越汉成语对比研究
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摘要
“成语”是既与词、名言、警句相区别,又与俗语、谚语、惯用语和歇后语等熟语相区别的语言文化单位。今人所谓“成语”之义,可以周祖谟先生1954年《汉语成语概说》中的界定为代表：“成语就是人民口里多少年来用的定型短语或短句。其中大部分都是从古代文学语言中当作一个意义完整的单位承续下来的。……成语的结构是固定的,一般都是四个字。它是相沿已久、约定俗成的具有固定性的东西,所以称为‘成语’。”随着人们对成语认识的逐步深入,对成语研究的领域也不断扩大。关于成语的研究可以分为成语的整体性研究、成语的语音研究、成语的结构研究、成语的释义研究、成语的语源研究、成语的运用研究、成语的文化研究、成语和其他熟语的比较研究、专书成语研究、不同语言成语的对比研究等。其中,双语或多语的成语对比研究相当少,特别是汉语成语和越语成语之间的对比。因此,我们想为成语研究补上这点空缺。
本研究属于具体应用对比语言学,相当系统地、准确地把四千多条越语成语翻译成汉语,指出并分析越语成语和汉语成语的不同及其语言文化成因,提出与越汉成语教学和越-汉成语翻译相关之建议。实践研究目标为帮助越南学生在汉语学习和使用过程中更加容易地、准确地将越语成语翻译成汉语成语或直接使用汉语成语。理论研究目标为通过越汉成语对比来进一步完善越语成语体系以及成语对比方法理论框架。至于研究方法,我们采用结合描写、翻译对照、分析统计等手段的对比方法,对照分析越汉两种语言在同一时期相对应的成语单位,基本上按照对比研究的五个步骤来进行：
1.确定对比范围：4715条越语成语和汉译之后所得到的1760条相应的汉语成语。
2.文献搜集与研究：包括与越汉语成语相关的材料和前人所做过的成语对比研究等两部分。
3.搜集语言材料：因为目前未有越-汉成语词典,所以我们要将4715条越语成语翻译成汉语,以此材料库为本研究的语言材料。
4.分析对比：分析成语结构形式、内容意义以及文化蕴涵等方面。
5.归纳总结：阐述对比研究的成果,讨论其理论和实践意义。
先将越语成语译成汉语,再再在语言形式和文化内涵两方面上进行对比,我们已获得下列结果：
1.越语成语中目前仍有301条完全借用于汉语的汉源成语,给越汉语翻译者和学习者带来极大的方便。比如：bac co thong kim/博古通今、danh chinh ngon thuan/名正言顺等。
2.利用汉语言或中国文化因素创造出来的汉源成语有245条,译回汉语时要特别留意。比如：cua Khong san Trinh(孔子的大门,程颐的院子)/庠序之地、da nghi Tao Thao(像曹操一样多疑)/生性多疑等。
3.虽然以四个音节为外壳形式的越语成语数量大(71%),但是在比率上没有汉语成语明显(98.6%)。这一点让我们能够理解：为何越语成语专家很少提到成语的音节数量。4.四字格式是最富于节奏感(音乐性)的结构,表现在声、韵、调等各个方面。虽然重言、双声、叠韵等现象在越汉成语中均为普遍,但是具体表现大同小异。比如,若把四字格成语定为ABCD,越语成语中99%的重言成语是ABAD,而且完全没有汉语成语的AABB(风风雨雨)形式等。
5.按照语义结构,越语成语可分为对称式的暗喻成语、非对称式的暗喻成语和明喻成语三大类。汉语成语没有如此的分类方法,反而是在语法结构上分得很细。借用汉语成语之山石回攻越语成语系统,我们发现一部分似是而非的成语单位。
6.多半有典故来源的汉语成语本身具备书面性。相对而言,产生于老百姓日常语言生活之中的越语成语,其口语色彩相当浓厚。4715条越语成语之中有668条异体成语,同义成语仅有110条。
7.作为文化的一面镜子,成语明显地反映着越中两国的自然环境和社会生活。比如,越南属热带季风气候,海岸线长河流多,动植物种类极为丰富。越南人既纯朴忠厚又乐观幽默,精神生活深受佛教的影响。
最后,我们将上述研究结果运用到越语成语理论研究、越-汉语成语翻译,特别是针对越南学生的成语教学等领域中。越南目前已开设中文系或汉语专业的高校共40多所,来华的越南留学生数量每年约7000人而且会越来越多。相信本研究能为这些成千上万的汉语学习者创造有利的条件!
