电力负荷混沌特性分析及其预测研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
水资源的综合利用和开发与电力负荷预测有着密切的关系,负荷预测的数据作为水资源开发、优化配置、水库调度的重要依据。电力负荷预测对电力系统的安全经济运行也起着十分重要的作用。实践中取得的负荷时间序列包含了诸多影响因素,使得电力负荷表现出复杂性、不确定性、非线性的特点。混沌看作是确定性的非线性系统出现的具有内在随机性的解。混沌时间序列中蕴涵有丰富的动力学信息,研究如何提取这些信息并应用到实际中,是非常有意义的一项工作。本文基于混沌理论,对电力系统负荷演变的混沌变化规律进行分析,在此基础上,研究负荷相空间的非线性预测方案,研究取得了如下具有价值的成果。
     从重构相空间理论出发,探讨了相空间参数对重构空间质量的影响,以及确定相空间嵌入维数和延迟时间各种不同的方法。本文对时间序列混沌特性的识别方法,及混沌相空间预测模型进行了详细讨论,为电力系统负荷的混沌分析奠定了基础。
     对不同时间尺度的电力负荷:小时负荷、日负荷、月负荷时间序列进行混沌性识别。充分提取电力负荷时间序列蕴涵的混沌特征量:饱和关联维数、Lyapunov指数、Kolmogorov熵,从定量的角度分析电力负荷时间序列的混沌特性。同时,对电力负荷相空间的奇怪吸引子的分形维数也进行了探讨,给出
    
    了相空间图。这些研究为进一步电力负荷的混沌相空间预测工作提供保障。
     利用电力负荷相轨道的特点,研究混沌相空间的相似点模型、线性回归模
    型及Lyapunov指数模型对电力负荷的短期预测。实例中分析了相空间嵌入维数
    和预见期的不同对预测效果的影响。研究表明,几种相空间预测模型对电力负
    荷短期预测是有效的。
     将混沌分析方法成功用于电力负荷多时间尺度的分析中。通过计算长时间
    尺度的年负荷分解到短时间尺度的月负荷的分解系数,寻找出其混沌变化的特
    性。在发现分解系数具有混沌性质的基础上,用相空间混沌预测方法进行预测,
    从而进行降尺度计算分析。
     本文将人工神经网络和卡尔曼滤波技术引入到混沌相空间中,提出了基于
    混沌分析的BP神经网络模型以及混沌相空间的卡尔曼滤波模型。文中详细描
    述了建模的原理、预测的过程,最后将两个祸合模型用于电力日负荷时间序列
    的短期预测中,实例应用表明祸合模型的预报精度较高,预报效果是令人满意
    的。
     综上,本文所开展的工作主要在电力负荷的混沌特性分析及其相空间的非
    线性预测方面,在混沌方法与其他新技术的结合方面做出了探索性研究。该项
    研究不仅为负荷预测提供了可行的实用方法,而且为负荷预测的进一步研究提
    供新思路,同时也为其他水文变量的研究工作提供参考方案。
    关键词:水资源优化利用电力负荷预测混沌理论相空间重构
    降尺度人工神经网络卡尔曼滤波
The utilization of water resources is relative to electric power load forecasting, which could provide useful data for sustainable utilization of water resources, optimum allocation and reservoir dispatch. Electric power load forecasting also plays a very important role in the safe and economic operation of power system. Electric power load is influenced by many factors. So its behavior appears as the characteristics of complexity, uncertainty and non-linearity. Chaos is looked as the solution with internal stochastic property in the nonlinear deterministic systems. It's very significant work to research on how to obtain and use colorful dynamical information hidden in chaotic time series. Based on the chaos theory, chaotic characteristic of power load time series is analyzed and its forecasting methods are studied in this paper. Some research achievements have been obtained as following.The influence of phase space parameters on phase space quality and the methods for determining delay time & embedding dimension are discussed on the reconstruction theory. Then identification and prediction approaches for chaotic time series are sum up.For electric power load of different time scale including hourly load, daily load and monthly load, quantitative calculation about saturation correlation dimension, maximum Lyapunov exponent and Kolmogorov entropy of power load is used to identify their chaotic characteristics, and conclude that power load time series belong to chaotic series. Moreover, the fractal dimensions of strange attractor in load phase space are estimated, and their phase diagrams are presented.
