摘要
目前，油藏描述技术主要应用在油藏评价和油田开发两个阶段，很少用于油藏勘探早期阶段(即预探阶段)。但随着油气勘探难度的加大与勘探风险的增加，以及国内外众多油气田勘探成功与失败的经验教训表明，在新区油气予探阶段就开展早期油藏描述工作已变得十分必要，它不仅可降低勘探风险，提高勘探成功率和勘探效益，而更重要的是可使我们在油气勘探初期少走弯路。因此，本文系统地阐述了早期油藏描述的定义、意义和任务，建立了早期油藏描述较完整的研究思路和研究方法，并通过对吐哈盆地哈密坳陷四道沟构造低产油气藏的早期油藏描述具体研究工作，摸索和总结出一套如何将早期油藏描述技术应用于油气藏预探阶段的研究方法。在哈密坳陷四道沟构造早期油藏描述研究中，以大量的岩心、测试、地质、地震、测井资料和前人研究成果为基础，运用石油地质学、储层沉积学、地震地层学、地震岩性学、储层预测和平衡地质剖面技术，结合四道沟油气藏的基本特点，对四道沟构造低产油气藏的沉积、储层、油气成藏、构造特征进行了较为详细地综合研究，对四道沟油气藏低产原因进行了深入分析和较合理地解释，并采用了地震地质层位标定、合成地震纪录、合成声波测井、振幅识别、相位分析、AVO、构造特征解析、古构造与裂缝发育分析等储层预测技术，对研究区较有利的圈闭和储层发育区进行了预测。论文的主要研究内容和关键成果如下：
①分析和总结了国内外大量油气勘探的典型实例，首次提出并阐述了“早期油藏描述”的概念及研究任务，指出了早期油藏描述方法在油气勘探早期(预探阶段)中的意义和重要性，建立了较系统和实用的用于早期油藏描述的研究思路和技术方法，并首次将油气藏早期技术经济评价和油气层损害评价引入了油藏描述特别是早期油藏描述工作之中．这是对油藏描述技术和应用领域的完善与补充。
②通过对四道沟油气藏油气源和油气运移与聚集研究，首次提出四道沟构造存在两期油气运移与聚集，指出了油气生成与运移时期和主运移方向，以及各期油气对四道沟现今油气藏的贡献大小。
③首次将平衡剖面技术引入了四道沟构造早期油藏描述的构造研究之中，并首次提出四道沟构造是—至少由两个阶梯状断层组成的后倾双重构造叠加的断层转折褶皱，构造应力方向应大致源于北东方向。构造活动期在侏罗纪—白垩纪，第三纪初期构造活动基本停止。
④通过地震地层学分析和储层横向预测研究，首次提出四道沟地区侏罗系八道湾组早期低水位时期沉积了由北向南的冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系。
⑤通过取心段地层岩性与声波测井速度分析，首次发现郝家沟组储层段岩芯孔隙度与声波时差(声波速度)存在反常变化规律，并对这种现象进行了较合理的地质解释；提出了储层预测中应注意的问题，首次提出在本区按常规方法利用声波时差换算孔隙度存在陷阱。
⑥对四道沟油气藏低产原因做出了有别于前人而相对合理的解释，即三堡生油凹陷油气生成及运移与四道沟构造圈闭形成时期比较匹配，四道沟构造是在边形成边聚集油气；而早期油气藏被破坏，后期油气源供给不足以及储层物性差、有效裂缝不发
育，钻井与完井过程对油气层的污染和损害才是四道沟油气藏哈2、哈3井储层低产
的主要原因。这是对前人观点的重要改进和补充，也对整个勒陷袖气勘探具有十分重
要的意义。
③首次提出了四道沟油气藏在钻井和完井过程中油气层可能受到了一定程度的
污染和损害，这也是完井后储层改造效果不佳的主要原因。
③提出了四道沟地区下一步油气藏勘探方向应围绕三堡生油凹陷，寻找三叠系与
株罗系不整合面附近的地层圈闭，印支期和早燕山期的上三叠统构造圈闭、古构造及
裂缝圈闭和地层圈闭，且其上覆株罗系剥蚀程度要相对较低的新观点和新思路。
＠综合地质、地震、测井信息并借助储层预测新技术，新发现了哈3井西北仲积
扇地层岩性圈闭和哈3井西南古构造及裂缝发育带，综合评价认为它们是目前最有利
的钻探目标，并提供了两口钻探建议井位。这些认识对进一步明确勘探目标和拓宽哈
密助陷找油气领域有重要的意义。
The reservoir description study mainly aimed at the evaluation and the oilfield development stages, and very less focused on the early exploration of reservoirs. But with the increase in the hardness of petroleum exploration ,the experience and lesson in the petroleum exploration history over the world ask to develop early reservoir description in the preparatory reconnaissance stage. It can reduce the risk of exploration and improve the exploration benefit significantly. Therefore by explaining the definition, significance and task of early reservoir description, this paper proposed a systematic thought and method about early reservoir description, and applied in the Sidaogou structure of the Hami Depression. This paper also summarized a way how to do the early reservoir description in the preparatory reconnaissance stage. In the paper author provided a detailed study of sedimentary facies, reservoir, the forming conditions of hydrocarbon pool, structure feature and reservoir prediction about the Sidaogou structure, and point out the primary reason for producing a little oil and gas in the Sidaogou structure ,and gave the main direction for the future petroleum exploration in the Hami Depression. Integrating petroleum geology, reservoir sedimentology, seismic stratigraphy and geophysical exploration method, using the early reservoir description and the reservoir prediction technique, carried through the research.