Idioms are a linguistic-cultural unit that is different from not only the words, dictums, mottos, but also the common sayings, proverbs, idiomatic phrases and Chinese folk wisecracks (CFW). The definition of idioms can be traced back to Mr. Zhou Zumo's An Introduction of Chinese Idioms in 1954. According to this book, idioms are the defined phrases or short sentences that are used by the common people in series of years, most of which are inherited as a complete semantic unit from the language used in the ancient literature. The structure of the idioms are mostly fixed, which are usually four Chinese characters. Idioms are well-established and are accepted through common practices in a long period of time. Nowadays, with people's progressive understandings of idioms, the research field of idioms is constantly enlarged. The studies of idioms can be divided into holistic study, phonetic study, structural study, semantic study, etymological study, applied study, cultural study, comparative study of idioms and other sayings, specialized idiomatic study and comparative idiomatic study in different languages. Among all these kinds of studies, the number of comparative idiomatic study in two or even more languages is quite few. Therefore, this essay will patch up this point.
This research is a detailed application of comparative linguistics. It will translate more that 4000 Vietnamese idioms into Chinese accurately; point out the linguistic-cultural reasons of the differences between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms; also make some relevant proposals about the teaching of Vietnamese and Chinese idioms and the translation of idioms in these two languages. The practical purpose of this research is to make it easier and more accurate for the Vietnamese students to translate Vietnamese idioms into Chinese or even use Chinese idioms directly during their Chinese learning and application process. The theoretical purpose of this research is to further improve the Vietnamese idiomatic system and the idiomatic theoretical frame of comparative study by the comparison between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms. As for the research method, we use the comparative method of combination and description, translation and comparison, and analysis and statistics, explore the corresponding idiomatic unit of Vietnamese and Chinese used in the same period of the time. The research is generally following the next five steps in the comparative study.
1. Determining the comparative scope:There are 4715 Vietnamese idioms that are translated into 1760 Chinese idioms correspondingly.
2. Collecting and researching of the documents:This step includes two parts. One is the relevant materials concerned about both Vietnamese and Chinese idioms; the other part is the previous comparative studies of idioms conducted by predecessors.
3. Collecting the language material:Due to the present situation that we haven't any Vietnamese-Chinese idiomatic dictionaries, we have to translate 4715 Vietnamese idioms into Chinese on by one, as the studying corpus of this research.
4. Analyzing and comparing:In this part, we will analyze the idiomatic structure, the content meaning and the cultural implications.
5. Concluding and summarizing:The last part will be the one that states the research findings of this comparative study, and also discusses about its theoretical and practical meaning.
By comparing the original Vietnamese idioms with the translated Chinese version in aspect of language form and cultural implications, we have reached the conclusions as follows.
1. There are 301 Vietnamese idioms that are completely borrowed from Chinese, which is a great convenience for the Vietnamese-Chinese translators and also the language learners. For example:bac co thong kim/博古通今(means having both ancient and modern learning); danh chinh ngon thuan/名正言顺(means being perfectly justifiable).
2. There are 245 Vietnamese idioms that are created either by using Chinese or using Chinese cultural elements, thus special attention is needed to pay when we translate them back into Chinese. For example:cua Khong sdn Trinh(孔子的大门，程颐的院子)/庠序之地(means local schools in ancient times); da nghi Tao Thao(像曹操一样多疑)/生性多疑(used to describe a person who has a suspicious nature). In this category, idioms must be translated according to their potential meaning rather than the literal meaning.
3. There are 71% Vietnamese idioms that have 4 syllables, which is quite a large number. But it's still less than the ones in Chinese, which has reached 98.6%. That's why professionals who study Vietnamese idioms seldom mention the syllables in idioms.
4. The four-character pattern is the structure that has the strongest rhythm, which is reflected in aspects such as sound, prosody and intonation. The phenomena like tautology, polysyllable and double-prosody are all very common in Vietnamese and Chinese idioms, but they have different expressions. For example, if the four-character idiomatic pattern is ABCD, you can find 99% Vietnamese tautological idioms have the pattern of ABAD, while there is no such situation as AABB, which is used in Chinese, like风风雨雨(used to express various kinds of difficulties and sufferings).
5. According to the semantic structure, Vietnamese idioms can be further divided into three categories. They are the symmetrical and unsymmetrical metaphorical idioms and also the idioms that use simile. There's no such classification in Chinese idioms, rather the grammatical structure is divided in detail. We can also find some paradoxical idiomatic units.
