抑郁症视觉前注意加工事件相关电位研究
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摘要
第一部分
抑郁症视觉物理信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
实验一
视觉物理信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)对人脑视觉前注意加工进行初步探讨,在经典实验范式的基础上进行修改,进一步提高非注意纯度,以便于应用于临床研究。
方法：选取大连医科大学招纳的健康受试者14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.7±17.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看并计数视野中心靶刺激红色图片的呈现次数,而忽略视野周边的物理刺激图片。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：组间主效应显著(F(1,26)=8.843; p=0.006),提示MMN1波幅与水平基线的差异具有统计学意义；(2)MMN2：组间主效应显著(F(1,26)=2.891; p=0.101),提示MMN2波幅与水平基线的差异不具有统计学意义。
结论：
1、人脑对视觉物理刺激可以进行前注意自动加工；
2、提高了注意纯度的实验范式成功引出了vMMN,可以作为临床研究的实验范式。
实验二
抑郁症视觉物理信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术探讨抑郁症患者对物理信息前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.4±12.6岁,正常对照组为健康人14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.7±17.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看并计数视野中心靶刺激红色图片的呈现次数,而忽略视野周边的物理刺激图片。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：抑郁症患者组与正常对照组间未发现显著组间主效应(F(1,26)=0.782,p=0.384)。亦未发现其他主效应与交互效应。
结论：抑郁症患者在oddball范式下的视觉物理刺激前注意加工较正常受试者无显著性差异。
实验三
抑郁症基于感觉记忆的视觉前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)技术探讨抑郁症患者基于感觉记忆的前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.4±12.6岁,正常对照组为健康人14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.7±17.5岁。采用oddball范式及等概率范式,要求受试者观看并计数视野中心靶刺激红色图片的呈现次数,而忽略视野周边的物理刺激图片。记录32导脑电,对受试者基于感觉记忆的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：组间效应显著(F(1,26)=6.655,p<0.016),且组间因素与vMMN类型显著交互(F(1,26)=4.933,p<0.035)。后续分析显示仅等概率范式vMMN存在组间显著差异(F(1,26)=9.446,p<0.005),而oddball范式vMMN组间差异缺乏显著性(F(1,26)=0.782,p=0.384)。
结论：
1、抑郁症患者存在视觉通道物理信息前注意加工障碍；
2、抑郁症患者物理信息前注意加工障碍基于感觉记忆失匹配过程。
第二部分
抑郁症情绪信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
实验一
卡通表情前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术对卡通表情信息的前注意自动加工机制进行初步考察,以明确卡通表情是否可以诱发表情相关失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)。
方法：受试者为15名健康人(6男,9女),平均年龄36.9±11.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看卡通表情图片并计数靶刺激绿色图片的呈现次数,而忽略非靶刺激红色图片(包括作为标准刺激的中性表情及作为偏差刺激的正、负性表情)。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：波幅的电极位置主效应显著(F3,42=9.430,P=0.001)。方向与半球存在交互效应(F1,14=9.608,p=0.008);(2)MMN2方向主效应显著(F1,14=5.489,p=0.034),且方向与表情交互效应显著(F1,14=7.369,p=0.017),方向与半球交互效应显著(F1,14=9.623,p=0.008)。
结论：
1、卡通表情刺激成功诱发了表情相关MMN；
2、人脑对情绪信息可以进行前注意自动加工,且这种加工与物理特征加工无关。
实验二
抑郁症表情信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术探讨抑郁症患者对表情信息前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者15名(6男,9女),平均年龄40.3±11.2岁,正常对照组为健康受试者15名(5男,10女),平均年龄36.9±11.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看卡通表情图片并计数靶刺激绿色图片的呈现次数,而忽略非靶刺激红色图片(包括作为标准刺激的中性表情及作为偏差刺激的正、负性表情)。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：表情类型和与组别存在显著的交互效应(F(1,28)=7.052,p<0.015)。方向、大脑半球与组别间的交互效应也具有显著性(F(1,28)=4.617,p=0.040)。在正常对照组中,方向与大脑半球的交互效应显著(F(1,14)=9.608,p<0.010)在抑郁症组则无显著交互效应；(2)MMN2：组间主效应显著(F(1,28)=10.804,p<0.005)。同时,组间主效应与方向产生交互效应(F(1,28)=7.304,p<0.015)。
结论：
1、抑郁症患者对正性及负性情绪信息的前注意自动加工均存在障碍；
2、抑郁症患者存在表情信息加工的偏侧化效应缺失；
3、表情信息前注意加工减弱很可能是抑郁症的疾病相关特质而不是状态相关因素。
实验三
抑郁症多面孔模型表情信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：为了消除表情图片物理属性加工的影响,采用多面孔模型对郁症患者表情信息前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制进行更深入地探讨。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者10例(3男,7女),平均年龄44.0±15.8岁,正常对照组为健康人10例(3男,7女),平均年龄40.2±12.6岁。采用卡通多面孔模型表情刺激的oddball范式,要求受试者观看卡通表情图片并计数靶刺激绿色图片的呈现次数,而忽略非靶刺激红色图片(包括作为标准刺激的中性表情及作为偏差刺激的正、负性表情)。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：大脑半球与组别存在显著的交互效应(F(1,18)=5.698；p=0.028)；(2)MMN2：组间主效应显著F(1,18)=8.759,p<0.01),电极位置与大脑半球存在交互效应(F(3,54)=3.011；p=0.038)。
结论：抑郁症患者表情信息前注意加工较正常受试者减弱,可排除物理特征加工的影响。本实验结果进一步验证了实验二的结论。
Part 1
Mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients
Experiment 1
Mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli:An event-related potentials study
