基于多孔介质内燃烧的微小型化学推进系统的数值研究
摘要
为了发展具有高分辨率推力和高比冲的微小型化学推进系统，本文采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法，对微推进系统中单个部件内的流动与燃烧过程以及整个系统的燃烧推进过程进行了研究。全文包括四个方面的工作：微通道内低速气体流动和微喷管内超声速气体流动的数值研究、微腔体内预混燃烧的数值研究、惰性多孔介质内低速过滤燃烧的理论与数值研究以及微小型化学推进系统工作循环的数值模拟与性能分析。
采用不同的滑移连续介质模型，对微通道中低马赫数的气体流动进行了二维和三维数值模拟，研究了通道外形、进出口压比和出口压力等对流场的影响，并采用小扰动方法进行了相应的理论分析。详细讨论了微通道流的可压缩效应、稀薄效应、热蠕动效应、低雷诺数效应、三维效应以及不同滑移条件对计算结果的影响，利用实验结果和DSMC方法验证滑移连续介质模型在不同努森数区域的适用性，并总结出努森数和雷诺数是微通道流的特征参数。 基于无滑移和有滑移的连续介质模型，对微尺度拉伐尔喷管内的冷态流场进行了二维和三维数值模拟，利用DSMC方法验证微喷管流中的连续介质模型。重点分析微喷管流的低雷诺数效应和三维效应，并研究了喷管外形和工作条件等对流场结构和推进性能的影响。研究表明，雷诺数是表征微喷管推进性能的特征参数，喷管的微型化有助于实现高分辨率推力，而提高工作压力可以降低微喷管流的粘性损失。 采用良搅拌反应器模型和详细的化学反应机理(GRI-Mech 3.0)，对微小空腔内气体预混燃烧过程进行了零维数值模拟，从微小空腔内稳定燃烧的临界半径、临界点火压力以及燃气流率范围着手，分析了燃气成分和环境热损等因素对微尺度燃烧的点火与熄火特性的影响。 基于一维瞬态反应流模型和一步总包反应机理，对惰性堆积床内低速过滤贫燃过程进行了理论研究，因次分析系统的热输运特性和特征尺度并推导出修正的单温度模型。采用准稳态模型的特征值方法，对充分发展后系统温度分布进行理论分析；基于准稳态的修正单温度模型，考虑变热物性和变输运参数以及热损效应，采用新型火焰区摄动理论和全域温度直接求解法，构建一套完善的耦合封闭的解析模型，并预测燃烧波波速、火焰传播速率和火焰最高温度等燃烧特性参数。 To develop a micro/mini- chemical propulsion system with a low thrust and a high specific impulse, this work seeks to elucidate the underlying characteristics unique to the flow and combustion process in each micro- component of the propulsion system and investigate its whole operation cycle of combustion and propulsion analytically and numerically. Four major aspects are contained, the numerical investigation of low-velocity gaseous flow in micro-channels and supersonic cold flow in micro-nozzles, the numerical investigation of premixed gas combustion in micro-chambers, the analytical and numerical investigation of low-velocity gas filtration combustion in porous inert media, and the modeling of the operation cycle of a micro/mini- chemical propulsion system and its performance predictions. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling are performed to investigate the low Mach number gaseous flows in micro-channels with variations of aspect ratios, inlet to outlet pressure ratios and out pressures by using different continuum-based slip models. Theoretical solutions based on perturbation expansions of the Navier-Stokes equations are developed under different order slip conditions. The influences of the compressibility effects, rarefaction effects, thermal creep effects, low Reynolds number effects, three-dimensional effects and different slip conditions on the computational results are discussed in detail. The validity of slip models are examined by the corresponding experiments and the DSMC method under different Knudsen numbers. Moreover, both of the Knudsen number and the Reynolds number have been identified as key parameters of micro-channel flow. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling are performed to investigate the cold flows in micro Laval nozzle by using continuum-based no-slip and slip models, respectively. The validity of the continuum models has been examined by the DSMC method. The low Reynolds number effects and three-dimensional effects of the micro-nozzle flow are emphasized in this work. Moreover, the influences of nozzle geometries and operating conditions on the flow field and thrust performance are discussed. Simulations have shown that the Reynolds number is the key parameter governing the thrust performance. Extremely low thrusts can be achieved in a micro-nozzle, and the strong viscous losses can be mitigated by running at higher chamber pressures. A perfectly stirred reactor model and a comprehensive detailed chemical reaction mechanism (GRI-Mech 3.0 releases) are adopted in the zero-dimensional modeling of the premixed gas combustion in micro-chambers. The ignition and extinction characteristics of micro-combustion are analyzed with variations of fuel/oxidant mixtures and external heat loss coefficients. The critical chamber radius, critical ignition pressure and ranges of mass flow rates for stable combustion are obtained, too. The low-velocity filtration combustion of lean methane-air mixtures occurring in inert
引文
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