6. Chinese idioms with literary quotations are mostly quite formal. Comparatively, Vietnamese idioms are formed in common people's daily lives, thus they are usually informal. There are 668 heterogeneous idioms in the 4715 units of the Vietnamese idioms, while idioms with the same meaning take the amount of only 110.
7. As a mirror of the culture, idioms reflect clearly both the natural environment and social life among Chinese and Vietnamese. Vietnam belongs to the tropical monsoon climate and it has a long coastline and many rivers. Also the fauna and flora there are various in kind. On one hand, the Vietnamese are pure and honest; on the other hand, they are also optimistic and humorous. The cultural life of them is deeply influenced by Buddhism.
As a conclusion, we will apply all these research findings in the theoretical research of Vietnamese idioms and the translation between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms, especially in the fields such as the teaching of idioms to those Vietnamese students. Nowadays, there are more than 40 institutions of higher education have Chinese department or Chinese majors. In the meanwhile, over 7000 Vietnamese students come to China for further study every year and this number is bounded to grow. We believe that this research will provide a favorable condition for those hundreds of thousands Chinese learners.
本研究属于具体应用对比语言学,相当系统地、准确地把四千多条越语成语翻译成汉语,指出并分析越语成语和汉语成语的不同及其语言文化成因,提出与越汉成语教学和越-汉成语翻译相关之建议。实践研究目标为帮助越南学生在汉语学习和使用过程中更加容易地、准确地将越语成语翻译成汉语成语或直接使用汉语成语。理论研究目标为通过越汉成语对比来进一步完善越语成语体系以及成语对比方法理论框架。至于研究方法,我们采用结合描写、翻译对照、分析统计等手段的对比方法,对照分析越汉两种语言在同一时期相对应的成语单位,基本上按照对比研究的五个步骤来进行：
1.确定对比范围：4715条越语成语和汉译之后所得到的1760条相应的汉语成语。
2.文献搜集与研究：包括与越汉语成语相关的材料和前人所做过的成语对比研究等两部分。
3.搜集语言材料：因为目前未有越-汉成语词典,所以我们要将4715条越语成语翻译成汉语,以此材料库为本研究的语言材料。
4.分析对比：分析成语结构形式、内容意义以及文化蕴涵等方面。
5.归纳总结：阐述对比研究的成果,讨论其理论和实践意义。
先将越语成语译成汉语,再再在语言形式和文化内涵两方面上进行对比,我们已获得下列结果：
1.越语成语中目前仍有301条完全借用于汉语的汉源成语,给越汉语翻译者和学习者带来极大的方便。比如：bac co thong kim/博古通今、danh chinh ngon thuan/名正言顺等。
2.利用汉语言或中国文化因素创造出来的汉源成语有245条,译回汉语时要特别留意。比如：cua Khong san Trinh(孔子的大门,程颐的院子)/庠序之地、da nghi Tao Thao(像曹操一样多疑)/生性多疑等。
3.虽然以四个音节为外壳形式的越语成语数量大(71%),但是在比率上没有汉语成语明显(98.6%)。这一点让我们能够理解：为何越语成语专家很少提到成语的音节数量。4.四字格式是最富于节奏感(音乐性)的结构,表现在声、韵、调等各个方面。虽然重言、双声、叠韵等现象在越汉成语中均为普遍,但是具体表现大同小异。比如,若把四字格成语定为ABCD,越语成语中99%的重言成语是ABAD,而且完全没有汉语成语的AABB(风风雨雨)形式等。
5.按照语义结构,越语成语可分为对称式的暗喻成语、非对称式的暗喻成语和明喻成语三大类。汉语成语没有如此的分类方法,反而是在语法结构上分得很细。借用汉语成语之山石回攻越语成语系统,我们发现一部分似是而非的成语单位。
6.多半有典故来源的汉语成语本身具备书面性。相对而言,产生于老百姓日常语言生活之中的越语成语,其口语色彩相当浓厚。4715条越语成语之中有668条异体成语,同义成语仅有110条。
7.作为文化的一面镜子,成语明显地反映着越中两国的自然环境和社会生活。比如,越南属热带季风气候,海岸线长河流多,动植物种类极为丰富。越南人既纯朴忠厚又乐观幽默,精神生活深受佛教的影响。
最后,我们将上述研究结果运用到越语成语理论研究、越-汉语成语翻译,特别是针对越南学生的成语教学等领域中。越南目前已开设中文系或汉语专业的高校共40多所,来华的越南留学生数量每年约7000人而且会越来越多。相信本研究能为这些成千上万的汉语学习者创造有利的条件!