    
    Further work is studying short term load forecasting using neighbor model, linear regression model and Lyapunov exponent model in the phase spaces. At the same time the influence about different embedding dimensions and prediction time on forecasting result is considered. The prediction results indicated that the chaotic phase space model is effective for short term load forecasting.A new chaotic method is successful used for multiple time scale analysis of electric power load. After researching the chaotic characteristic of decomposition coefficient that annual load with long time scale was decomposed to monthly load with short time scale, it shows that decomposition coefficient series is a chaotic one. Phase space model is used for forecasting decomposition coefficient, and prediction result is used for calculating monthly load. The study proves feasibility for applying chaotic analysis on downscaling calculation.Leading artificial neural networks and Kalman filter technique into chaotic phase space, this paper presents two combined models. One is a BP neural networks model based on chaotic analysis. The other is a chaotic Kalman filter model combined the chaotic method with real-time adjustment technique. The principle of building model and forecasting steps about new method are explored in detail. Then application on short term forecasting of daily load based on the combined models is discussed. The prediction result shows that the new combined models could get high precision.Above all, the main study for electric power load focuses on three aspects: about chaotic characteristic analysis, about nonlinear forecasting, and about combined chaotic models. Not only can the research provide practicable method for load forecasting, but also it suggests a new idea for further work. Moreover, it provides a valuable scheme for studying other hydrologic variable.
引文
1.吕金虎,陆君安,陈士华,混沌时间序列分析及其应用[M],武汉大学出版社,2002
    2.刘式达,刘式适,非线性动力学和复杂现象[M],北京:气象出版社,1989
    3.郝柏林,分岔、混沌、奇怪吸引子、湍流及其它[J],物理学进展,1983,3(3):329-415
    4.James Gleick著,张淑誉译,混沌:开创新科学[J],上海译文出版社,1990
    5.卢侃,孙建华,混沌学传奇[M],上海翻译出版社公司,1991
    6.仪垂祥,非线性科学及其在地学中的应用[M],气象出版社,1995
    7. C. Nicolis and G. Nicolis, Is there a climatic attractor? [J], Nature, 1984, 391: 529-532
    8. K. Fraedrich, Estimating the dimension of weather and climate attractors[J], J. Atmo. Sci., 1986, 43(5): 419-432
    9. J. Kurths and H. Herzel, An attractor in a solar time series[J], Physica D, 1987, 25: 165-172
    10. A. Hense, On the possible existence of a strange attractor for the Southern Oscillation[J], Bectr., Phys. Atmosph., 1987, 60(1): 34-47
    11. I. Rodriguez-Iturbe et al., Chaos in rainfall[J], Water Resources Res., 1989, 25(7): 1667-1675
    12. F. Takens, Determing strange attractors in turbulence[J], Lecture notes in Math, 1981, 898: 361-381
    13. N. H. Packard, J. P. Crutchfield, J. D. Farmer and R. S. Shaw, Geometry from a time series[J], Phys. Rev. Lett, 1980, 45(9): 712-716
    14. P. Grassberger and I. Procaccia, Measuring the strangeness of strange attractors[J], Physica D, 1983, (9): 189-208
