摘要
本论文以干旱半干旱地区6种利用价值较高的旱生灌木树种柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata)、杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)、花棒(Hedysarum Scoparium)、互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia)和四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)等为研究对象,采用盆栽和称重控水的方法在适宜水分、中度和重度干旱胁迫等3种土壤水分处理下,系统研究了6种灌木PV曲线水分参数、重要渗透调节物质、抗氧化保护系统和光合光响应的特性,探讨了6种灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应,揭示了它们适应干旱的一些重要生理机制；并探讨了6种灌木代表性叶片旱生解剖结构指标选择的方法,综合评价了它们基于叶片解剖结构的抗旱性。
主要研究结论如下：
1.适宜水分下相比,随干旱胁迫程度从中度到重度增强,6种旱生灌木的PV曲线水分参数膨压为0时的渗透势、饱和含水时的渗透势、膨压为0时的相对含水量和相对渗透水含量均呈减小的变化趋势,而束缚水含量则趋于增大,使6种旱生灌木保持膨压及吸水保水的能力明显增强。
2.基于7项PV曲线水分参数对干旱胁迫下6种旱生灌木保持膨压能力综合评价的结果为：中度干旱胁迫下花棒>柠条>杨柴>沙木蓼>四翅滨藜>互叶醉鱼草；重度干旱胁迫下柠条>沙木蓼>花棒>杨柴>四翅滨藜>互叶醉鱼草。
3.干旱胁迫下K+在6种旱生灌木中是不具有普遍渗透调节作用的物质,而可溶性糖、脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性蛋白质则具有普遍的渗透调节作用；干旱胁迫程度不同,6种旱生灌木参与渗透调节的物质种类会有所变化。
4.6种旱生灌木渗透调节物质的累积量既受干旱胁迫强度又受胁迫时间的影响。渗透调节物质累积量变化决定着依赖其渗透调节能力的大小,因此干旱胁迫下6种灌木的渗透调节能力是处于一种动态的变化中。
5.干旱胁迫下6种旱生灌木的抗氧化保护系统的的响应模式与胁迫强度和时间以及树种自身特性密切相关,显示出特殊性、多样性、动态性及复杂性的变化特点。
6.6种旱生灌木抗氧化保护系统中SOD和CAT的协同作用,AsA、GSH、GR和APX的协同作用主要是在中度和重度干旱胁迫下前期和中期能保持良好或有所增强,而胁迫后期基本都被消弱,此时通常AsA或GSH对H2O2的直接清除成为叶绿体中H2O2清除的重要途径。长期的中度和重度干旱胁迫下6种旱生灌木均受到活性氧毒害,氧化伤害是不可避免的,随干旱胁迫加强,伤害发生的越早。
7.6种旱生灌木的光响应曲线即净光合速率随光合有效辐射的变化表现出基本一致的趋势,均是在低强度光合有效辐射时净光合速率迅速增加,达到一定强度的光合有效辐射后,净光合速率增幅渐趋平缓,采用非直角双曲线模型拟合良好。不同旱生灌木在土壤水分减少的情况下,其光响应曲线的高低呈相似变化规律,即净光合速率在同等光合有效辐射时基本表现为适宜水分>中度干旱胁迫>重度干旱胁迫。
8.6种旱生灌木的光响应特征参数表观量子效率与最大净光合速率之问并无一定的必然联系。分别应用6种旱生灌木最大净光合速率和表观量子效率在中度和重度干旱胁迫下较适宜水分下降低幅度的平均值对它们光合作用的抗旱适应性进行了比较。从最大净光合速率来看,柠条最强,花棒次之,四翅滨藜、沙木蓼和杨柴基本接近,互叶醉鱼草是最弱的。从表观量子效率来看,仍然是柠条和花棒分别排第一、二位,四翅滨藜和杨柴基本接近,互叶醉鱼草处于倒数第二,沙木蓼则是最弱的。
9.干旱胁迫下光饱和点的降低是造成6种旱生灌木对光照条件需求改变的主要原因,从它和光补偿点变化导致的各灌木有效光强范围变化来看,柠条和花棒在中度及重度干旱胁迫下对光环境具有较强的适应性；杨柴、沙木蓼和四翅滨藜对光环境的适应性在中度干旱时较强,达到重度干旱时很弱；而中度和重度干旱胁迫均严重降低了互叶醉鱼草对光环境的适应性。
10.依据可比性、可测性、变异性及相关性等原则从叶片厚度、上表皮细胞层厚度等13项叶片旱性结构指标筛选出3项在反映6种旱生灌木基于叶片解剖结构的抗旱能力上具有代表性的指标：上表皮细胞层厚度、叶片厚度和气孔密度。并应用隶属函数值法得到6种旱生灌木基于叶片解剖结构的抗旱性强弱依次为：花棒>沙木蓼>杨柴>四翅滨藜>柠条>互叶醉鱼草。
In this paper, by using potted-seedlings and weighing method to control soil moisture the water parameters from pressure-volume curves, important osmotic adjustment substances, antioxidation protection system and light response characteristics of six xerophilous shrubs with high utilization value in arid and semiarid areas, Caragana korshinskii, Atraphaxis bracteata, Hedysarum mongolicum, Hedysarum Scoparium, Buddleja alternifolia and Atriplex canescens were studied under suitable soil moisture, medium drought and severe drought. Some important physiological responses to drought stress were explored in order to get some important physiological adaptive mechanism of six xerophilous shrubs to drought. And also selection methods of representative indexes about leaf anatomical structures of six xerophilous shrubs were explored; the drought resistances of six xerophilous shrubs based on leaf anatomical structure were evaluated comprehensively. The main results were as follows:
1. Compared to control of suitable soil moisture, as the drought stress degree was enhanced from medium to severe level, the water parameters from pressure-volume curvesψtlp、ψssat、RWCtlp and ROWCtlp of six shrubs showed a trend of decrease, while the value of Va showed a trend of increase. It indicated the abilities of maintaining turgor and capturing and keeping water of six shrubs were improved obviously.