Main researching aspects and achievements of mis paper are described below:
(1)This paper summarized and analyzed a lot of petroleum exploration case history in the world , and brought forward a thought of early reservoir description, and demonstrated the concept, task and significance of early reservoir description for the first time, and established a systematic and applied technique and method to develop early reservoir description. The early economic evaluation and oil/gas reservoir damage evaluation are introduced in early petroleum exploration stage in the paper. It is a complementary and perfect on the reservoir description.
(2)Analysis for the forming conditions of hydrocarbon pool, structure and reservoir features shows that the Sidaogou structure had two period of migration and accumulation of oil and gas .The first period of migration and accumulation came from the hydrocarbon formed in the source rock of the Sanpu depression and formed the asphalt in the sandstone reservoir of Triassic and Jurassic in the well Ha-2.The second period came from the hydrocarbon formed in the source rock of Triassic round about the well Ha-2 and Ha-3 and formed the hydrocarbon pool in the Sidaogou. The oil-gas in the Sanpu depression had migrated and accumulated on a large scale before the rocks of Ac the Xisanyao Formation of Middle Jurassic was deposited. The direction of migration was in east and northeast.
(3)This paper introduced the balanced section into the early reservoir description in the Sidaogou structure for the first time, and gave a new viewpoint that the Sidaogou structure was a fault-bend fold formed by two step thrust fault. The structural stress direction came from the northeast of the Hami Depression. The structural active period was between Jurassic with cretaceous, and stopped in the early Paleogene.
(4)This paper shows that the urassic Badaowan Formation in North part of the Hami Depression possesses a depositumal system of fan and fan delta and shallow lake fades with the analysis of seismic stratigraphy.
(5)Discovered a abnormal law that the sonic velocity was enlarged with increasing of die core porosity in the sandstone reservoir of the Haojiagou Formation in Triassic, and gave a geologic interpretation about the phenomenon. It was helpful to convert the sonic velocity into die porosity correctly in reservoir.
(6)Gave a primary reason for producing a little oil and gas in the well Ha-2 and Ha-3 of the Sidaogou structure. The point of view was an significant improvement to the former view.
(7)Provided a standpoint that oil and gas formation of the Sidaogou reservoir
引文
[1]王捷．油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996
[2]张一伟，熊琦华，王志章等．陆相油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1997
[3]王志章，石占中等．现代油藏描述技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[4]王志章等．裂缝性油藏描述及预测[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[5]王志章，杨金华等．低幅度构造油藏描及预测述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[6]潘仁芳，徐怀大，陈波等．油藏描述中的信息处理技术[M]．北京：石油工业出社，1996
[7]王允诚．油气储层评价[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[8]牟永光．储层地球物理学[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996
[9]潘元林，孔凡仙，杨申镳．中国隐蔽油气藏[M]．北京：地质工业出版社，1998
[10]刘泽容，信荃麟等．油藏描述原理与方法技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993
[11]刘企英．利用地震信息进行油气预测[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1994
[12]赵文智，何登发等．石油地质综合研究导论[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[13]程克明．吐哈盆地油气生成[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
[14]黄第藩，李晋超，周翥虹等．中国陆相油气生成[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1982．
[15]冯增昭，王英华，刘焕杰等．中国沉积学[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