    15. G. Chen and D. Lai, Feedback anticontrol of discrete chaos[J], Int. J. of Bifur. Chaos, 1998, 8: 1585-1590
    16.林振山,气候建模、诊断和预测的研究[M],气象出版社,1996
    17. Breaford P. Wilcox et al., Searching for chaotic dynamics in snowmelt runoff[J], Water Resources Research, 1991, 27(6): 1005-1010
    18. A. W. Jayarwardena, Feizhou Lai, Analysis and prediction of chaos in rainfall and stream flow time series[J], Journal of Hydrology, 1994, (753): 23-52
    
    19.傅军,丁晶,邓育仁,洪水混沌特性初步研究[J],水科学进展,1996,7(3):226-229
    20.丁晶,邓育仁,傅军,探索水文现象变化的新途径---混沌分析[J],水利学报,1997增刊:242-246
    21.赵永龙,丁晶,邓育仁,混沌分析在水文预测中的应用和展望[J],水科学进展,1998,9(2):181-186
    22.仲蔚,俞金寿,混沌与分形在化工过程控制中的应用[J],控制与决策,2001,16(1):1-6
    23.洪时中,非线性时间序列分析的最新进展及其在地球科学中的应用前景[J],地球科学进展,1999,14(6):559-565
    24.赵汉青,文必洋,短时间序列的混沌检测方法及其在高频地波雷达海杂波混沌特性研究中的应用[J],信息处理,2003,19(1):92-94
    25.杨一文,刘贵忠,张宗平,基于嵌入理论和神经网络技术的混沌数据预测及其在股票市场中的应用[J],2001,(6):52-58,78
    26. Ajjarapu V, Lee B. Bifurcation, Theory and its application to nonlinear dynamical phenomena in an electrical power system[J], IEEE PWRS, 1992, 7(1): 424-431
    27. Chiang H. D. Liu C. C. et al., Chaos in a simple power system[J], IEEE PWRS, 1993, 8(4): 1407-1417
    28.姚建刚,章建,银车来,电力市场运营及其软件开发[M],中国电力出版社,2002
    29.刘晨晖,电力系统负荷预报理论与方法[M],哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1987
    30.牛东晓,曹树华等,电力负荷预测技术及其应用[M],中国电力出版社,1998
    31.夏昌浩,系统负荷通用预测方法概述[J],四川水力发,2002,3:106-108
    32.于尔铿,刘广一,周京阳等,能量管理系统[J],北京:科学出版社,1998
    33. Gross G., Galiana F. D., Short-term load forecasting[J], Pros of the IEEE, 1987, 2(2): 1558-1573
    34. Moghram R. S., Analysis and evaluation of five short-term load forecasting techniques[J], IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1989, 11(4): 1484-1491
    35. Charytoniuk W, Chen M S, Van Olinda R, Nonparametric regression based short-term load forecasting [J], IEEE Trans. on Power System, 1998, 13(3): 725-730
    36. Park DC et al., Electric load forecasting using artificial neural network[J], IEEE Transactions on PWRS, 1991, 6(2)
    37
    
    37. K. U. Lee, Y. T. Cha and J. H. Park, Short-term load forecasting using an artificial neural networks[J], IEEE IEEE Trans. on Power System, 1992, 7(1): 124-132
    38.牛东晓,邢棉,谢宏,陈志业,短期电力负荷预测的小波神经元网络模型的研究[J],电网技,1999,23(4):21-24
    39. Mastorocostas P A, Theocharis J B, Bakirtzis A G, Fuzzy modeling for short-term load forecasting using the orthogonal least squares method[J], IEEE Trans. on Power System, 1999, 14(1): 29-36
    40. Niu Dongxiao et al., Adjustment grey model for load forecasting of power systems[J], The journal of Grey System, 1994, 6(2)
    41. Rahman S, Bhatrgar R., An Expert system based algorithm for short term load forecast[J], IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, 1988, 3(2)
    42.梁志珊,王丽敏,付大鹏,应用混沌理论的电力系统短期负荷预测[J],控制与决策,1998,13(1):87-90
    43.权先璋,蒋传文,张勇传,电力负荷的混沌预测方法[J],华中理工大学学报,2000,28(7):92-94
    44.李天云,刘自发,电力系统负荷的混沌特性及预测[J],中国电机工程学报,2000,20(11):36-40
    45.吉国力,程军,米红,应用混沌相空间模线性同归模型研究短期负荷预报[J],系统工程理论与实践,2001,6:136-140
    46.杨正瓴,林孔元,电力系统负荷记录混沌特性成因的探讨[J],电力系统自动化,2002,5:18-22
    47.杨正瓴,林孔元,短期负荷预测相空间重构法参数优选的数值测试与分析[J],电力系统自动化,2003,27(16):40-44
    48.蒋传文,侯志俭,李承军,求取混沌时间序列嵌入维数的一种神经元网络方法[J],水电能源科学,2000,18(4):12-13
