云南沧源南腊—缅甸金厂铅锌银多金属矿集区成矿作用及成矿模式研究
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摘要
跨越中缅边境的金腊(金厂-南腊)铅锌银资源富集区,位于三江南段的冈底斯-念青唐古拉褶皱系之昌宁-孟连褶皱带西缘沧源-西盟褶皱束,该区构造环境复杂,成矿条件优越,是三江南段重要的铅锌银金铜资源富集区。本文以“岩浆-流体-成矿系统”理论为指导,运用地质学、岩石学、矿床学、地球化学相结合的方法,对该区部分岩浆岩及主要矿床的地质、岩石与地球化学特征进行了研究,基本查明工作区主要矿床的空间分布、成矿地质与物理化学条件、矿床成因及控矿因素等,并对该区铅锌银铜金等成矿潜力作出评价。
研究了岩浆岩分布与特征。首次对研究区与成矿作用密切相关的花岗岩类中分离出单矿物锆石进行Shirmp同位素定年,获得40.3Ma、40Ma和40.9Ma的年龄数据,证明本区与成矿作用有关的岩浆作用主要是喜马拉雅期。
系统分析了矿集区地球化学特征。研究成果显示,本区流体以NaCl-H_2O体系为主,其次为NaCl-CO_2--H_2O体系,流体包裹体均一温度和盐度具有一个较宽变化范围,特别在240～320℃具有明显峰值,对应盐度为0-20wt%NaCl,属于中低温中低盐度的成矿流体。成矿深度在350-2700m范围,属于浅成中低温度和中低盐度矿床。气相成分以H_2O为主,其次为CO_2;液相成分中的阳离子以Na~+、K~+为主,阴离子中SO_4~(2-)特别显著,属Cl--Na+-Ca~(2+)型和SO_4~(2-)-Na~+-Ca~(2+)型;SO_4~(2-)/Cl~-多数高于0.5,本区成矿流体是一种以地下热卤水为主,并混合有岩浆流体的混合流体。碳氢氧同位素测定表明流体中δDH2O‰变化范围比较小,在-103‰-120‰之间,与温度的相关性不明显,证明本区成矿流体具有大气降水与深源流体的混合成因。从金厂到南腊,稀土配分型式从微弱轻稀土转变为轻稀土富集型,微量元素主要以不相容元素为主,分析结果表明成矿流体来源于上地幔。流体的δ18O值(-9.4‰～8.8‰)充分显示成矿流体具有大气降水与岩浆水混合的特征。矿石的S同位素具有以富34S的重硫型占优势的特点,S主要来自深部,Pb同位素组成相对均一,Pb来源为壳幔混合源。成矿物质和成矿流体来源于本区老的变质地层及深部岩浆。
讨论了矿床成矿阶段和矿床成因,较为系统总结了矿集区成矿地质条件及地质特征。矿床成因类型有五大类:浅成低温热液交代-充填白云岩型铅锌银矿、角岩-矽卡岩型、构造破碎带型、喷流-沉积型、斑岩型。矿集区经历了特提斯和造山带成矿阶段,划分为早期赋存于西盟群允沟组海相碳酸盐岩系中的铅锌银成矿系列、中期与早石炭系海相基-中性火山岩有关的铅锌银铜硫成矿系列和晚期喜马拉雅期花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩有关的铅锌银铜钼金成矿系列等三个成矿系列。
首次建立了金腊铅锌银多金属矿床的成矿模式。特提斯阶段元古代本区为地槽型沉积区,强烈中基性海相火山喷发活动,形成了一套以富集Au、Ag、As、PbZn元素组合为特征的元古界西盟群王雅组、允沟组巨厚火山岩系,为铅锌、银、金等金属矿的初始矿源层,局部地段发生强烈海底火山喷发,金属矿物堆积,形成喷流-沉积型SEDEX多金属矿床。晋宁期-加里东早期区域变质作用及构造运动,使元古界地层褶皱变质,由于变质热水加入,加速铅锌银金等成矿物质的初始富集。早石炭系初期,特提斯洋处于发育阶段,为浅海-深海洋盆环境,昌宁-孟连深大断裂活动加剧,深大断裂切至上地幔,造成大规模火山喷发,形成澜沧老厂式海底火山喷流-沉积多金属矿床。华力西末期-印支期,由于特提斯洋闭合,进入陆内演化阶段,南汀河大断裂强烈活动,花岗岩的形成和侵位不仅使初始矿源层中的铅锌、银、金等成矿物质进一步富集,而且南汀河大断裂活动所产生的次级构造断裂,为流体活动提供通道,下渗循环水不断与深部岩浆交换,为流体带来成矿物质。喜山期构造运动使该区褶皱隆升形成金厂-南腊背斜。由于喜马拉雅期同源岩浆脉动式活动加强,形成规模不等的碱长花岗斑岩岩株群。正是由于这个阶段岩浆活动引发的热液作用和成矿流体的深循环作用,加速成矿物质萃取、沉淀、富集,最终在花岗岩体内的断裂及裂隙、花岗岩与围岩的内外接触带、围岩断裂及层间薄弱带中形成铅锌银金多金属矿体。
Jinla (Jingchang-Nanla) Zinc-Silver enrichment region stepping across China-Burma board is a fundamental prospecting target for Zinc and Sliver polymetallic deposit. Tectonically, this region belongs to Cangyuan-Ximeng bundle of fold lying in the west of Changning-Menglian fold belt of Gangdese-Nyaingentanglha fold system, southern part of Sanjiang River. This region is characterized by its complex tectonic settings and favorable minerogenetic conditions, which is one of the most important Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-Cu resources-rich areas in southern part of Sanjiang River. Based on the theory of“magma-fluid-metallogenic system”, the author combined various subjects involving geology, petrology, stratigraphy, structural geology, study of mineral deposits, geophysics and geochemistry, basically verified the spatial distribution of main ore deposits, the geological and physical chemistry metallogenic conditions, and the metallogenesis and ore-controlling factors of the research region, and evaluated the metallogenic potential for Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-Cu.