Idioms are a linguistic-cultural unit that is different from not only the words, dictums, mottos, but also the common sayings, proverbs, idiomatic phrases and Chinese folk wisecracks (CFW). The definition of idioms can be traced back to Mr. Zhou Zumo's An Introduction of Chinese Idioms in 1954. According to this book, idioms are the defined phrases or short sentences that are used by the common people in series of years, most of which are inherited as a complete semantic unit from the language used in the ancient literature. The structure of the idioms are mostly fixed, which are usually four Chinese characters. Idioms are well-established and are accepted through common practices in a long period of time. Nowadays, with people's progressive understandings of idioms, the research field of idioms is constantly enlarged. The studies of idioms can be divided into holistic study, phonetic study, structural study, semantic study, etymological study, applied study, cultural study, comparative study of idioms and other sayings, specialized idiomatic study and comparative idiomatic study in different languages. Among all these kinds of studies, the number of comparative idiomatic study in two or even more languages is quite few. Therefore, this essay will patch up this point.
This research is a detailed application of comparative linguistics. It will translate more that 4000 Vietnamese idioms into Chinese accurately; point out the linguistic-cultural reasons of the differences between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms; also make some relevant proposals about the teaching of Vietnamese and Chinese idioms and the translation of idioms in these two languages. The practical purpose of this research is to make it easier and more accurate for the Vietnamese students to translate Vietnamese idioms into Chinese or even use Chinese idioms directly during their Chinese learning and application process. The theoretical purpose of this research is to further improve the Vietnamese idiomatic system and the idiomatic theoretical frame of comparative study by the comparison between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms. As for the research method, we use the comparative method of combination and description, translation and comparison, and analysis and statistics, explore the corresponding idiomatic unit of Vietnamese and Chinese used in the same period of the time. The research is generally following the next five steps in the comparative study.
1. Determining the comparative scope:There are 4715 Vietnamese idioms that are translated into 1760 Chinese idioms correspondingly.
2. Collecting and researching of the documents:This step includes two parts. One is the relevant materials concerned about both Vietnamese and Chinese idioms; the other part is the previous comparative studies of idioms conducted by predecessors.
3. Collecting the language material:Due to the present situation that we haven't any Vietnamese-Chinese idiomatic dictionaries, we have to translate 4715 Vietnamese idioms into Chinese on by one, as the studying corpus of this research.
4. Analyzing and comparing:In this part, we will analyze the idiomatic structure, the content meaning and the cultural implications.
5. Concluding and summarizing:The last part will be the one that states the research findings of this comparative study, and also discusses about its theoretical and practical meaning.
By comparing the original Vietnamese idioms with the translated Chinese version in aspect of language form and cultural implications, we have reached the conclusions as follows.
1. There are 301 Vietnamese idioms that are completely borrowed from Chinese, which is a great convenience for the Vietnamese-Chinese translators and also the language learners. For example:bac co thong kim/博古通今(means having both ancient and modern learning); danh chinh ngon thuan/名正言顺(means being perfectly justifiable).
2. There are 245 Vietnamese idioms that are created either by using Chinese or using Chinese cultural elements, thus special attention is needed to pay when we translate them back into Chinese. For example:cua Khong sdn Trinh(孔子的大门，程颐的院子)/庠序之地(means local schools in ancient times); da nghi Tao Thao(像曹操一样多疑)/生性多疑(used to describe a person who has a suspicious nature). In this category, idioms must be translated according to their potential meaning rather than the literal meaning.
3. There are 71% Vietnamese idioms that have 4 syllables, which is quite a large number. But it's still less than the ones in Chinese, which has reached 98.6%. That's why professionals who study Vietnamese idioms seldom mention the syllables in idioms.
4. The four-character pattern is the structure that has the strongest rhythm, which is reflected in aspects such as sound, prosody and intonation. The phenomena like tautology, polysyllable and double-prosody are all very common in Vietnamese and Chinese idioms, but they have different expressions. For example, if the four-character idiomatic pattern is ABCD, you can find 99% Vietnamese tautological idioms have the pattern of ABAD, while there is no such situation as AABB, which is used in Chinese, like风风雨雨(used to express various kinds of difficulties and sufferings).
5. According to the semantic structure, Vietnamese idioms can be further divided into three categories. They are the symmetrical and unsymmetrical metaphorical idioms and also the idioms that use simile. There's no such classification in Chinese idioms, rather the grammatical structure is divided in detail. We can also find some paradoxical idiomatic units.