[16]顾家裕，邓宏文，朱筱敏等．层序地层学及其在油气勘探开发中的应用[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1997．
[17]贾承造等．前陆冲断带油气勘探[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2000．
[18]欧阳健等．石油测井解释与储层描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1994
[19]《测井学》编写组．测井学[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1998
[20]丁贵明等．油气勘探工程[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1998
[21]裘怿楠，陈子琪．油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996
[22]张子枢．世界大气田概论[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1990
[23]张文昭．中国陆相盆地油气勘探实践[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1995
[24]刘雯林．油气田开发地震技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1995
[25]黄第藩，李晋超等．陆相有机质的演化和成烃机理[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1984
[26]吴元燕．油气储层地质[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996
[27]袁明生，潘懋，童亨茂．低渗透裂缝性油藏勘探[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2000
[28]杨俊杰．低渗透油气藏勘探开发技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993
[29]范祯祥，郑仙种．地震波参数反演与技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1998
[30]张文昭．当代中国油气勘探重大发现[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[31]张绍槐，罗平亚．保护储集层技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993
[32]李克向等．保护油气层钻井完井技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993
[33]李国玉．世界油区考察报告集[M]．北京：石油出版社，1997
[34]胡光灿，谢姚祥．中国四川东部高陡构造石炭系气田[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999
[35]赵政璋主编．油公司油气勘探之路[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1998
[36]胡文海，陈冬晴．美田油气田分布规律和勘探经验[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1995
[37]梁狄刚，塔里木盆地九年油气勘探历程与回顾，勘探家，1998(4)．59-65，1999(1)．56-61，1999 (2)．53-56，1999(3)．56-60，1999(3)．57-62，1999(4)．60-64
[38]徐旺，吐哈盆地侏罗系吨级油田的发现历程，勘探家1997(1)．47-50
[39]杨云岭，地震直接找油质疑，勘探家，1998(1)．56-61
[40]黄绪德，石油地球物理勘探的新阶段，勘探家1998(1)．62-65
[41]易士威，二连盆地洪浩尔舒特凹陷千万吨级努格达油藏的发现，勘探家，1998 (2)．47-54
[42]邹大文，陕甘宁盆地中部气田高分辨率地震勘探，勘探家，1998 (2) 55-57
[43]杜世通，地震层序模型与地震资料高分辨率处理，勘探家，1998 (3)，17-23
[44]马玉霞，地震新技术在高家堡油藏描述中的应用，勘探家 1998 (3) 42-43
[45]谢怀兴，晋县凹陷非H2S油气勘探突破历程及经验认识，勘探家，1998 (2) 51-54
[46]李溪滨，准东油区勘探历程与回顾，勘探家，1998 (3) 64-69
[47]彭路平，地震多属性对碳酸盐岩有利储集层及含气性预测，勘探家，1999 (3)，53-56
[48]张文昭，中国南部地区油气勘探战略的思考，勘探家，1999 (4)，65-67
[49]钱荣钧，复杂地区地震勘探所面临的主要技术问题及对策，勘探家，1997 (4) 51-54
[50]宋传春，车西地区勘探历程与成果分析，勘探家，1997 (4)，59-61
[51]熊翥，地震勘探技术在塔里木盆地油气勘探中面临着严峻挑战，勘探家，1997 (3)，57-61
[52]郑炯，地球物理技术面临的挑战，世界石油工业，2000(11)，13-17
[53]杨川恒，中国近海油气勘探历程回顾，中国海上油气(地质)，2000 (4)，219-225
[54]龚再升，上第三系是渤中坳陷及其周围油气勘探的主要领域，中国海上油气(地质)，2000 (3)，145-156
[55]李筱瑾，梁家搂油气勘探历程，勘探家，2000 (2)，50-53
[56]金凤鸣，哈东次洼勘探历程与启示，勘探家，2000 (2)，54-56
[57]张文华，管窥世纪之交的中国油气勘探，勘探家，2000 (2)，57-58
[58]陈长明，番禺4-2油藏的形成条件及勘探意义，中国海上油气(地质)，1999 (3)，145-151
[59]张国良，从石臼坨凸起浅层油气的重大发现看渤东地区的勘探潜力，中国海上油气(地质)，2000 (2)，84-92
[60]张应波，岩性预测新技术及其应用，中国海上油气(地质)，2000 (2)，138-144
[61]张应波，地震孔隙率反演方法和应用，石油地球物理勘探，1994 (3)，261-273
[62]王向辉，浅析渤海油气勘探中的成功与失误，中国海上油气(地质)，2000 (6)，432-437
[63]张抗，塔河油田的发现及其地质意义，石油与天然气地质，1999 (2) 120-124
[64]张金川，艾伯塔盆地深盆气成藏条件与基本特征，国外油气勘探，1999 (4)，400-407
[65]陈刚，高阳地区下第三系油藏描述与评价，石油与天然气地质，1999 (2)，137-139
[66]宋明雁，隐蔽油气藏预测技术与评价，世界石油工业，2000 (3)，16-19
[67]樊世忠，保护油气层技术发展趋势，石油勘探与开发，2001 (1)，78-84
[68]张霞，油气勘探成本发展趋势及控制，勘探家，1998 (1)，5-8
[69]张文昭，提高油气储量精度的关键，勘探家，1998 (1)，9-10
[70]张霞，关于商业储量问题探讨，勘探家，1999 (1)，7-11
[71]罗平亚，低压欠平衡钻井—勘探开发技术发展新动向，西南石油学院学报，1998(2)，39-46：1998 (3)，38-44
[72] 夏宏泉,基于神经网络的测井评价油层污染研究,西南石油学院学报,1998(2) , 12-15
[73] 康毅力,粘土矿物产状和微结构对地层损害的影响,西南石油学院学报,1998(2) ,P27-29
[74] Rolando Hidalgo, 2001, 3-D seismic interpretation of thin gas sandstone reservoirs using multiattribute analysis on poststack and AVO data, offshore SE Sumatra, The Leading Edge, 20(4) . 364-370
[75] Thomas Englehart, 2001, Interpretation of four-component seismic data in a gas cloud area of the central Gulf of Mexico, The Leading Edge, 20(4) , 400-407