This study distribution and characteristic of magmatic rock.For the first time, this study successfully separated and picked out Zircon from granitoids closely related to metallogenesis of this region, yielding ages of 40.3Ma, 40Ma and 40.9Ma, respectively, testifying that the timing of magmatism related to metallogenesis is defined mainly in the Himalayan.
The systematic research on the geochemical characteristics of the ore district shows that the ore-forming fluid is mainly NaCl-H2O system, followed by NaCl-CO2-H2O system, and the homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions vary in a relatively wide range, with a peak temperature in a range of 240～320℃and corresponding salinity of 0-20wt% NaCl-equivalent, which falls into the category of intermediate to low temperature-intermediate to low salinity ore-forming fluid. The ore-forming depth lies in a range of 350-2700m, which is a depth of intermediate-low temperature and salinity epithermal deposits. The gas composition mainly consists of H2O and CO2;positive ion in the liquid is mainly composed of Na+、K+ and negative ion is dominated by SO_4~(2-) belonging to Cl--Na+-Ca~(2+) and SO_4~(2-)-Na+-Ca~(2+) type;most ratios of SO_4~(2-) and Cl1- are higher than 0.5, showing that the ore-forming fluid is dominant by underground hot brine, with mixing of magmatic fluid. Isotopic data of C-H-O indicates thatδDH2O‰varies in a relatively small range (-103‰-120‰), and shows no significant correlation with temperature, confirming that the ore-forming fluid is a mixture of meteoric water and deep-derived fluids. From Jingchang to Nanla, the REE patterns shift from weak LREE enrichment to strong LREE enrichment. The trace elements are mainly incompatible elements,and the results reveal that the ore-forming fluids derive form upper mantle. Theδ18O of fluids (-9.4‰～8.8‰)fully demonstrate ore-forming fluids are characterized by mixing of meteoric water and magmatic water. The sulfur isotopic data shows a heavy sulfur dominating trend. Sulfur is mainly derived from a deep source, and the Lead isotopic composition is relatively homogeneous, which is resulted from a crust-mantle mixing source. Ore-forming material and fluids of this region are derived from the ancient metamorphic strata and deep magma.