    49.唐巍,李殿璞,电力系统经济负荷分配的混沌优化方法[J],中国电机工程学报,2000,20(10):36-40
    50.丁军威,孙雅明,基于混沌学习算法的神经网络短期负荷预测[J],电力系统自动化, 2000,24(2):32-35
    51
    
    51.尤勇,盛万兴,王孙安,一种新型短期负荷预测模型的研究及应用[J],中国电机工程学报,2002,22(9):15-18
    52.姚建刚,陈亮,戴习军,秦炜,混沌神经网络负荷建模的理论研究[J],中国电机工程学报,2002,22(3):99-102
    53.杨正瓴,林孔元,余贻鑫,短期负荷预报的“双周期加混沌”法中的子模型优选理论探讨[J],电力系统自动化,2003,27(5):33-36
    54.张筑生,微分动力系统原理[M],北京:科学出版社,1987
    55.陈士华,陆君安,混沌动力学初步[M],武汉水利电力大学出版社,1998
    56.张锁春,现代振荡反应的数学理论和数值方法[M],河南科学技术出版社,1991
    57. D. Kugiumtais, State space reconstruction parameters in the analysis of chaotic time series---the role of the time window length[J], Physica D, 1996, (95): 13-28
    58.林嘉宇,王跃科,黄芝平等,语音信号相空间重构中的时间延迟的选择---复自相关法[J],信号处理,1999,15(3):220-225
    59. Henry D. I. Abarbanel, The analysis of observed chaotic data in physical systems[J], Reviews of Modern Physics, 1993, 65(4): 1331-1392
    60. M. T. Rosenstein, J. J. Collins and C. J. De luca, A practical method for calculating largest Lyapunov exponents from small data sets[J], Pyhsica D, 1993, 65: 117-134
    61. A. M. Fraser and H. L. Swinney, Independent coordinates for strange attractors from mutual information[J], Phys. Rev. A, 1986, 33: 1134-1140
    62. Henry D. I. Abarbanel, Naoki Masuda, M. I. Rabinovich, Evren Turner, Distribution of mutual information[J], Physics LettersA, 2001, (281): 368-373
    63.金阵玉,信息论[M],北京理工大学出版社,1991
    64. Daniel T. Kaplan, Leon Glass, Direct test for determinism in a time series[J], Physical Review Letters, 1992, 68(4): 427-430
    65. Liming W. Salvino, Robert Cawley, Smoothness implies determinism: a method to detect it in time series[J], Physical Review Letters, 1994, 73(8): 1091-1094
    66.洪时中,洪时明,分维测算中“无标度区”的客观制定与检验,分形理论及其应用[M],中国科技大学出版社,1993
    
    67. Taiye B. Sangoyomi et al., Nonlinear dynamics of the Great Salt Lake: dimension estimation[J], Water Resources Research, 1996, 32(1): 149-159
    68.孙海云,曹庆杰,混沌时间序列建模及预测[J],系统工程理论与实践,2001,(5):106-109,113
    69. D. S. Broomhead and Gregory P. King, Extracting qualitative dynamics from experimental data[J], Physica D, 1986, (20)
    70. H. S. Kim, R. Eykholt and J. D. Salas, Nonlinear dynamics, delay times, and embedding windows[J], Physica D, 1999, 127: 48-60
    71. Brock W A, Hsieh D A, Le Baron B, Nonlinear dynamics, chaos, and instability: statistical theory and economic evidence[M], Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991
    72.宋学锋,混沌经济学理论及其应用研究[M],徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1996
    73. J. Theiler, Estimating fractal dimension[J], J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 1990, 7(6): 1055-1073
    74.赵贵兵,石炎福,段文锋等,从混沌时间序列同时计算关联维和Kolmogorov熵[J],计算物理,1999,16(3):309-315
    75. J. D. Farmer, E. ott and J. A. Yorke, The dimension of chaotic attractor[J], Physica, D. 7, 1983, 153-180
    76. D. A. Russell, J. D. Hanson and E. Ott, Dimension of strange attractors[J], Phys. Rev. Lett., 1980, 45(14): 1175-1178
    77. H. S. Greenside et al., Impracticality of a box-counting algorithm for calculating the dimensionality of strange attractors[J], Phys. Rev. A, 1982, 25(6): 3453-3456