[76] Hongliu Zeng, 2001,Stratal slicing of Miocene-Pliocene sediments in Vermilion Block 50-Tiger Shoal Area, offshore Louisiana, The Leading Edge, 20(4) , 408-419
[77] Tariq Alkhalifah, 2001,Seismic anisotropy in TrinidadrA new tool for lithology prediction, The Leading Edge, 20(4) , 420-424
[78] Per Avseth, 2001, Rock physics and AVO analysis for lithofacies and pore fluid prediction in a North Sea oil field, The Leading Edge, 20(4) , 429-434
[79] John Van Horn, Sendji Formation reservoir delineation based on 2-D and 3-D inversion, Yombo Field, offshore Congo, The Leading Edge,20(4) ,435-441
[80] David S.Fugitt, 2000, Production characteristics of sheet and channelized turbidite reservoirs, Garden Banks 191, Gulf of Mexico, The Leading Edge, 19 (4) , 356-369
[81] David M. Dolberg, 2000, Porosity prediction from seismic inversion, Lavrans Field, Halten Terrace, Norway, The Leading Edge, 19(4) , 392-399
[82] Jan Helgesen, 2000, Comparison of constrained sparse spike and stochastic inversion for porosity prediction at Kristin Field, The Leading Edge, 19(4) , 400-409
[83] Mark Chapin, 2000, Fron seismic to simulation using new voxel body and geologic modeling techniques, Schiehallion Field, West of Shetlands, The Leading Edge, 19(4) , 408-412
[84] Jeferey S. Ogilvie, 2001, Characterization of volcanic units using detailed velocity analysis in the Atlantic Margin, West of Shetlands, United Kingdom, The Leading Edge, 20(1) , 34-50
[85] Daniel P. Hampson, 2001, Use of multiattribute transforms to predict log properties from seismic data, Geophysics, 66(1) ,220-236
[86] Lindseth, 1979, Synthetic sonic logs-a process for tratigraphic interpretation, Geophysics. 44, 3-26
[87] Singh, 1993, Velocity structure of a gas hydrate reflector, Science, 260, 204-207
[88] A.Abdel Aal, 2000, Tectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin and its significance for hydrocarbon prospectivity in the ultradeepwater of the Nile Delta, The Leading Edge, 19(10) . 1086-1102
[89] Lesli J. Wood, 2000, Seismic attribute and sequence stratigraphic integration methods for resolving reservoir geometry in San Jorge Basin, Argentina, The Leading Edge. 19 (9) , 952-962
[90] Chen, Q., 1997, Seismic attribute technology for reservoir forecasting and monitoring,
The Leading Edge, 16, 445-456
[91] Kalkomey, 1997, Potential risks when using seismic attributes as predictors of reservoir properties, The Leading Edge, 16, 247-251
[92] Steven Natali,2000, Cave Gulch 3-D Survey, Wind River Basin, Wyoming: A major gas discovery developed using poststack depth migration, The Leading Edge, 19(12) , 1286-1297
[93] Mark E. Gregg, 2000, Developing an exploration tool in a mature trend: A 3-D AVO case study in south Texas, The Leading Edge, 19(11) ,1174-1183
[94] Fred Hilterman, 2000, AVO examples of long-offset 2-D data in the Gulf of Mexico, The Leading Edge, 19(11) , 1200-1213
[95] Subhashis Mallick, 2000, Hydrid seismic inversion: A reconnaissance tool for deepwater exploration, The Leading Edge, 19(11) , 1230-1237
[96] Guillaume Cambois, 2000, Can P-wave AVO be quantitative? The Leading Edge, 19(11) , 1246-1251
[97] Chip Story, 2000, Liuhua 11-1 Field, South China Sea: A shallow carbonate reservoir developed using ultrahigh-resolution 3-D seismic, inversion, and attribute-based reservoir modeling, The Leading Edge, 19(8) , 834-845
[98] Paul van Riel, 2000, The past, present, and future of quantitative reservoir characterization, The Leading Edge, 19(8) , 878-881
[99] Marc L. Sbar, 2000, Exploration risk reduction: An AVO analysis in the offshore Middle Miocene, Central Gulf of Mexico, The Leading Edge, 19(1) , 20-27