详细的阐述,指出当前地理学研究范式转变和城市地理学的制度转向、文化转向等发展特点要求对中心地理论进行相应的改造和理论拓展。结合国内外中心地理论研究进展的梳理和评判,认为中心地理论作为一个建立在农业社会向工业社会转变的特殊时期的地理学基础理论,其理论基础和理论背景都发生了较大的转变,而建立在古典区位论基础上的传统中心地理论已经存在诸多的不适应性,同时当前城市地理学的研究客体已经发生了巨大的变化,这些都需要在新的技术手段和方法论下对中心地理论进行修补的发展。在此基础上尝试从中心地系统组织形式的变化、中心地系统影响要素转变和中心地理论创新的条件等方面提出了中心地理论发展的模式和创新框架,对未来中心地理论发展和实践应用进行展望。
(2)从系统论角度考量中心地系统,指出中心地系统具有复杂性特征,且具有高度的开放性。从严格假设条件下的古典中心地理论出发,探讨了假设条件缓和情况下系统特征及中心地系统的动态演变,包括对均衡市场腹地的探讨,人口分布不均时的情形、消费者行为异化、中心地区位固定、人口迁移(城市化)、等级替代等动态模式。阐述了影响中心地系统的普遍要素,包括降水与水资源分布的影响、地形地貌的作用机制,以及中心地系统的新生扩散和异化的边界效应。进一步分析了新时期新要素的影响机制,包括交通运输网络演进、信息化与全球化作用下的中心地结构。
(3)以东北地区地级以上城市为研究对象,选取表征规模指标、结构指标、可达性指标、经济开放度指标、信息化和通讯能力指标、现代服务提供能力指标的31项具体指标建立评价指标体系,使用主成分分析方法结合基尼系数和规模指数分别对所选城市1996,2001,2006三个时点的中心性强度进行测度,划分中心地等级,认为省会城市中心性最强且地位稳定;沈阳首位度降低,“2+2”格局显现;高等级中心地高度集聚,两翼边缘化明显;综合中心城市重振,门户和枢纽城市地位凸显;区域差异扩大,资源型城市高度分化。
(4)界定扩散域概念和一般影响机制,利用GIS手段,通过时距圈和交通速度折减方法,对东北地区三级以上中心地的扩散域进行空间界定,形成扩散域嵌套图示,结果显示,扩散域具有相互的嵌套、轮空与重叠结构;六边形网络丧失,海港、矿业、铁路枢纽成为中心地区位主导;东北地区海港-腹地中心地系统在东北地区有所体现;圈层状的中心地等级系统不复存在,多核心的链式中心地系统格局显现。
The paper lists the development venation of central place theory from the new background and prerequisites, it points out the necessarity and framework of the theory innovation. The simple function and influence factors of central place systems’development are discussed. Based on theory discussion, takeing Northeast China as experiment areas, the paper shows out the history of central place system in Northeast China and points out the characters of every stage.Using Spss and GIS technology, the paper measures the centrality of those cities, divides their function types and delimits their speading areas.At last, strategies of how to optimize the central place system of Northeast China are put forward based on discrimination of problems.In details, main points of this paper are shown below:
(1)Relation theories especially the location theory are discussed in detail, it points out central place theory should be put forward based on the new development of Geography especially Urban Geography. Combined with combing of new development of central place theory both from home and abroad, it shows that the background and base of the theory have changed significantly. The central place theory puts up inelasticity obviously.What’s more,the object of Urban Geography have been changed. So the central place theory needs to be redeveloped.Based on this analyse, it tries to put out new models and new framework of the central place theory’s development in the future on those points below, first is the change of the organization form of central place system, second is the change of influencing factors and innovation conditions. And also, look into the future, new development and practical application are put out.
(2)Considerations are provided from the angle of view of system theory, it points out that central place system is full of omplexity and Openness. It discussed the central place theory from the classical theory which is based on strict assume, it also shows the development of central place system when the assumption is relaxed.For further research, it analyse the dynamic system, which contains discussion of equilibrium market; situation when population distribution is asymmetry;consumer’s behaviour change;condition when location of central place is fixed; population migration(unbanization); rank replacement. It exprouds the simple effect factors to central place system, which contain rain fall level, distribution of water resource, effect of topography, innovation diffusion of central place system and diversification of effect of border.For further analyse, it discusses the function of new factors in new period, which contains the development of traffic system, informationazation and globalization.
(3)Taking cities at prefectural level and above in Northeast China as the research object, 31 indexes are selected to establish evaluation index system, it contains six sections, selection of characterization of scale, structure index, index of accessibility of index and economic openness indicator, information and communication ability, modern service ability and concrete index. The paper uses principal component analysis method, combining the gini coefficient and the scale index to measure the centrality strength of the selected cities based on three years, 1996,2001 and 2006.This work get some conclusions: centrality of capital cities is naturally strongest and their position are very stable; Shenyang is still at the top class; "2 + 2" pattern appeared, high concentration of high-grade centre cities; both wings marginalization Comprehensive center city; the portal and revitalize hub cities enhance their prominent position, Regional differences enlarged among the resource-based cities .
(4)The concept of spreading area is defined and general mechanism is shown. By using GIS, and traffic through distance reduction method to speed, it delimits their speading areas.of the central places above 3 level in Northeast China and get the diffusion map. Several consequences are formed: the spreading areas are nested each other, some regions are not be covered by the spreading areas of the top level of central places; hexagonal net structure becoming vanished; harbor based, mining based, railway hub based central places became leading centers of the area, The seaport-hinterland central place system is typical in Northeast China; circle like structure of the central place system disappeared, The center to circle-shape rating system no longer exists, the the chain structure with multiple cores appears obviously.
引文
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