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli and validate the paradigm revised.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant physical stimuli changes. Fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Revised oddball paradigm was used. The subjects were instructed to mentally count the central red targets and ignore the peripheral non-targets. Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli from the non-target deviant stimuli.
Results:(1) MMN1:There were a significant main effect of Group (F3,42=9.430, P=0.001); (2) MMN2:There were no significant main effect of Group (F (1,26)=2.891; p=0.101)
Conclusion:Revised paradigm can elicite visual MMN indexing preattentive processing of physical stimuli.
Experiment 2
Mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patiens.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant physical stimuli changes. Fourteen depressive patients and fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Revised oddball paradigm was used. The subjects were instructed to mentally count the central red targets and ignore the peripheral non-targets. Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli from the non-target deviant stimuli.
Results:There was no any main effect or interaction of MMN amplitudes.
Conclusion:Depressive patients did not show dysfunction of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in oddball paradigm.
Experiment 3
Mechanism of sensory memory based preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of sensory memory based preattentive processing of physical stimuli.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant physical stimuli changes. Fourteen depressive patients and fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. oddball paradigm and equiprobable paradigm were used. The subjects were instructed to mentally count the central red targets and ignore the peripheral non-targets. Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Both oddball-MMN and control-MMN were analyzed.
Results:There were a significant main effect of Group (F (1,26)= 6.655, p<0.016) and an interaction of Group×MMN type (F (1,26)= 4.933, p<0.035). Further analysis reveals that there is a significant main effect of group (F (1,26)=9.446, p<0.005) for control-MMN while there is no that for oddball-MMN.
Conclusion:Control-MMN decreased significantly in depressive patients. The dysfunction of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients was sensory memory based.
Part 2
Mechanism of preattentive processing of emotional information in depressive patients
Experiment 1
Mechanism of preattentive processing of cartoon facial expressions:An event-related potentials study
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions and whether cartoon facial expressions can elicit mismatch negativity (MMN)
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant expressional changes. Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The subjects were instructed to mentally count green faces (targets) and ignore the red ones (non-targets). Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. MMN was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli (neutral) from the non-target deviant stimuli (positive or negative)
Results:(1) MMN1:There were a significant main effect of Site (F3,42=9.430, P=0.001) and an interaction of Orientation×Hemisphere (F1,14=9.608, P=0.008); (2) MMN2:There were a significant main effect of Orientation(F1,14=5.489, P=0.034) and interactions of Orientation×Type (F1,14=7.369, P=0.017) and Orientation×Hemisphere (F1,14=9.623, P=0.008)
Conclusion:Compared with standard neutral faces, infrequent emotional cartoon faces elicited expression-related MMN indexing automatic processing. The MMN amplitude was right-lateralized and larger for negative than positive expression.
