摘要
农田氮磷流失是造成农业面源污染的主要原因之一。只有了解农田氮磷流失风险才能有效地控制农田氮磷流失。由于农田氮磷流失风险既受降雨过程影响，又受点位特征(site-specific)的影响。而不同点位农田的作物类型、轮作类型不同，其施肥期、施肥量、施肥方式、土壤养分含量、农田植被覆地和农田排灌方式等特征也各不相同，由此导致的农田氮磷流失风险也不同。此外，降雨与农田氮磷流失过程在各个季节和不同年份变化很大，因此开展多点位、多种作物的连续监测对于研究不同作物及轮作农田的氮磷流失风险是非常必要的。
为了解不同作物及轮作农田的氮磷流失风险，本研究从2002年底至2005年底，在上海郊区进行了43个农田定位试验(每定位农田监测2-11收获季)，对总计50种作物216茬次的土壤养分含量、肥料投入情况、作物养分带出和农田管理等情况进行了监测。按照耕作方式定位试验共分为五种作物类型，分别代表大田作物类、旱作蔬菜类、水生蔬菜类、水果类和草皮类；按照轮作方式分为五种轮作类型，为：大田作物-大田作物轮作，蔬菜-蔬菜轮作，蔬菜-大田作物轮作，果树单作，草皮单作。同时从2005年4月到2005年12月对五类作物中的12块农田地下水和渗漏水的氮磷浓度进行了定期监测。主要结果如下：
五类作物农田地下水、渗漏水的水溶性总磷的浓度变化范围为0.2-2.69 mg·kg~(-1)，大小依次为果树>草皮>水生蔬菜>旱作蔬菜>大田作物。农田地下水和渗漏水的水溶性总磷浓度与当季农田磷养分表观盈亏量呈显著正相关，而农田磷养分表观盈亏量又与表层土壤(0-30 cm)Olsen-P的含量呈显著正相关。收获时农田土壤Olsen-P含量随土层的加深而逐渐降低，且表层土壤Olsen-P累积占0-90 cm总积累量的52.0％-76.6％。因此，多年农田磷养分盈余会导致表层土壤Olsen-P积累，引起地下水和渗漏水磷浓度升高，增大了磷流失的风险。
五类作物农田地下水、渗漏水的硝态氮、铵态氮和水溶性总氮的浓度变化范围分别为0.4-119.8 mg·kg~(-1)，0.2-5.4 mg·kg~(-1)，2.4-138.5 mg·kg~(-1)，其中果树农田各种氮浓度均最高。农田地下水和渗漏水的硝态氮浓度和水溶性总氮浓度与农田氮养分表观盈亏量基本无相关性，这可能与降雨条件、硝态氮的强移动性有关。收获时农田土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量随土层的加深而逐渐降低，且表层土壤(0-30 cm)速效氮累积占0-90 cm累积的46.6％-78.6％，同时农田氮养分表观盈亏量与表层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮累积呈显著正相关。因此多年农田氮养分盈余会导致表层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮积累，但由于降水的偶然性，引起地下水和渗漏水硝态氮和铵态氮浓度变化的不确定。
不同作物及轮作类型农田施肥差异引起农田养分表观平衡显著变化。对于五类作物而言，水生蔬菜氮、磷养分年盈余量最大，分别为1405.3 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、744.6 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，其次为果树、旱作蔬菜，草皮氮养分盈余量最少，为84.0 kg N·hm~(-1)·a~(-1)，而大田作物磷养分却表现为亏缺，为-11.0 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。对于5种轮作类型而言，菜菜轮作农田氮磷养分盈余量分别为763.6 kgN·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，528.8 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，果树单作农田氮磷养分盈余量分别为418.1 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，380.2kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，作物轮作农田氮磷养分亏缺量分别为-6.7 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，-84.2 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。
对监测时间(2002-2005年)内43块定位农田216茬次作物的施肥次数、施肥量和降水过程的分析表明：大田作物生育期内月均施肥次数为0.42-0.75次，水生蔬菜和旱作蔬菜月均施肥次数分别是大田作物的1.6-1.7倍和1.2-2.2倍，水生蔬菜、旱作蔬菜的施肥量分别是大田作物的4.6-13.4
倍和1.5-6.0倍；汛期次均降水量与非汛期相比差异较大，非汛期为19.6 mm，汛期却达到了31.4mm。综合以上三方面因素，故在该研究区域内，水生蔬菜、旱作蔬菜农田比大田作物的氮磷流失风险大，汛期比非汛期流失风险大。
根据三年不同作物及轮作农田养分表观平衡结果，结合观测期间内的降雨、种植季节、作物覆盖等各种因素，对试区不同作物及轮作农田的氮磷流失风险进行了综合评价。不同作物农田氮磷流失风险评价结果表明：菜瓜、毛豆、莲藕、香葱等作物农田的氮磷流失风险比较小，而梨、芋头、葡萄、杭椒、秋茭白、韭菜等作物农田的氮磷流失风险大。不同轮作的氮磷流失风险评价结果表明：轮作茬次少和养分盈余量少的草皮单作等模式农田的氮磷流失风险较小，而施肥高且盈余量高的菜菜轮作和菜作轮作等模式农田的氮磷流失风险相对较大。
Nitrogen and phosphorous losses from farmland have been identified as one of important causative factors for agricultural non-point source pollution. Only if understanding the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agricultural land, we can effectively control the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland. Risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses varies with not only precipitation processes but also site-specific characteristics. There are different crop and rotation types in different site-specific location, time of application, application rate, fertilization pattern, soil available nutrient, cultivation systems, irrigation and drainage conditions etc., can result in different risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from different farmlands. Rainfall variability in different seasonal and inter-annual is also very strong. So it is necessary that continuous monitoring for many site-specific farmlands and many crops to study the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the farmland of different crops types and rotation patterns.