    78. A. Wolf. J. B. Swift, H. L. Swinney and J. A. Vastano, Determing Lyapunov exponents from a time series[J], Physica D, 1985, (16): 285-317
    79. P. Grassberger, I. Procaccia, Estimical of the Kolmogorov entropy from a chaotic signals[J], Physical Review A, 1983, 28(4): 2591-2593
    80. Aviad Cohen, Itamar Procaccia, Computing the Kolmogorov entropy from time signals of dissipative and conservative dynamical systems[J], Physical Review A, 1985, 31(3): 1872-1880
    81.魏宏森,宋永华等,开创复杂性研究的新科学[M],四川教育出版社,1991
    82.陈予恕,非线性动力学中现代分析方法[M],北京:科学出版社,1992,24-26
    
    83.龚云帆,徐建学,混沌信号与噪声[J],信号处理,1997,13(2)
    84. Milan Palus et al., Information theoretic test for nonlinearity in time series[J], Phy. Let. A, 1993, (175): 203-209
    85. M. Casdagli et al., Nonlinear modeling of chaotic time series[J], Technical Report, Los. Almos, 1991
    86. A. A Tsonis et al., Nonlinear prediction as a way of distinguish chaos from random fractal sequences[J], Nature, 1992, 358(16): 217-220
    87. R. Wayland et al., Recognizing determinism in a time series[J], Phy. Rev. Lett., 1993, 70(5): 580-582
    88. Nicolis C., Climate predictability and dynamical systems[J], In: Proceeding of the NATO Adanced System Study Institute on Irreversible Phenomena and Dynamical System analysis in Geosciences, Crete-Greece(1985), NATO ASI Ser. C, (192): 321-354, D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass., 1987
    89.刘式达,刘式适,分形和分维引论[M],气象出版社,1993
    90.林振山,长期预报的相空间理论和模式[M],气象出版社,1993
    91.刘洪,预测的混沌范式及动力学方法[J],系统工程与电子技术,1998,21(2):1-5
    92. Farmer J. D., and Sidorowich J. J., Predicting chaotic time series[J], Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987, 59(8): 845-848
    93.梁志珊,王丽敏等,基于Lyapunov指数的电力系统短期负荷预测[J],中国电机工程学报,1998,18(5):368-371
    94.赵翔,孙月明,Lyapunov指数在转子剩余寿命预报中的应用[J],中国电机工程学报,1999,19(10):10-13
    95.高山,单渊达,基于径向基函数网络的短期负荷预测[J],电力系统自动化,1999,23(5):3
    96.覃光华,丁晶,缪韧,李眉眉,基于人工神经网络的卡尔曼滤波实时校正技术[J],水力发电,2002,(11):9-11
    97. Aihara K, Takable T and Toyoda M, Chaotic neural networks[J], Physics. Letters. A, 1990, 144(4, 7): 330-340
    98. Chen L, Aihara K, Chaotic simulated annealing by a neural network model with transient chaos[J], Neural Networks, 1995, 8(6): 915-930
    99
    
    99.谢宏,陈志业,牛东晓,赵磊,基于小波分解与气象因素影响的电力系统日负荷预测模型研究[J],中国电机工程学报,2001,21(5):5-10
    100. Zhang Qinhua, et al., Wavelet Network [J], IEEE Trans on Neural Networks, 1992, 3: 889-898
    101. Zhang Jun, et al., Wavelet NN for Function Learning[J], IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1995, 6: 1485-1497
    102. Chen Liang and Chen Guanrong, Fuzzy predictive control of uncertain chaotic systems uaing time series[J], International journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 1999, 9(4): 757-767
    103.黄建平,衣育红,利用观测资料反演非线性动力模型[J],中国科学,B缉,1991,(3):331-336
    104.张淮清,俞集辉等,基于趋势组合的短期电力负荷预测模型[J],重庆大学学报,2002,25(10):13-16
    105.孙洪波等,用于短期电力负荷预报的人工神经网络方法[J],重庆大学学报(自然科学版),1995,18(4):42-47
    106.莫维仁,张伯明等,扩展短期负荷预测的原理和方法[J],中国电机工程学报,2003,23(3):1-4
    107.温权,张勇传,程时杰,负荷预报的混沌时间序列分析方法[J],电网技术,2001,25(10):13-16
    108.汪富泉,G-P算法的改进及其应用[M],计算物理,1993,10(3)
    109. L. A. Smith, Intrinsic limits on dimension calculations[J], Physical Letters A, 1988, 133(6): 283-288