Experiment 2
Mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions in depressive patients
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions in depressive patients.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant expressional changes. Fifteen depressive patients and fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The subjects were instructed to mentally count green faces (targets) and ignore the red ones (non-targets). Thirty two channel electro-encephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli (neutral) from the non-target deviant stimuli (positive or negative)
Results:(1) MMN1:There were a significant interaction of Expression type×Group (F (1,28)=7.052, p<0.015) and a significant interaction of Orientation×Hemisphere (F (1,28)=4.617, p=0.040); (2) MMN2:There were a significant main effect of Group (F (1,28)= 10.804, p<0.005) and interactions of Orientation×Group (F (1,28)= 7.304, p<0.015)
Conclusion:Compared with healthy volunteers, depressive patients showed dysfunction of preattentive processing of emotional information. The right-lateralized effect of MMN was absent in depressive patients.
Experiment 3
Mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions in depressive patients using multiple face models
Objective:To rule out low level process of physical features of the faces, multiple face models were used in this experiment to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of emotional information in depressive patients.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant expressional changes. Ten depressive patients and ten healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The cartoon emotional faces were produced from six different faces. The subjects were instructed to mentally count green faces (targets) and ignore the red ones (non-targets). Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli (neutral) from the non-target deviant stimuli (positive or negative)
Results:(1) MMN 1:There were an significant interaction of Group×Hemisphere (F (1,18)=5.698; p=0.028); (2) MMN2:There were a significant main effect of Group (F (1,18)=8.759, p<0.01) and an interaction of Orientation×Type (F(3,54)=3.011; p=0.038)
Conclusion:Depressive patients showed dysfunction of preattentive processing of emotional information even when low level process of physical features was ruled out.
抑郁症视觉物理信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
实验一
视觉物理信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)对人脑视觉前注意加工进行初步探讨,在经典实验范式的基础上进行修改,进一步提高非注意纯度,以便于应用于临床研究。
方法：选取大连医科大学招纳的健康受试者14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.7±17.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看并计数视野中心靶刺激红色图片的呈现次数,而忽略视野周边的物理刺激图片。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：组间主效应显著(F(1,26)=8.843; p=0.006),提示MMN1波幅与水平基线的差异具有统计学意义；(2)MMN2：组间主效应显著(F(1,26)=2.891; p=0.101),提示MMN2波幅与水平基线的差异不具有统计学意义。
结论：
1、人脑对视觉物理刺激可以进行前注意自动加工；
2、提高了注意纯度的实验范式成功引出了vMMN,可以作为临床研究的实验范式。
实验二
抑郁症视觉物理信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术探讨抑郁症患者对物理信息前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.4±12.6岁,正常对照组为健康人14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.7±17.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看并计数视野中心靶刺激红色图片的呈现次数,而忽略视野周边的物理刺激图片。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：抑郁症患者组与正常对照组间未发现显著组间主效应(F(1,26)=0.782,p=0.384)。亦未发现其他主效应与交互效应。
结论：抑郁症患者在oddball范式下的视觉物理刺激前注意加工较正常受试者无显著性差异。
实验三
抑郁症基于感觉记忆的视觉前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)技术探讨抑郁症患者基于感觉记忆的前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.4±12.6岁,正常对照组为健康人14例(5男,9女),平均年龄41.7±17.5岁。采用oddball范式及等概率范式,要求受试者观看并计数视野中心靶刺激红色图片的呈现次数,而忽略视野周边的物理刺激图片。记录32导脑电,对受试者基于感觉记忆的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：组间效应显著(F(1,26)=6.655,p<0.016),且组间因素与vMMN类型显著交互(F(1,26)=4.933,p<0.035)。后续分析显示仅等概率范式vMMN存在组间显著差异(F(1,26)=9.446,p<0.005),而oddball范式vMMN组间差异缺乏显著性(F(1,26)=0.782,p=0.384)。
结论：
1、抑郁症患者存在视觉通道物理信息前注意加工障碍；
2、抑郁症患者物理信息前注意加工障碍基于感觉记忆失匹配过程。
第二部分
抑郁症情绪信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
实验一
卡通表情前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术对卡通表情信息的前注意自动加工机制进行初步考察,以明确卡通表情是否可以诱发表情相关失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)。