This study systematically summarized the geological condition and characteristics and discussed the ore-forming phases and metallogenesis of the ore district. The mineralization can be classified into five categories:Epithermal metasomatic-filling dolomite type, taconite-skarn type, structural fracture zone type, SEDEX type, and porphyry copper type. The ore district experienced Tethys and collisional ore-forming phases, and can be divided into there ore-forming systems:the first one is a Pb-Zn-Ag ore system occurring in the oceanic carbonate rocks of Yungou set,Ximeng group; the second one is a Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-S ore system related to the Early Carboniferous oceanic basic-intermediate volcanic rocks; the last one is a Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Mo-Au ore system associated with the Himalayan granite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry.
This study initially set up an ore-forming model for the Jinla Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit. During the Proterozoic epoch of Tethys phase, this region was a geocynclinic sedmentary area, with strong basic-intermediate oceanic volcanic eruptive activities, forming a nearly huge thick Proterozoic Wangya set, Ximeng group volcanic rocks, which constitutes the primary ore source of Pb-Zn-Ag-Au polymetallic deposit. Meanwhile, some part of the region underwent strong sea bottom volcanic eruptions, which gave rise to the deposition of metallic minerals, forming SEDEX type polymetallic depostis. During Jinningian to Caledonian, this region was subject to regional metamorphism and structural movement, which made the Proterozoic strata deformed, and the involvement of hot metamorphic water accelerated the regional metamorphism and structural movement. In the Early Carboniferous, the Tethys Ocean was under an early development phase, belonging to shallow ocean-deep ocean basin condition. With the aggravating activity of the Changning-Menglian deep fault, and cutting into the upper mantle, large-scale volcanic eruptions emerged and produced the sea bottom VMS type polymetallic deposit in Laochang, Lanchang area. During the Late Variscan to the Indosinian, as a consequence of the close of Tethys Ocean, the intracontinental evolution stage began and both the strong activity of Nanding River deep fault and the forming of intrusion of granites not only enhanced the enrichment of Pb-Zn-Ag-Au in the initial ore-forming source, but also provide the migrating path of ore-forming fluids due to the secondary structural faults and fissures of Nanding River deep fault. Penetrating cycling water continuously exchanged with deep magmatic fluids, bringing ore-forming material to the fluids. The Himalayan structural movements caused the fold uplift of this region and brought force the Jingchang-Nanla anticline. Owing to the intensified pulse activities of the consanguinity magma during this phase, various scales of granite porphyry stocks were formed. The hydrothermal and deep cycling of ore-forming fluids driven by the magmatic activities stimulated the extraction, precipitation and enrichment of ore-forming material, and ultimately generated Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic ore bodies which mainly occurred in the structural fracture zone of inner granite contact zone, faults and interlayer weak zones of wall rock, structural weak zone of the contact zone between intrusions and wall rock.