    110. Hong Shizhong, Hong Shiming, An anmendent to the fundamental limits on dimension calculation[J], Fractals, 1994, 2(1): 123-125
    111. G. Barana and I. Tsuda, A new method for computing Lyapunov exponents[J], Phys. Lett. A, 1993, 175: 421-427
    112. Michael T. Rosenstein, James J. Collins and Carlo J. De Luca, A Practical method for calculating largest Lyapunov Exponent from Small data sets[J], Physica D, 1993, 65: 117-134
    
    113. G. Suglihara and R. May, Nonlinear forecasting as a way of distinguishing chaos from measurement error in time series[J], Nature, 1990, 344: 734-741
    114.张祥,万永华,电力系统日负荷预测方法[J],水利电力科技,1998,25(1):12-16
    115.康重庆,夏清,相年德,刘梅,中长期日负荷曲线预测的研究[J],电力系统自动化,1996,20(5):16-20
    116.赵晖,用样条插值法模拟典型日负荷曲线[J],电网技术,1998,22(5):39-41,45
    117.李碧君,地区电网日负荷在线预测及管理[J],湖南电力,1997,17(6):12-14
    118.牛东晓,乞建勋,模糊处理变结构神经网络日负荷预测方法研究[J],运筹与管理,2001,10(2):86-92
    119.傅文峰,电力系统月负荷的季节性周期预测模型[J],1993,(3):8-11
    120.李金颖,牛东晓,非线性季节型电力负荷灰色组合预测研究[J],电网技术,2003,27(5):26-28.50
    121. James Glimm, David H. Sharp, 多尺度科学:面向21世纪的挑战[J], 力学发展, 1998, 28(4): 545-551
    122.夏军,水文尺度问题[J],水利学报,1993,(5):32-37
    123.李长兴,论流域水文尺度化和相似性[J],水利学报,1995,(1):277-283
    124.丁晶,王文圣,金菊良,论水文学中的尺度分析[J],四川大学学报(工程科学版),2003,35(3):9-13
    125.许海平,朱奕,张彤,王子才,变尺度混沌优化方法在电站经济运行中的应用[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2000,32(4):55-56
    126. Avramovic B, Kokotovic P V, Winkelman J R, et al., Area decomposition for electro-mechanical models of power systems[J], Automatica, 1980, 16(4): 637-648
    127. Chow J H., Time-scale modeling of dynamic networks with applications to power systems[J], In: Lecture notes in control and information sciences, Berlin-Heidelburg-New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982
    128. Sauer P W, Ahmed-Zaid S, Pai M A, Systematic inclusion of stator transient in reduced order synchronous machine models[J], IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1984, 6(6): 1348-1354
    129. Sauer P W, LaGesse D J, Ahmed-Zaid S, et al., Reduced order modeling of interconnected multimachine power systems using time-scale decomposition[J], IEEE Trans on Power systems, 1987, 5(2): 310-319
    13
    
    130. Kokotovic P V, Sauer P W, Integral manifold as a tool for reduced-order modeling of nonlinear system: A synchronous machine case study[J], IEEE Trans on Circuit and Systems, 1989, 36(3): 403-410
    131.刘永强,严正,倪以信等,双时间尺度电力系统动态模型降阶研究(一)----电力系统奇异摄动模型[J],电力系统自动化,2002,26(18):1-5
    132.刘永强,严正,倪以信等,双时间尺度电力系统动态模型降阶研究(二)----系统降阶与分析[J],电力系统自动化,2002,26(19):1-6
    133.刘永强,杨志辉,唐云等,双时间尺度电力系统的模型降阶及稳定性分析(一)----基本理论[J],电力系统自动化,2003,27(1):5-10
    134.刘永强,严正等,双时间尺度电力系统的模型降阶及稳定性分析(一)----电力系统的降阶与中长期失稳[J],电力系统自动化,2003,27(2):45-51
    135. A. J. Baird and R. L. Wilby, 赵文智和王根绪译,生态水文学[M], 北京:海洋出版社,2002, 28-51
    136. B. Sivakumar et al., A Chaotic approach to rainfall disaggregation[J], Water Resources Research, 2001, 37(1): 61-72
    137.丁晶,王文圣,赵永龙,长江日流量混沌变化特性研究—相空间嵌入滞时的确定[J],水科学进展,2003,14(4):407-412
    138.丁晶,王文圣,赵永龙,长江日流量混沌变化特性研究—相空间嵌入维数的确定[J],水科学进展,2003,14(4):412-417
    139.傅军,洪水混沌特征分析及其非线性预测方法研究[D],成都:成都科技大学,1994
    140.赵永龙,水文动态系统混沌分析及其非线性预测方法研究[D],成都:四川联合大学,1997