2. Based on seven water parameters from pressure-volume, the comprehensive estimating results on abilities of turgor maintaining showed that they were Hedysarum Scoparium> Caragana korshinskii> Hedysarum mongolicum> Atraphaxis bracteata> Atriplex canescens> Buddleja alternifolia under medium drought stress and Caragana korshinskii> Atraphaxis bracteata> Hedysarum Scoparium> Hedysarum mongolicum> Atriplex canescens> Buddleja alternifolia under severe drought stress.
3. Under drought stress, K+ is a kind of substance that didn't have the common osmotic adjustment action in the six xerophilous shrubs, while soluble sugar、proline、betaine and soluble protein had a common osmotic adjustment action. Under the different drought stress degrees, the kinds of substance taking part in the osmotic adjustment were different for the six xerophilous shrubs.
4. For the six xerophilous shrubs, the cumulants of osmotic adjustment substances were affected by both drought stress degree and drought stress period. The changes of the cumulants of osmotic adjustment substances decided the osmotic adjustment abilities depending on them. Therefor, the osmotic adjustment abilities of six shrubs were in a dynamic changing condition.
5. Under drought stress, the response models of antioxidation protection system of six xerophilous shrubs were closely related to drought stress degrees, drought stress periods and tree characteristics, and therefore showed some speciality, diversity, dynamic and complexity.
6. For the six xerophilous shrubs, the cooperation between SOD and CAT and the cooperation among ASA、GSH、GR and APX in antioxidation protection system could be kept well or enhanced in the prophase and metaphase of medium and severe drought stress, but be weakened in the anaphase of drought stress, at this time the main method to Scavenging H2O2 in the chloroplast was usually direct Scavenging of ASA or GSH. In the long period of mederate and severy drought stresses, all the six xerophilous shrubs were poisoned by active oxygen, oxidative damage was inevitable and happened earlier with the enhance of drought stress degree.
7. The changes of light response curve showed same trends for the six xerophilous shrubs. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) is sharply increased at low photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), but after PAR reaches certain degree the Pn is increased slowly and the curve becomes flat. Curve fittings by nonrectangular hyperbola model were good. For different xerophilous shrubs the high-low changes of light response curves showed a similar regulation with soil moisture reducing, it was Pn at same PAR that showed suitable soil moisture> medium drought stress> severe drought stress.
8. For the six xerophilous shrubs, the apparent quantum yield (AQY) and maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax) of light response characteristic parameters showed no certain corelation. The drought-resistant adaptations of the six xerophilous shrubs were respectively compared by the average changed degree of Pnmax and AQY under medium and severe drought stress. According to Pnmax,Caragana korshinskii was the strongest, the next was Hedysarum Scoparium, and Atriplex canescens, Atraphaxis bracteata and Hedysarum mongolicum were almost equal, but Buddleja alternifolia was the weakest. According to AQY, Caragana korshinskii and Hedysarum Scoparium were still ranked first and second in drought-resistant adaptations, Atriplex canescens was nearly close to Hedysarum mongolicum, and Buddleja alternifolia was at the penultimate place, then Atraphaxis bracteata was the weakest.
9. Under drought stress, the change of light saturation point was the main reason to contribute to the change of light condition required by six xerophilous shrubs. According to the changes of valid intensity range resulted from variations of light compensation point and light saturation point, Caragana korshinskii and Hedysarum Scoparium showed considerably strong adaptability to light environment under medium and severe drought stress. The adaptabilities of Hedysarum mongolicum, Atraphaxis bracteata and Atriplex canescens to light environment were relatively strong under medium drought stress, but very weak under severe drought stress. The adaptability of Buddleja alternifolia to light environment was seriously reduced under medium and severe drought stress.
10. According to the principles of comparability, mensurability, variability and correlation, three indexes from leaf drought-resistant anatomical structure involving upper epidermis cell thickness, leaf thickness and stoma density were considered as representative to contributing drought-resistant ability to six xerophilous shrubs basing on leaf anatomical structure. By using subordinate function values with the three indexes the drought resistances of six xerophilous shrubs on the basis of leaf anatomical structure were arranged. The result was Hedysarum Scoparium> Atraphaxis bracteata> Hedysarum mongolicum> Atriplex canescens> Caragana korshinskii> Buddleja alternifolia.
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