6. Chinese idioms with literary quotations are mostly quite formal. Comparatively, Vietnamese idioms are formed in common people's daily lives, thus they are usually informal. There are 668 heterogeneous idioms in the 4715 units of the Vietnamese idioms, while idioms with the same meaning take the amount of only 110.
7. As a mirror of the culture, idioms reflect clearly both the natural environment and social life among Chinese and Vietnamese. Vietnam belongs to the tropical monsoon climate and it has a long coastline and many rivers. Also the fauna and flora there are various in kind. On one hand, the Vietnamese are pure and honest; on the other hand, they are also optimistic and humorous. The cultural life of them is deeply influenced by Buddhism.
As a conclusion, we will apply all these research findings in the theoretical research of Vietnamese idioms and the translation between Vietnamese and Chinese idioms, especially in the fields such as the teaching of idioms to those Vietnamese students. Nowadays, there are more than 40 institutions of higher education have Chinese department or Chinese majors. In the meanwhile, over 7000 Vietnamese students come to China for further study every year and this number is bounded to grow. We believe that this research will provide a favorable condition for those hundreds of thousands Chinese learners.
引文
安丽卿2006《成语的结构和语音特征》,硕士论文
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阮氏辛2004《汉越成语的结构和语义特点》,越南语言研究院,博士论文
阮氏玉华2002“越南语里汉源外来词(借词)的使用情况”, 《语言研究》第4期
阮文命1972“关于成语与俗语之间的界限”, 《语言》,第3期
石琳 2008“留学生使用汉语成语的偏误分析及教学策略”, 《西南民族大学学报》第202期
苏筱玲2002“英汉成语的对比研究”, 《怀化师专学报》第3期
孙艳红2010《成语语义变异现象的考察与分析》,黑龙江大学硕士论文
田君2002“论成语对比分析的方法和原则”, 《长春理工大学学报》第4期
王菲、刘旭宝2002“日汉成语对比研究”, 《西南交通大学学报》第4期
王化鹏2001“汉语成语中的历史文化积淀”, 《烟台师范学院学报》第4期
王小凤2004“英汉成语对比分析”, 《湖南社会科学》
谢仁友2000“论成语的区别特征”, 《中国辞书论集》
徐续红2003“成语分类问题研究”, 《宜春学院学报》第5期
姚淦铭1998“论王国维的上古成语研究”, 《铁道师院学报》第5期
姚鹏慈2000“‘成语与文化’札记”, 《广播电视大学学报》第4期
张东杉1974“越语比喻式成语”, 《语言》,第1期
张磊2008《俄汉成语语义及结构的对比分析》,吉林大学硕士论文
张永芳1999“外国留学生使用汉语成语的偏误分析”, 《语言文字应用》第3期
赵海玲2007《试论成语在语文学科中的教学功能》,东北师范大学硕士论文
赵玉兰,现代越语中的汉语借词,载于《东方研究》,北京大学东方研究所编,天地出版社,1994。
郑亨奎2006“汉日成语对比研究”, 《天津外国语学院学报》第1期