To study the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from different crop and rotation farmlands, 43 representative farmlands including differential crop types, fertilization, soil, irrigation and drainage conditions etc., were selected as monitoring site-specific locations in Shanghai suburb area. Soil nutrient content, plant nutrient absorption, nutrient (N, P and K) input and field management by 50 varieties of crops including 216 harvest seasons were monitored from 2003 to 2005. These farmlands represent 5 main crop types: fruit type, greensward type, hydrophily vegetable type, dry vegetable type and field crop type according to cultivate patterns. These farmlands also represent 5 types of planting patterns: the fruit tree monoculture, the vegetable-vegetable rotation, the vegetable-crop rotation, the greensward only and the crop-crop rotation according to rotation patterns. The N, P and K concentrations of ground water and leaching water were also determined in 11 site-specific locations. The main results are as follows:
The range of TDP concentrations of ground water and leaching water for 5 types crop farmland were 0.2-2.69 mg·kg~(-1). The tendency of TDP concentrations of ground water and leaching water is as follows, fruit type >greensward type > hydrophily vegetable type > dry vegetable type > field crop type. Phosphorus nutrient surpluses of the farmland soil of different crop farmland soil have significant positive correlation with the mean concentrations of TDP in the groundwater and leaching water. P nutrient surpluses of different crop farmland soil are positively correlated with corresponding contents of available Olsen-P in the surface soil (0-30 cm) after harvest. Contents of soil available Olsen-P after harvest are gradually decreased with the depth increasing of soil profile in the farmlands of different crop and different planting patterns, and the accumulations of soil surface (0-30 cm) available Olsen-P in different crop farmlands account for 52.0%-76.6% of those of soil profile (0-90 cm). So P surpluses of farmland will result in the non-balance of farmland soil, then Olsen-P is accumulated in the soil surface, and more Olsen-P in the soil surface can move into the groundwater and leaching water, accordingly increase the risk of phosphorus losses.
The range of NO_3~--N, NH_4~+-N and TDN concentrations of ground water and leaching water for 5 types crop farmland were respectively 0.41-119.81 mg·kg~(-1), 0.21-5.40 mg·kg~(-1), 2.39-138.51 mg·kg~(-1). The concentration of various nitrogen in fruit fields are the highest. Nitrogen nutrient surface balance of the farmland soil are not well correlated with NO3-N and TDN concentration in the groundwater and leaching water, whereas nitrogen surface surpluses of farmland soil are positively correlated with NH_4~+-N concentration, which may be related to rainfall conditions and the strong mobile NO_3~--N. Contents of soil available NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N after harvest are gradually decreased with the depth increasing of soil profile, and the accumulations of soil surface (0-30 cm) available NH_4~+-N and NO_3~- -N account for 46.6%-78.6% of those of soil profile (0-90 cm). N nutrient surpluses of farmlands of different crop farmlands are positively correlated with corresponding contents of available NH_4~+-N, NO_3~- -N in the surface soil (0-30 cm) after harvest. The more the N nutrient surpluses of farmland are, the more the concentrations of corresponding available NH_4~+-N and NO_3~- -N in the farmland are. But NO_3~- -N and NH_4~+ -N concentrations of ground water and leaching water change indefinitely for the chanciness of precipitation.
Different fertilization of different crop and rotation farmlands results in significant differences of nutrient apparent balance. For different crops, N and P (P_2O_5) surplus of hydrophilic vegetables are the most, 1405.3 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) and 744.6 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) respectively, and the fruit and dry vegetables are the second, and grain crops and greensward are the least. N surplus of greensward is only 84.0 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) and P (P_2O_5) deficit of grain crops is 11.0 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). For different planting patterns, N and P (P_2O_5) surplus of the vegetable-vegetable rotation are respectively 763.6 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) and 528.8 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). N, P (P_2O_5) surplus of the fruit tree monoculture are respectively 418.1 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 380.2 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). N, P (P_2O_5) deficit of the crop-crop rotation are respectively 6.7 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 84.2 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).
During monitoring time, frequency of application, the quantity of fertilizer and the precipitation process of 216 stubble crops in 43 GPS localization farmland were statistically analyzed. Monthly meanly frequency of application in crop farmlands is 0.24-0.75. Monthly meanly frequency of application in hydrophytic vegetable and dry vegetable farmland respectively are 1.6-1.7 times and 1.2-2.2 times than those of crop farmlands, and monthly application rate in hydrophytic vegetable and dry vegetable farmland growing period respectively are 4.6-13.4 times and 1.5-6.0 times those of crop farmlands whether all-year or flood and non-flood season. Each rainfall is one of the major different precipitation characteristic in the flood and Non-flood season. Each rainfall in flood season varies with that in non-flood season, each rainfall in non-flood season is 19.6mm, and that in flood season is 31.4mm. Therefore, in the study area, corresponding with that, N and P losses risk of hydrophytic vegetable and dry vegetable farmland are obviously higher than those of grain crop farmlands when precipitation occurs. The probability of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from farmlands is more in flood season than in non-flood season.
Combined with the coupling between fertilizer and rainfall, seasons when non-point pollution easily happens and vegetation mulching period, the environmental effects of different crop farmlands and planting pattern farmlands in Shanghai suburb are analyzed according to nutrient balance of different crop farmlands and planting pattern farmlands over the past three years. The results show that some crops have the small risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses, for example, long crooked squash, green soy bean, lotus root, shallot et al., but other crops have the relatively high risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses, for example, Zizaniz Latifolia, taro, pear, leek and so on. For different planting patterns, the vegetable-vegetable rotation, the fruit tree monoculture and the vegetable-crop rotation are easier to result in the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus than the greensward only and the crop-crop rotation.
引文
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