摘要
东南极拉斯曼丘陵及邻区地质演化的年代格架以及地质构造背景的研究对了解Rodinia的聚合和裂解以及随后的Gondwana形成演化具有重要意义。本文针对这一重要科学问题，对拉斯曼丘陵及邻区高级片麻岩区的典型岩石进行了地球化学、同位素年代学、同位素地球化学的研究工作，取得的主要进展如下：
1：对本区“基底”岩石镁铁质-长英质复合片麻岩其地质特征、地球化学特征进行了分析，并应用多种同位素年代学方法进行了同位素年龄的研究，认为镁铁质—长英质复合片麻岩的原岩为双模式火山岩，结晶年龄为约1100Ma；随后于990Ma进行第一次麻粒岩相变质事件；接着在约600-500Ma的泛非期发生第二次麻粒岩相变质作用的叠加。本区“基底”岩石形成年龄为中元古代，非前人认为的太古代。本区与东部的the Rauer Group具有不同时代的基底岩石。
2：对本区变泥质岩石进行了地球化学研究，变泥质岩石含有火山碎屑物质，揭示其不稳定的环境，可能为活动大陆边缘或被动大陆边缘构造环境。
3：对富硼岩系进行了地球化学和硼的同位素研究，提出其可能形成在非海相蒸发盐环境。
4：对本区超镁铁质麻粒岩进行了地球化学研究，超镁铁质麻粒岩具有其高Mg~#(＞0.7)，高Ni(＞400-500ppm)，高Cr(＞1000ppm)和SiO_2含量小于52％的地球化学特征，全岩Sm-Nd分析，其模式年龄为2.0-2.1Ga，当T=2.0Ga时，其εNd为(＋2.34～＋5.01)，可能表明其为亏损地幔和地壳物质混合来源的特征。
5：应用单颗粒锆石Pb-Pb蒸发技术、SHRIMPⅡ技术、~(39)Ar-~(40)Ar及Sm-Nd方法对“基底”镁铁质-长英质复合片麻岩、夕线-石榴花岗片麻岩、斜长石英岩进行了同位素年代学研究，揭示研究区“基底”岩石形成年龄为中元古代，非前人认为的太古代。夕线-石榴花岗片麻岩和斜长石英岩锆石U-Pb的SHRIMP年龄研究标明，残留最老的锆石年龄为1769±28Ma，反映其物源时代为早元古代；主体残留锆石结晶年龄1072±43Ma；变质锆石年龄950-990Ma，为早期麻粒岩相变质作用年龄；泛非期(494～584Ma)麻粒岩相变质事件也有记录。镁铁质-长英质复合片麻岩和变沉积岩Nd的模式年龄表明，二者的Nd模式年龄几乎没有差别。因此，从夕线-石榴花岗片麻岩和斜长石英岩这些盖层序列岩石的锆石同位素年代学可以看出“基底”镁铁质-长英质复合片麻岩与“盖层”序列的划分不存在，镁铁质-长英质复合片麻岩与变沉积岩实为一套火山沉积岩系。区内“基底”与“盖层”的划分不正确，镁铁质-长英质复合片麻岩与变沉积岩实为一套火山沉积岩系，二者同时经历了～990-950Ma和～600-500Ma两期麻粒岩相变质作用。
6：对Grovnes半岛的紫苏斜长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb分析，认为紫苏斜长花岗岩的侵入活动发生在约990Ma，为早期格林威尔热事件同构造侵入岩石，并经历了后期542Ma的泛非构造变质热事件。
7：对Dalkoy岛花岗岩进行的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb分析、~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素年代学认为非造山的Dalkoy岛花岗岩的热年代学资料制约了本区泛非期岩浆活动的最晚年龄。锆石U-Pb结晶年龄～501Ma，~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar冷却年龄～486Ma，其冷却速度的快速变化，反映了～500Ma本区发生了重要的造山后构造抬升事件。依据磷灰石裂变径迹的平均径迹年龄分析资料，认为～205Ma时，本区剥露还可能与～205Ma时Lambert Graben的伸展作用有关。
8：综合拉斯曼丘陵及邻区岩石组合、变质变形和岩浆活动、同位素年代学等新资料，建立了拉斯曼丘陵及邻区的地质演化年代格架
9：对麻粒岩相变质环境中锆石的不同区域(如锆石颗粒的核和增生边)进行锆石原位U-Pb测年和锆石原位稀土元素分析，研究其锆石形成期间的变质条件信息。
10：对拉斯曼丘陵及其邻区高级变质岩进行的同位素年代学研究，同时结合区域地质资料，识别出东南极拉斯曼丘陵、北查尔王子山-莫森海岸-瑞纳杂岩及其邻区和印度东高止地的990-900Ma造山作用。拉斯曼丘陵-北查尔王子山-莫森海岸-瑞纳杂岩-东高止地的造山作用的时间不同于与东冈瓦纳和罗迪尼亚形成有关的中-新元古变质带地块-Albany-Fraser带、Windmill Islands和Bunger丘陵、Maud省、Namaqua-Natal省。它们之间被Lutzow-Holm Bay和普里兹湾地区的泛非造山带分离。这些地块有可能在泛非造山作用(c.600-500Ma)期间增生在一起。
The Larsemann Hills and its adjacent region , East Anatrctica, is critical for understanding the assembly and breakup of Rodinia and Gondwana. the thesis concerns geochemical and geochronological study of magrnatic and metamorphic rocks from the area. the main progress states as following:
1. The mafic-felsic composite gneiss lithologicat units, is interpreted as a possible bimodal metavolcanic unit based on geochemical data. U-Pb SHRIMP zircon and Sm-Nd data both felsic gneiss and mafic gneiss indicate that basement rocks of the region are Mesoproterozoic in age.The crystallization ages of metavolcanic rocks were determined at c.1100Ma, the mafic-felsic composite gneiss has experienced two major episodes of granulite facies metamorphism, one at c.990Ma (M1), the other at c.550Ma (M2).
2. The geochemistry of the pelitic granulites of the Larsemann Hills suggests the arkosic to shaley nature of the protolith. The rocks are characterized by a high maturity index. The geochemical criteria imply active or passive continental margin nature.
3. Grandidierite Kornerupine and tourmaline occur in high-grade pelitic gneiss from the Larsemann Hills,the borosilicates are restricted to a single layer several meters thick that can be traced for several hundred meters,. Boron isotope data suggest the boron-rich series originaly contained non -marine evaporites.
4. Sparsely distributed ultramafic granulite lenes and boudins occur in metapelitic and quartzo-feldspathic gneiss in the Larsemann Hills and the Bolingen Hills. The rocks have characters of high Mg/Mg+Fe ratio (＞0.7), and high Cr (up to 1000ppm) and Ni (up to 500ppm) content. Sm-Nd isotope data demonstrate a mixing of sources from the depleted mantle and the crust.
5. The metamorphic evolution of the different lithological units as deduced from the SHRIMP zircon work and Sm-Nd data is summarized in Tablel.
Table 1. Summary of the lithological and metamorphic evolution as determined by U-Pb
6. The geochronological data from the Larsemann Hills and adjacent region is readily correlated with published data from the Mawson Coast, northern Prince Charles Mountains and Rayner Complex in the east Antarctic, and the East Ghats of India (Boger et al.2000). All yield syn-orogenic ages of between 990 and 900 Ma. 990-900Ma orogenesis has been recognised in the Larsemann Hills- northern Prince Charles Mountains- Mawson Coast- Rayner Complex- Eastern Ghats provinces in east Antarctica and India. The new data provide impotant constraints in reconstructions of the supercontinent Rodinia.