方法：受试者为15名健康人(6男,9女),平均年龄36.9±11.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看卡通表情图片并计数靶刺激绿色图片的呈现次数,而忽略非靶刺激红色图片(包括作为标准刺激的中性表情及作为偏差刺激的正、负性表情)。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：波幅的电极位置主效应显著(F3,42=9.430,P=0.001)。方向与半球存在交互效应(F1,14=9.608,p=0.008);(2)MMN2方向主效应显著(F1,14=5.489,p=0.034),且方向与表情交互效应显著(F1,14=7.369,p=0.017),方向与半球交互效应显著(F1,14=9.623,p=0.008)。
结论：
1、卡通表情刺激成功诱发了表情相关MMN；
2、人脑对情绪信息可以进行前注意自动加工,且这种加工与物理特征加工无关。
实验二
抑郁症表情信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：采用事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术探讨抑郁症患者对表情信息前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者15名(6男,9女),平均年龄40.3±11.2岁,正常对照组为健康受试者15名(5男,10女),平均年龄36.9±11.5岁。采用oddball范式,要求受试者观看卡通表情图片并计数靶刺激绿色图片的呈现次数,而忽略非靶刺激红色图片(包括作为标准刺激的中性表情及作为偏差刺激的正、负性表情)。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：表情类型和与组别存在显著的交互效应(F(1,28)=7.052,p<0.015)。方向、大脑半球与组别间的交互效应也具有显著性(F(1,28)=4.617,p=0.040)。在正常对照组中,方向与大脑半球的交互效应显著(F(1,14)=9.608,p<0.010)在抑郁症组则无显著交互效应；(2)MMN2：组间主效应显著(F(1,28)=10.804,p<0.005)。同时,组间主效应与方向产生交互效应(F(1,28)=7.304,p<0.015)。
结论：
1、抑郁症患者对正性及负性情绪信息的前注意自动加工均存在障碍；
2、抑郁症患者存在表情信息加工的偏侧化效应缺失；
3、表情信息前注意加工减弱很可能是抑郁症的疾病相关特质而不是状态相关因素。
实验三
抑郁症多面孔模型表情信息前注意加工的事件相关电位研究
目的：为了消除表情图片物理属性加工的影响,采用多面孔模型对郁症患者表情信息前注意自动加工的脑电生理机制进行更深入地探讨。
方法：病例组为抑郁症患者10例(3男,7女),平均年龄44.0±15.8岁,正常对照组为健康人10例(3男,7女),平均年龄40.2±12.6岁。采用卡通多面孔模型表情刺激的oddball范式,要求受试者观看卡通表情图片并计数靶刺激绿色图片的呈现次数,而忽略非靶刺激红色图片(包括作为标准刺激的中性表情及作为偏差刺激的正、负性表情)。记录32导脑电,对受试者的视觉失匹配负波(mismatch negativity, MMN)的波幅进行分析。
结果：(1)MMN1：大脑半球与组别存在显著的交互效应(F(1,18)=5.698；p=0.028)；(2)MMN2：组间主效应显著F(1,18)=8.759,p<0.01),电极位置与大脑半球存在交互效应(F(3,54)=3.011；p=0.038)。
结论：抑郁症患者表情信息前注意加工较正常受试者减弱,可排除物理特征加工的影响。本实验结果进一步验证了实验二的结论。
Part 1
Mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients
Experiment 1
Mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli:An event-related potentials study
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli and validate the paradigm revised.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant physical stimuli changes. Fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Revised oddball paradigm was used. The subjects were instructed to mentally count the central red targets and ignore the peripheral non-targets. Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli from the non-target deviant stimuli.
Results:(1) MMN1:There were a significant main effect of Group (F3,42=9.430, P=0.001); (2) MMN2:There were no significant main effect of Group (F (1,26)=2.891; p=0.101)
Conclusion:Revised paradigm can elicite visual MMN indexing preattentive processing of physical stimuli.
Experiment 2
Mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patiens.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant physical stimuli changes. Fourteen depressive patients and fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Revised oddball paradigm was used. The subjects were instructed to mentally count the central red targets and ignore the peripheral non-targets. Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli from the non-target deviant stimuli.
Results:There was no any main effect or interaction of MMN amplitudes.
Conclusion:Depressive patients did not show dysfunction of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in oddball paradigm.
Experiment 3
Mechanism of sensory memory based preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of sensory memory based preattentive processing of physical stimuli.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant physical stimuli changes. Fourteen depressive patients and fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. oddball paradigm and equiprobable paradigm were used. The subjects were instructed to mentally count the central red targets and ignore the peripheral non-targets. Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Both oddball-MMN and control-MMN were analyzed.
Results:There were a significant main effect of Group (F (1,26)= 6.655, p<0.016) and an interaction of Group×MMN type (F (1,26)= 4.933, p<0.035). Further analysis reveals that there is a significant main effect of group (F (1,26)=9.446, p<0.005) for control-MMN while there is no that for oddball-MMN.