研究了岩浆岩分布与特征。首次对研究区与成矿作用密切相关的花岗岩类中分离出单矿物锆石进行Shirmp同位素定年,获得40.3Ma、40Ma和40.9Ma的年龄数据,证明本区与成矿作用有关的岩浆作用主要是喜马拉雅期。
系统分析了矿集区地球化学特征。研究成果显示,本区流体以NaCl-H_2O体系为主,其次为NaCl-CO_2--H_2O体系,流体包裹体均一温度和盐度具有一个较宽变化范围,特别在240～320℃具有明显峰值,对应盐度为0-20wt%NaCl,属于中低温中低盐度的成矿流体。成矿深度在350-2700m范围,属于浅成中低温度和中低盐度矿床。气相成分以H_2O为主,其次为CO_2;液相成分中的阳离子以Na~+、K~+为主,阴离子中SO_4~(2-)特别显著,属Cl--Na+-Ca~(2+)型和SO_4~(2-)-Na~+-Ca~(2+)型;SO_4~(2-)/Cl~-多数高于0.5,本区成矿流体是一种以地下热卤水为主,并混合有岩浆流体的混合流体。碳氢氧同位素测定表明流体中δDH2O‰变化范围比较小,在-103‰-120‰之间,与温度的相关性不明显,证明本区成矿流体具有大气降水与深源流体的混合成因。从金厂到南腊,稀土配分型式从微弱轻稀土转变为轻稀土富集型,微量元素主要以不相容元素为主,分析结果表明成矿流体来源于上地幔。流体的δ18O值(-9.4‰～8.8‰)充分显示成矿流体具有大气降水与岩浆水混合的特征。矿石的S同位素具有以富34S的重硫型占优势的特点,S主要来自深部,Pb同位素组成相对均一,Pb来源为壳幔混合源。成矿物质和成矿流体来源于本区老的变质地层及深部岩浆。
讨论了矿床成矿阶段和矿床成因,较为系统总结了矿集区成矿地质条件及地质特征。矿床成因类型有五大类:浅成低温热液交代-充填白云岩型铅锌银矿、角岩-矽卡岩型、构造破碎带型、喷流-沉积型、斑岩型。矿集区经历了特提斯和造山带成矿阶段,划分为早期赋存于西盟群允沟组海相碳酸盐岩系中的铅锌银成矿系列、中期与早石炭系海相基-中性火山岩有关的铅锌银铜硫成矿系列和晚期喜马拉雅期花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩有关的铅锌银铜钼金成矿系列等三个成矿系列。
首次建立了金腊铅锌银多金属矿床的成矿模式。特提斯阶段元古代本区为地槽型沉积区,强烈中基性海相火山喷发活动,形成了一套以富集Au、Ag、As、PbZn元素组合为特征的元古界西盟群王雅组、允沟组巨厚火山岩系,为铅锌、银、金等金属矿的初始矿源层,局部地段发生强烈海底火山喷发,金属矿物堆积,形成喷流-沉积型SEDEX多金属矿床。晋宁期-加里东早期区域变质作用及构造运动,使元古界地层褶皱变质,由于变质热水加入,加速铅锌银金等成矿物质的初始富集。早石炭系初期,特提斯洋处于发育阶段,为浅海-深海洋盆环境,昌宁-孟连深大断裂活动加剧,深大断裂切至上地幔,造成大规模火山喷发,形成澜沧老厂式海底火山喷流-沉积多金属矿床。华力西末期-印支期,由于特提斯洋闭合,进入陆内演化阶段,南汀河大断裂强烈活动,花岗岩的形成和侵位不仅使初始矿源层中的铅锌、银、金等成矿物质进一步富集,而且南汀河大断裂活动所产生的次级构造断裂,为流体活动提供通道,下渗循环水不断与深部岩浆交换,为流体带来成矿物质。喜山期构造运动使该区褶皱隆升形成金厂-南腊背斜。由于喜马拉雅期同源岩浆脉动式活动加强,形成规模不等的碱长花岗斑岩岩株群。正是由于这个阶段岩浆活动引发的热液作用和成矿流体的深循环作用,加速成矿物质萃取、沉淀、富集,最终在花岗岩体内的断裂及裂隙、花岗岩与围岩的内外接触带、围岩断裂及层间薄弱带中形成铅锌银金多金属矿体。
Jinla (Jingchang-Nanla) Zinc-Silver enrichment region stepping across China-Burma board is a fundamental prospecting target for Zinc and Sliver polymetallic deposit. Tectonically, this region belongs to Cangyuan-Ximeng bundle of fold lying in the west of Changning-Menglian fold belt of Gangdese-Nyaingentanglha fold system, southern part of Sanjiang River. This region is characterized by its complex tectonic settings and favorable minerogenetic conditions, which is one of the most important Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-Cu resources-rich areas in southern part of Sanjiang River. Based on the theory of“magma-fluid-metallogenic system”, the author combined various subjects involving geology, petrology, stratigraphy, structural geology, study of mineral deposits, geophysics and geochemistry, basically verified the spatial distribution of main ore deposits, the geological and physical chemistry metallogenic conditions, and the metallogenesis and ore-controlling factors of the research region, and evaluated the metallogenic potential for Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-Cu.
This study distribution and characteristic of magmatic rock.For the first time, this study successfully separated and picked out Zircon from granitoids closely related to metallogenesis of this region, yielding ages of 40.3Ma, 40Ma and 40.9Ma, respectively, testifying that the timing of magmatism related to metallogenesis is defined mainly in the Himalayan.