郑丽芸2004“日汉对应成语对比研究”, 《语言教学与研究》第3期
郑晓2002“汉语成语与汉民族文化”, 《浙江师范大学学报》第3期
Alice Deignan,《隐喻》,丁建民译,外文出版社,1999年
C.K奥格登,I.A.理查兹, 《意义之意义》,白人立、国庆祝、 林书武译,北京师范大学出版社,2000年
E.C.斯坦哈特, 《隐喻的逻辑》,黄华新,徐慈华等译,浙江大学出版社,2009年
J.H.弗拉维尔, 《认知发展》邓赐平译,华东师范大学出版社,2002年
J·D·麦考莱著, 《语言逻辑分析》,王维贤、徐颂列等译,杭州大学出版社1981年
M.W.艾森克、M.T.基恩, 《认知心理学》,高定国肖晓云译,华东师范大学出版社,2003年
M.W.瓦托夫斯基, 《科学思想的概念基础——科学哲学导论》,张黛年等译,求实出版社,1989年
伯纳德·科姆里著, 《语言共性和语言类型》,沈家煊罗天华等译,北京大学出版社,2008年
伯纳德·科姆里著, 《语言共性和语言类型》,沈家煊译,华夏出版社,1989年
曹炜, 《现代汉语词义学》,学林出版社,2001年
陈家旭,汉语基本颜色的范畴化及隐喻化认知,河南师范大学学报,2003年第2期
陈勤建2007《中国民俗学》,华东师范大学出版社
费尔迪南·德·索绪尔, 《普通语言学教程》高明凯译,商务印书馆1980年
克洛德·列维·斯特劳斯, 《野性的思维》,李幼蒸译,中国人民大学出版社2006年
孔多塞著,《人类精神进步史表纲要》,何兆武、何文斌译,三联出版社,1998
库尔特·考夫卡, 《格式塔心理学》,黎炜译,浙江教育出版社1997年
莱布尼茨, 《人类理智新论》,陈修斋译,商务印书馆1982年
骆小所、张盛如主编, 《常用成语误用辨析》,北京工业大学出版社,2005
马国凡1973《成语》,内蒙古人民出版社
莫彭龄2001《汉语成语与汉文化》,江苏教育出版社
潘文国1997《汉英语对比纲要》,北京语言大学出版社
阮善甲2002《越语词汇学》,教育出版社
Nguyen Thien Giap,2002, Tu vung hoc tieng Viet, NXB Giao due
史式1979《汉语成语研究》,四川人民出版社
许余龙1989《对比语言学概论》,上海外语教育出版社
郑炎昌、刘润清1989《语言与文化》,外语教学与研究出版社
[日]尾井厚志, 《成语经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2008
《中国成语大辞典》,1987,上海辞书出版社
丁国安等, 《多功能学生成语词典》,上海远东出版社,2006
傅远碧、周永惠、王丽萍, 《趣味成语词典》,四川出版集团-四川辞书出版社,2006
蒋荫楠, 《反义成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
蒋荫楠, 《同义成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
黎庆祥、黎越英,2002,汉越俗语词典,世界出版社(Le Khanh Tuang, Le Viet Anh,2002, Tu dien tuc ngu Han Viet, NXB The gioi)
李定凯、忘治杰主编, 《成语应用词典》,上海辞书出版社,2002
李晋林、陈颂琴主编, 《分类成语词典》,吉林教育出版社,2007
马业文、马路丁, 《成语歌谣400首》,金盾出版社,2006
盘石, 《成语中的管理学》,金城出版社,2006
秦敏、王晶, 《成语的智慧》,学林出版社,2008
融辛, 《成语知道答案》,北京邮电大学出版社,2006
阮碧恒、陈清廉,2005,汉越成语俗语词典,文化通讯出版社(Nguyen Bich Hang, Tran Thanh Liem,2005,Tir dien thanh ngu tuc ngu Han Viet, NXB Van hoa-Thong tin)
阮春敬、阮翠銮、潘兰香、阮轮,2002,越南人俗语词库,文化通讯出版社(Nguyen Xuan Kinh, Nguyen Thuy Loan, Phan Lan Huong, Nguyen Lua n,2002,Kho tang tuc ngu nguoi Viet, NXB Van hoa-Thong tin)
阮力,2002,越语成语,青年出版社(Nguyen Luc,2002,Thanh ngu tieng Viet, NXB Thanh nien)
阮文康,1998,华越成语-俗语词典,社会科学出版社(Nguyen Van Khang,1998,Tu dien thanh ngu-tuc ngu Hoa Viet, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi)
阮文康,2008,越汉成语-俗语词典,西贡文化出版社(Nguyen Van Khang,2008,Tu dien thanh ngu-tuc ngu Viet Han, NXB Van hoa Sai Gon)