引文
陈廷愚等，1995，南极洲地质图(1∶5，000，000)，地质出版社。
江博明，1989，太古代岩石的定年—方法学和局限性的讨论，地球化学，No．2，103-120．
任留东和赵越，1992，硅硼镁铝矿在南极的首次发现及其地质意义，地学探索，7，1-6。
任留东和刘小汉，1995，东南极普里兹湾Sostrene岛麻粒岩变质年代及其与邻区的关系，南极研究，7(3)，13-17．
任留东，1999，南极拉斯曼丘陵硼硅酸盐矿物演化及其与深熔作用的关系。地球学报，第20卷，130-135页。
任留东，王彦斌，陈廷愚，赵越，2001，长英质片麻岩中堇青石的一种可能的形成机制—以南极拉斯曼丘陵高级区为例，岩石矿物学杂志，20(1)：29-35．
任留东，1997，南极拉斯曼丘陵及邻区高级区变质地质特征，中国地质科学院，博士论文(未出版)。
桑隆康，1993，变质岩岩石化学定量分类与原岩恢复，矿物学岩石学论丛，8，65-74。
沈其韩，耿元生，1996，冀西北太古宙条带状麻粒岩的岩石学和地球化学特征，岩石学报， 247—260。
宋彪，牛宝贵，李锦轶，徐文喜，1994，牡丹江-鸡西花岗岩类同位素年代学研究，岩石矿物学杂志，13(3)：204-213．
宋彪，1995，质谱计蒸发-沉积测定单颗粒锆石年龄原理及讨论，地质论评，41：3，245-251。
宋彪等，1997，黑龙江东部麻山群黑云斜长片麻岩中锆石的年龄及其地质意义，地球学报， 18：3，306-312。
仝来喜，刘小汉、陈福坤、王彦斌和任留东，1995，东南极拉斯曼丘陵地区暗色麻粒岩锆石的U-Pb年龄及其地质意义，南极研究，7(4)，65-70。
仝来喜、刘小汉、徐平、韩秀伶、赵越、任留东和王彦斌，1996，东南极拉斯曼丘陵含假蓝宝石紫苏石英岩的发现及其地质意义，科学通报，41(13)，1205-1208．
仝来喜、刘小汉、张连生、陈海泓，王彦斌，任留东，1998，东南极拉斯曼丘陵石榴斜长角闪岩中角闪石的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义，极地研究，Vol．10，No．3，161-170．
仝来喜、刘小汉、张连生、陈海泓、任留东、王彦斌、赵越，1997，东南极拉斯曼丘陵麻
粒岩相岩石中早期残留矿物组合的特征及其变质作用条件，岩石学报，13卷，第2期， 127—138．
王仁民，贺高品，陈珍珍，郑松彦和耿元生，1987，变质岩原岩图解判别法，地质出版社。
王彦斌，赵越，任留东，陈廷愚，刘小汉，仝来喜，1994，东南极拉斯曼丘陵镁铁质麻粒岩地球化学特征及其中压变质作用，南极研究，6(3)：1-11．
刘小汉，仝来喜，李继亮，赵越，任留东，王彦斌，1995，东南极地盾中元古-早古生代构造演化，海峡两岸地质研讨会论文集(Ⅱ)，165-169．
刘小汉，方爱民，李金雁，郝杰，俞良军，2001，东南极大陆腹地首次发现新生代沉积岩， 地质科学，36(1)，136—139。
刘敦一，赵敦敏，1988，用热离子发射质谱计直接测定单颗粒锆石~(207)pb／~(206)pb年龄，地质论评，34(6)：496-505。
陈晶，刘小汉，琚宜太，徐军，严允洁，2001，我国首批回收的四块南极陨石类型的确定， 岩石学报
阎月华，刘文军，关于内蒙与晋冀交界地区早前寒武纪灰片麻岩孔兹岩的讨论，1996， 12(12)，329-342。
张宗清，叶笑江，1987，稀土元素的质谱同位素稀释和~(143)Nd／~(144)Nd比值的精确测定方法，中 国地质科学院地质研究所刊，No．17，108-128．
张宗清，刘敦一，付国民，1994，北秦岭变质地层同位素年代研究，北京，地质出版社。
赵越等，1993，东南极拉斯曼丘陵早古生代麻粒岩相变质事件—Sm-Nd同位素年代学证据， 南极研究(中文版)，V．5 No．2，52-56．
赵越，宋彪，傅云莲，张宗清，王彦斌，任留东，姚玉鹏，李继亮，刘小汉，1993，东南极拉斯曼丘陵及其邻区的泛非热事件，中国科学(B辑)，23：1001-1008．
富云连、罗修泉、张思红等，中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊，地质出版社，北京，1987， 17： 84-107。
Agrawal,S., 1995,Discrimination between late-orogenic,post-orogenic,and anorogenic granites by major element compositions.The Journal of Geology, 103,529-537.
Basu,A.R.and Pettingill,H.S.,1983,Origin and age of Adirondack anorthosites re-evaluated with Nd isotopes.Geology. 11,514-518.
Bhatia,M.R., 1983,Plaate tectonic aand geochemical composition of sandstones.J.Geol.91.611-627.
Bhatia,M.R., 1985,Rare earth element geochemistry of Australian Paleozoic grawackes and mudrocks:provenance and tectonic control.Sedimentary Geology.45,97-113.
Bhatia,M.R.,Crook,A.W.,1986.Trace element characteristics of graaaywacks and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins.Contr.Miner.Petrol.92.181-192.
Binns,R.A. 1969,Ferromagnesian minerals in high-grade metamorphic rocks, Geological Society of Australia, Special Paper 2,223-332.