The systematic research on the geochemical characteristics of the ore district shows that the ore-forming fluid is mainly NaCl-H2O system, followed by NaCl-CO2-H2O system, and the homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions vary in a relatively wide range, with a peak temperature in a range of 240～320℃and corresponding salinity of 0-20wt% NaCl-equivalent, which falls into the category of intermediate to low temperature-intermediate to low salinity ore-forming fluid. The ore-forming depth lies in a range of 350-2700m, which is a depth of intermediate-low temperature and salinity epithermal deposits. The gas composition mainly consists of H2O and CO2;positive ion in the liquid is mainly composed of Na+、K+ and negative ion is dominated by SO_4~(2-) belonging to Cl--Na+-Ca~(2+) and SO_4~(2-)-Na+-Ca~(2+) type;most ratios of SO_4~(2-) and Cl1- are higher than 0.5, showing that the ore-forming fluid is dominant by underground hot brine, with mixing of magmatic fluid. Isotopic data of C-H-O indicates thatδDH2O‰varies in a relatively small range (-103‰-120‰), and shows no significant correlation with temperature, confirming that the ore-forming fluid is a mixture of meteoric water and deep-derived fluids. From Jingchang to Nanla, the REE patterns shift from weak LREE enrichment to strong LREE enrichment. The trace elements are mainly incompatible elements,and the results reveal that the ore-forming fluids derive form upper mantle. Theδ18O of fluids (-9.4‰～8.8‰)fully demonstrate ore-forming fluids are characterized by mixing of meteoric water and magmatic water. The sulfur isotopic data shows a heavy sulfur dominating trend. Sulfur is mainly derived from a deep source, and the Lead isotopic composition is relatively homogeneous, which is resulted from a crust-mantle mixing source. Ore-forming material and fluids of this region are derived from the ancient metamorphic strata and deep magma.
This study systematically summarized the geological condition and characteristics and discussed the ore-forming phases and metallogenesis of the ore district. The mineralization can be classified into five categories:Epithermal metasomatic-filling dolomite type, taconite-skarn type, structural fracture zone type, SEDEX type, and porphyry copper type. The ore district experienced Tethys and collisional ore-forming phases, and can be divided into there ore-forming systems:the first one is a Pb-Zn-Ag ore system occurring in the oceanic carbonate rocks of Yungou set,Ximeng group; the second one is a Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-S ore system related to the Early Carboniferous oceanic basic-intermediate volcanic rocks; the last one is a Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Mo-Au ore system associated with the Himalayan granite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry.
This study initially set up an ore-forming model for the Jinla Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit. During the Proterozoic epoch of Tethys phase, this region was a geocynclinic sedmentary area, with strong basic-intermediate oceanic volcanic eruptive activities, forming a nearly huge thick Proterozoic Wangya set, Ximeng group volcanic rocks, which constitutes the primary ore source of Pb-Zn-Ag-Au polymetallic deposit. Meanwhile, some part of the region underwent strong sea bottom volcanic eruptions, which gave rise to the deposition of metallic minerals, forming SEDEX type polymetallic depostis. During Jinningian to Caledonian, this region was subject to regional metamorphism and structural movement, which made the Proterozoic strata deformed, and the involvement of hot metamorphic water accelerated the regional metamorphism and structural movement. In the Early Carboniferous, the Tethys Ocean was under an early development phase, belonging to shallow ocean-deep ocean basin condition. With the aggravating activity of the Changning-Menglian deep fault, and cutting into the upper mantle, large-scale volcanic eruptions emerged and produced the sea bottom VMS type polymetallic deposit in Laochang, Lanchang area. During the Late Variscan to the Indosinian, as a consequence of the close of Tethys Ocean, the intracontinental evolution stage began and both the strong activity of Nanding River deep fault and the forming of intrusion of granites not only enhanced the enrichment of Pb-Zn-Ag-Au in the initial ore-forming source, but also provide the migrating path of ore-forming fluids due to the secondary structural faults and fissures of Nanding River deep fault. Penetrating cycling water continuously exchanged with deep magmatic fluids, bringing ore-forming material to the fluids. The Himalayan structural movements caused the fold uplift of this region and brought force the Jingchang-Nanla anticline. Owing to the intensified pulse activities of the consanguinity magma during this phase, various scales of granite porphyry stocks were formed. The hydrothermal and deep cycling of ore-forming fluids driven by the magmatic activities stimulated the extraction, precipitation and enrichment of ore-forming material, and ultimately generated Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic ore bodies which mainly occurred in the structural fracture zone of inner granite contact zone, faults and interlayer weak zones of wall rock, structural weak zone of the contact zone between intrusions and wall rock.
引文
*西南“三江”中南段试验区铜、金等矿产快速勘查评价的综合示范研究(2001)
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