    141.阎平凡,张长水,人工神经网络与模拟进化计算[M],清华大学出版社,2000
    142.袁曾任,人工神经元网络及其应用[M],清华大学出版社,1999
    143.张立明,人工神经网络模型及其应用[M],复旦大学出版社,1992
    144. Pak DC et al., An adaptively trainable neural network algorithm and its application to electric load forecasting[J], Proc. OfANNPS'91, Seattle, 1991
    
    145. Peng TM et al., Advancement in the application of neural networks for short-term load forecasting[J], IEEE PES, 1991, Summer Meeting, PWRS
    146.岑文辉,雷友坤,谢恒,应用人工神经网络与遗传算法进行短期负荷预测[J],电力系统自动化,1997,21(3):29-32
    147.甘文泉,王朝晖等,结合神经元和模糊专家系统进行电力系统短期负荷预测[J],西安交通大学学报,1998,32(3):28-32
    148.覃光华,人工神经网络技术及其应用[D],成都:四川大学,2003
    149.覃光华,丁晶,李眉眉,倪长健,敏感型人工神经网络及其在洪水预报中的应用[J],水科学进展,2003,14(3):163-166
    150. Gavin J. Bowden Holger R. Maier et. al., Optimal division of data for neural network models in water resources application[J], Water Resources Research, 2002, 38(2): 1-11
    151. Levin E., Statistical approach to learning and generalization in layered neural networks[C], Proc. IEEE, 1990, 78: 1568-1574
    152. Wolper D H., A mathematical theory of generalization[J], Part 1, Complex Systems, 1990, 4: 151-249
    153.彭汉川,甘强,韦钰,提高前馈神经网络推广能力的若干实际方法[J],电子学报,1998,26(4):116-119
    154. Hecht-Nielsen R, Komogrov's mapping neural network existence theorem[J], Proceedings of the international conference on Neural Networks, New York: IEEE Press, 1987, (3): 11-13
    155.刘国东,丁晶,BP网络用于水文预测的几个问题探讨[J],水利学报,1999,(1):65-69
    156.李眉眉,丁晶,电力日负荷的混沌特性分析及短期预测[J],水电能源科学,2003,(3):84-86
    157.贺蓉,曾刚等,天气敏感型神经网络在地区电网短期负荷预测中的应用[J],电力系统自动化,2001,25(17):32-35
    158.刘运红,姜铁兵等,基于气象因素的短期电力负荷ANN预报模型[J],水电能源科学,2001,19(4):51-54
    159.徐建华,倪重匡等,状态估计和系统识别[M],北京:科学出版社,1981
    160.常春馨,现代控制理论概论[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1982
    
    161.葛守西,现代洪水预报技术[M],中国水利水电出版社,1999
    162. K. Kumar, D. Yadav, B. v. Srinivas, Adaptive noise models for extended Kalman filter[J], Journal of Guidance control and dynamics, 1991, 14(2): 475-477
    163. G. R. Chen, C. K. Chui, A modified adaptive Kalman filter to real time application[J], IEEE Trans. On Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1991, 27(1): 149-154
    164. Al-Hamadi. H. M, Soliman. S. A., Short-term electric load forecasting based on Kalman filtering algorithm with moving window weather and load model[J], Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 68(1): 47-59
    165.侯志俭,吴际瞬,张琦,万亮,潘龙兴,电力系统短期负荷预报的几种改进手段[J],电力系统自动化,1996,20(7):27-31
    166.张民,鲍海,晏玲,曹津平,杜剑光,基于卡尔曼滤波的短期负荷预测方法的研究[J],电网技术,2003,27(10):39-42
    167. Zheng. Tongxin, Girqis. Adly A, Makram. Elham. B., A hybrid wavelet-Kalman filter method for load forecasting[J], Electric Power Systems Research, 2000, 54(4): 11-17
    168. Kenji jinno, Shiguo Xu, Ronny berndtsson, Akira Kawamura, Minoru Matsumoto Prediction of Sunspots Using Reconstructed Chaotic System Equations[J], Journal of Geophysical Research, 1995, 100(8): 14773-14781
    169.席剑辉,韩敏,殷福亮,基于卡尔曼滤波的混沌系统辨识[J],大连理工大学学报,2003,43(4):516-521
    170. Han min, Xi jianhui, Xu shiguo, Application of Kalman filter to chaotic prediction of sunspots[J], Intelligent Control and Automation, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress 2002, 1(6): 406-409