摘要
本论文利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、图像分析技术(IA)和DNA评价法(Plasmid Scission Assay)等方法手段,研究了北京市、天津市和唐山市PM10和PM2.5样品的理化特征及生物活性。FESEM研究表明,单颗粒的类型有矿物颗粒、球形颗粒、烟尘集合体和未知颗粒,三个地区均以未知颗粒和矿物颗粒为主。颗粒物粒径分析结果表明,春季由于北京的沙尘暴天气,空气中大于1μm的矿物颗粒体积占到80%以上,唐山和天津的颗粒物粒度分布特征相似,数量上以0.1-0.7μm范围内的细粒子为主,体积上以大于1μm的粗颗粒为主。ICP-MS分析结果显示京津唐城市群PM10全样微量重金属元素中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sri、Ba\ Pb\ Fe等浓度较高,PM10中重金属的浓度在水溶部分中差别很大,其中Zn的浓度最高,其次是Ni、Pb、Mn等。质粒DNA评价法的研究结果表明：颗粒物全样样品在500μm/mL剂量水平上时,春季北京、天津和唐山三个地区的颗粒物对DNA的损伤率分别为31.2%、41.76%、45.3%,夏季损伤率分别为52.8%、68.4%、65.3%,夏季颗粒物对DNA的损伤率更大,天津和唐山的颗粒物对DNA的损伤率高于北京。对颗粒物的毒性来源分析表明,颗粒物毒性的主要来源为Cu、Zn、Co、Ni等重元素。
Using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), image analysis (IA) and DNA evaluation method (Plasmid Scission Assay) and other technical means, this paper studies the physical and chemical characteristics and the biological activity of PM10 and PM2.5 samples and their relationships in Beijing, Tianjin andTangshan City. FESEM is used to identify unknown particles, soot aggregates, mineral particles and spherical particles. In this city group unknown particles and mineral particles are the main pollutants. Because of the sandstrom weather in Beijing spring, mineral particles with the size> 1μm account over 80% of the whole. The particle size distribution in Tianjin and Tangshan is similar to that in Beijing. Particles the size range 0.1～0.7μm dominate in number while particles with the size range>1μm dominate in volume. ICP-MS analysis revealed that all Beijing, Tianjin city group dissolved trace elements in PM10 are Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb, Fe and other elements of higher concentration; PM10 concentrations of trace elements vary considerably in the soluble part. Zn has the highest concentration, followed by Ni, Pb, Mn and so on. Plasmid DNA results shows the DNA damage rates at the dosage of 500μg/mL of the whole fractions of the sample in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan city group during spring are 31.2%,41.76%,45.3% respectively while 52.8%,68.4%,65.3% respectively during summer. The damage rate is serious in summer and light in spring. The analysis of the toxicity of PM10 shows that the main source of particulate matter toxicity is from Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and other elements in three cities.
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