史有为主编, 《成语用法大词典》,大连出版社,1997
宋永培、端木黎明主编, 《实用汉语成语词典》,四川出版集团-四川出版社,2007
王慧萍主编, 《常用成语探究与训练》,机械工业出版社,200722.叶展主编, 《实用成语词典》,东方出版中心,2007
王景丹主编, 《成语教程》,复旦大学出版社,2008
王士均、陈见, 《歇后成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
许青天, 《漫画成语》,上海大学出版社,2005
许正员主编, 《连用成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
张济生, 《成语词典》,四川辞书出版社,2004
张林川、周春健、谭巧云编著, 《汉语成语学习词典》,暨南大学出版社,2006
张秀强, 《江泽民文选成语典故》,人民出版社,2007
常晖2009“英汉成语跨文化翻译策略”, 《河北理工大学学报》 (社会科学版)
封小雅2002“成语中的文化因素”, 《语言研究》特刊
高红芳2004《论汉语成语在中学语文学科中的教学功能》,内蒙古师范大学硕士论文
古敬恒1994“成语语义特点的文化观照”, 《绥化师专学报》第3期
洪波2003“对外汉语成语教学谈论”, 《中山大学学报论丛》第2期
黄兵2004“汉语成语修辞的文化阐释”, 《宿州师专学报》第1期
郎红琴2002“文化差异与英汉比喻的民族色彩”, 《岱宗学刊》第1期
李树新2004“人体词语的认知模式与语义类推”, 《汉字文化》第4期
李闻梅2007《汉语成语实体隐喻的认知研究》,河北大学硕士论文
李晓原2000“英汉成语的比喻、联想、文化”, 《南京理工大学学报》第5期
李玄玉2002“关于人体器官的量词”, 《阜阳师范学院学报》第6期
李玄玉2002“略论动词+人体词语名词式复合词的定性和定位”, 《安徽警官职业学院学报》第4期
李玄玉2002“维吾尔语和韩语‘手、脚’谚语比较研究”, 《广西教育学院学报》第4期
李瑛2005“容器图式和容器隐喻”, 《西南民族大学学报》总25卷,第5期
刘芳2007《中学语文成语教学探析》,湖南师范大学硕士论文
刘绍飞2007“汉语成语和俄语成语的对比研究”, 《辽宁医学院学报》第1期
刘振前、邢梅萍2003“四字格成语的音韵对称与认知”, 《语言教学与研究》第3期
闵兰棋2005“汉英成语对比”, 《乌鲁木齐职业大学学报》第2期
莫彭龄1999“关于成语定义的再探讨”, 《常州工业技术学院学报》第1期
莫彭龄2000“试论成语的文化研究”, 《扬州大学学报》第3期
欧阳翠凤2005“成语-文化-外语教学”, 《太原师范学院学报》第4期
阮善甲1975“关于越语成语的概念”, 《语言》,第3期
阮氏辛2004《汉越成语的结构和语义特点》,越南语言研究院,博士论文
阮氏玉华2002“越南语里汉源外来词(借词)的使用情况”, 《语言研究》第4期
阮文命1972“关于成语与俗语之间的界限”, 《语言》,第3期
石琳 2008“留学生使用汉语成语的偏误分析及教学策略”, 《西南民族大学学报》第202期
苏筱玲2002“英汉成语的对比研究”, 《怀化师专学报》第3期
孙艳红2010《成语语义变异现象的考察与分析》,黑龙江大学硕士论文
田君2002“论成语对比分析的方法和原则”, 《长春理工大学学报》第4期
王菲、刘旭宝2002“日汉成语对比研究”, 《西南交通大学学报》第4期
王化鹏2001“汉语成语中的历史文化积淀”, 《烟台师范学院学报》第4期
王小凤2004“英汉成语对比分析”, 《湖南社会科学》
谢仁友2000“论成语的区别特征”, 《中国辞书论集》
徐续红2003“成语分类问题研究”, 《宜春学院学报》第5期
姚淦铭1998“论王国维的上古成语研究”, 《铁道师院学报》第5期
姚鹏慈2000“‘成语与文化’札记”, 《广播电视大学学报》第4期
张东杉1974“越语比喻式成语”, 《语言》,第1期
张磊2008《俄汉成语语义及结构的对比分析》,吉林大学硕士论文
张永芳1999“外国留学生使用汉语成语的偏误分析”, 《语言文字应用》第3期
赵海玲2007《试论成语在语文学科中的教学功能》,东北师范大学硕士论文
赵玉兰,现代越语中的汉语借词,载于《东方研究》,北京大学东方研究所编,天地出版社,1994。
郑亨奎2006“汉日成语对比研究”, 《天津外国语学院学报》第1期
郑丽芸2004“日汉对应成语对比研究”, 《语言教学与研究》第3期
郑晓2002“汉语成语与汉民族文化”, 《浙江师范大学学报》第3期
Alice Deignan,《隐喻》,丁建民译,外文出版社,1999年
C.K奥格登,I.A.理查兹, 《意义之意义》,白人立、国庆祝、 林书武译,北京师范大学出版社,2000年
E.C.斯坦哈特, 《隐喻的逻辑》,黄华新,徐慈华等译,浙江大学出版社,2009年
J.H.弗拉维尔, 《认知发展》邓赐平译,华东师范大学出版社,2002年
J·D·麦考莱著, 《语言逻辑分析》,王维贤、徐颂列等译,杭州大学出版社1981年