Conclusion:Control-MMN decreased significantly in depressive patients. The dysfunction of preattentive processing of physical stimuli in depressive patients was sensory memory based.
Part 2
Mechanism of preattentive processing of emotional information in depressive patients
Experiment 1
Mechanism of preattentive processing of cartoon facial expressions:An event-related potentials study
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions and whether cartoon facial expressions can elicit mismatch negativity (MMN)
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant expressional changes. Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The subjects were instructed to mentally count green faces (targets) and ignore the red ones (non-targets). Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. MMN was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli (neutral) from the non-target deviant stimuli (positive or negative)
Results:(1) MMN1:There were a significant main effect of Site (F3,42=9.430, P=0.001) and an interaction of Orientation×Hemisphere (F1,14=9.608, P=0.008); (2) MMN2:There were a significant main effect of Orientation(F1,14=5.489, P=0.034) and interactions of Orientation×Type (F1,14=7.369, P=0.017) and Orientation×Hemisphere (F1,14=9.623, P=0.008)
Conclusion:Compared with standard neutral faces, infrequent emotional cartoon faces elicited expression-related MMN indexing automatic processing. The MMN amplitude was right-lateralized and larger for negative than positive expression.
Experiment 2
Mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions in depressive patients
Objective:The present study was to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions in depressive patients.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant expressional changes. Fifteen depressive patients and fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The subjects were instructed to mentally count green faces (targets) and ignore the red ones (non-targets). Thirty two channel electro-encephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli (neutral) from the non-target deviant stimuli (positive or negative)
Results:(1) MMN1:There were a significant interaction of Expression type×Group (F (1,28)=7.052, p<0.015) and a significant interaction of Orientation×Hemisphere (F (1,28)=4.617, p=0.040); (2) MMN2:There were a significant main effect of Group (F (1,28)= 10.804, p<0.005) and interactions of Orientation×Group (F (1,28)= 7.304, p<0.015)
Conclusion:Compared with healthy volunteers, depressive patients showed dysfunction of preattentive processing of emotional information. The right-lateralized effect of MMN was absent in depressive patients.
Experiment 3
Mechanism of preattentive processing of facial expressions in depressive patients using multiple face models
Objective:To rule out low level process of physical features of the faces, multiple face models were used in this experiment to investigate the mechanism of preattentive processing of emotional information in depressive patients.
Methods:Event-related potential (ERP) was investigated to study preattentive processing of task-irrelevant expressional changes. Ten depressive patients and ten healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. The cartoon emotional faces were produced from six different faces. The subjects were instructed to mentally count green faces (targets) and ignore the red ones (non-targets). Thirty two channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded by Neuroscan Nuamps System. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was calculated by subtracting the ERPs elicited by the non-target standard stimuli (neutral) from the non-target deviant stimuli (positive or negative)
Results:(1) MMN 1:There were an significant interaction of Group×Hemisphere (F (1,18)=5.698; p=0.028); (2) MMN2:There were a significant main effect of Group (F (1,18)=8.759, p<0.01) and an interaction of Orientation×Type (F(3,54)=3.011; p=0.038)
Conclusion:Depressive patients showed dysfunction of preattentive processing of emotional information even when low level process of physical features was ruled out.
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4. Naatanen, R., Pakarinen, S., Rinne, T., and Takegata, R. The mismatch negativity (MMN):towards the optimal paradigm. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115(1):140-4.
5. Kujala, T., Tervaniemi, M., and Schroger, E. The mismatch negativity in cognitive and clinical neuroscience:theoretical and methodological considerations. Biol Psychol 2007; 74(1):1-19.
6. Naatanen, R. Mismatch negativity:clinical research and possible applications. Int J Psychophysiol 2003; 48(2):179-88.
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8. Takei, Y., Kumano, S., Hattori, S., Uehara, T., Kawakubo, Y., Kasai, K., Fukuda, M., and Mikuni, M. Preattentive dysfunction in major depression:a magnetoencephalography study using auditory mismatch negativity. Psychophysiology 2009; 46(1):52-61.
9. Roggia, S.M. and Colares, N.T. Mismatch negativity in patients with (central) auditory processing disorders. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 74(5):705-11.
10. Qin, P., Di, H., Yan, X., Yu, S., Yu, D., Laureys, S., and Weng, X. Mismatch negativity to the patient's own name in chronic disorders of consciousness. Neurosci Lett 2008; 448(1):24-28.
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