M.W.艾森克、M.T.基恩, 《认知心理学》,高定国肖晓云译,华东师范大学出版社,2003年
M.W.瓦托夫斯基, 《科学思想的概念基础——科学哲学导论》,张黛年等译,求实出版社,1989年
伯纳德·科姆里著, 《语言共性和语言类型》,沈家煊罗天华等译,北京大学出版社,2008年
伯纳德·科姆里著, 《语言共性和语言类型》,沈家煊译,华夏出版社,1989年
曹炜, 《现代汉语词义学》,学林出版社,2001年
陈家旭,汉语基本颜色的范畴化及隐喻化认知,河南师范大学学报,2003年第2期
陈勤建2007《中国民俗学》,华东师范大学出版社
费尔迪南·德·索绪尔, 《普通语言学教程》高明凯译,商务印书馆1980年
克洛德·列维·斯特劳斯, 《野性的思维》,李幼蒸译,中国人民大学出版社2006年
孔多塞著,《人类精神进步史表纲要》,何兆武、何文斌译,三联出版社,1998
库尔特·考夫卡, 《格式塔心理学》,黎炜译,浙江教育出版社1997年
莱布尼茨, 《人类理智新论》,陈修斋译,商务印书馆1982年
骆小所、张盛如主编, 《常用成语误用辨析》,北京工业大学出版社,2005
马国凡1973《成语》,内蒙古人民出版社
莫彭龄2001《汉语成语与汉文化》,江苏教育出版社
潘文国1997《汉英语对比纲要》,北京语言大学出版社
阮善甲2002《越语词汇学》,教育出版社
Nguyen Thien Giap,2002, Tu vung hoc tieng Viet, NXB Giao due
史式1979《汉语成语研究》,四川人民出版社
许余龙1989《对比语言学概论》,上海外语教育出版社
郑炎昌、刘润清1989《语言与文化》,外语教学与研究出版社
[日]尾井厚志, 《成语经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2008
《中国成语大辞典》,1987,上海辞书出版社
丁国安等, 《多功能学生成语词典》,上海远东出版社,2006
傅远碧、周永惠、王丽萍, 《趣味成语词典》,四川出版集团-四川辞书出版社,2006
蒋荫楠, 《反义成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
蒋荫楠, 《同义成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
黎庆祥、黎越英,2002,汉越俗语词典,世界出版社(Le Khanh Tuang, Le Viet Anh,2002, Tu dien tuc ngu Han Viet, NXB The gioi)
李定凯、忘治杰主编, 《成语应用词典》,上海辞书出版社,2002
李晋林、陈颂琴主编, 《分类成语词典》,吉林教育出版社,2007
马业文、马路丁, 《成语歌谣400首》,金盾出版社,2006
盘石, 《成语中的管理学》,金城出版社,2006
秦敏、王晶, 《成语的智慧》,学林出版社,2008
融辛, 《成语知道答案》,北京邮电大学出版社,2006
阮碧恒、陈清廉,2005,汉越成语俗语词典,文化通讯出版社(Nguyen Bich Hang, Tran Thanh Liem,2005,Tir dien thanh ngu tuc ngu Han Viet, NXB Van hoa-Thong tin)
阮春敬、阮翠銮、潘兰香、阮轮,2002,越南人俗语词库,文化通讯出版社(Nguyen Xuan Kinh, Nguyen Thuy Loan, Phan Lan Huong, Nguyen Lua n,2002,Kho tang tuc ngu nguoi Viet, NXB Van hoa-Thong tin)
阮力,2002,越语成语,青年出版社(Nguyen Luc,2002,Thanh ngu tieng Viet, NXB Thanh nien)
阮文康,1998,华越成语-俗语词典,社会科学出版社(Nguyen Van Khang,1998,Tu dien thanh ngu-tuc ngu Hoa Viet, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi)
阮文康,2008,越汉成语-俗语词典,西贡文化出版社(Nguyen Van Khang,2008,Tu dien thanh ngu-tuc ngu Viet Han, NXB Van hoa Sai Gon)
史有为主编, 《成语用法大词典》,大连出版社,1997
宋永培、端木黎明主编, 《实用汉语成语词典》,四川出版集团-四川出版社,2007
王慧萍主编, 《常用成语探究与训练》,机械工业出版社,200722.叶展主编, 《实用成语词典》,东方出版中心,2007
王景丹主编, 《成语教程》,复旦大学出版社,2008
王士均、陈见, 《歇后成语词典》,上海辞书出版社,2006
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