Biswal, T.K.,Gyani,K.C Parthasarathy, R,Paant,D.R.1998,Implications of the geochemistry of the Pelitic Graanulites of the Delhi Supergroup,Aravaali Mountain Belt,Northwestern India.Precambrian Research,87,75-85.
Black,L.R,Kinny, P.D.and Sheraton,J.W.,1991,The difficulties of dating marie dykes:an Antarctic example.Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 109,183-194.
Black,L.P.and McCulloch,M.T.,1987,Evidence for isotopic equilibration of Sm-Nd whole-rock systems in early Archean crust of Enderby Land,Antarctica, Earth and Planrtay Sciences Letters, 82, 15-24.
Boger,S.D.,Carson,C.J.,Wilson,C.J.L.,Manning,C.M.,2000.Neoproterozoic deformation in the northern Prince Charles Mountains,east Antarctica;evidence for a single protracted orogenic event:Precambrian Research. 104.1-24.
Brandon,a.D and Meen,J.K.,1995,Nd isotopic evidence for the position of southernmost Indian terranes within East Gondwana.,Precambrian Research,70,269-280.
Carson,C.J.,Dirks,P.H.G.M.,Hand,M.,Sims,J.P.,and Wilson,C.J.L.,1995, Compressional and extensional tectonics in low-medium pressure granulites from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica,Geol.Mag. 132, 151-170.
Carson,C.S.,Fanning,C.M.and Wilson,C.J.L., 1996,Timing of the Progress Granite,Larsemann Hills:additional evidence for Early Palaeozoic Orogenesis within the east Antarctic shield and implications for Gondwana assembly, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,43,539-553.
Carson,C.J.,Boger, S.D.,Fanning,C.M.,Wilson,C.J.L.,Thost,D.,2000,SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology from Mount Kirkby, northem Prince Charles Mountains,East Antarctica, Antarctic Science. 12 (4) 429-442.
Collerson,K.D.and Arriens,P.A., 1979,Rb-Sr isotopic systematics in high grade gneisses from the Vestfold Hills,East Antarctica,Journal of the Geological Society of Australia,26,267-268.
Compston,W.,Williams,Campbell,I.H.and Gresham,J.J.,1985/86,Zircon xenocrsts from the
Kambalda volcanics:age constraints and direct evidece for older continental crust below the Kambalda-Norseman greestones. Earth and Plnetary Sciences Letters, 76, 299-311.
Condie,K.C.,1982,Early and middle Proterozoic supracrustal successions and their tectonic settings.American Journal of Science,282,341-357.
Condie,K.C.,1986,Geochemistry and tectonic setting of early Proterozoic Supracrustal rocks in the South Weatern United States.J.Geol.94.845-864.
Cullers,R.J.1995,The controls on the major-and trace-element evolution of shales,siltstones and sandstones of Ordovician to Tertiary age in the Wet Mountains region, Colorado, U.S.A. Chemical Geology. 123,107-131.
Dalziel I.W.D.,1992.Antarctica;a tale of two continents?Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 20.501-26.
Davidson,A.and van Breemen,O.,1988,Baddeleyite-zircon relationships in coronitic metagabbro, Grenville Province,Ontario:implications for geochronology.Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology. 100,291-299.
Dirks,P.H.G.M.and Hand,M,1995,Clarifying temperature-pressure paths via structures in granulite from the Bolingen Islands,Antarctica.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,42,157-172.
Dirks,P.H.G.M.,Carson,C.J.and Wilson,C.J.L.,1993,The deformation history of the Larsemann Hills.Prydz Bay:The importance of the Pan-African(500Ma)in East Antarctica. Antarctica Science.5,179-193.
Ellis D.J.1987.Origin and evolution of Granulites in normal and thickened crusts.Geology 15.167- 170
Fitzsimons I.C.W.and Harley,S.L., 1991,Geological relationships in. high-grade gneiss of the Brattstrand Bluffs coastline, Prydz Bay, eastAntarctica. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38,497-519.
Fitzsimons LC.W.&Harley S.L.1992.Mineral reaction texture in high-grade gneisses: evidence for contrasting pressure-temperature paths in the Proterozoic Complex of East Antarctica.In Yoshida,Y.Kaminuma Kand Shiraishi K.eds.Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science, pp 103- 111 .Terra Scientic Publishing,Tokyo.
Fitzsimons I.C.W.1997.The Brattstrand paragness and the Sostrene orthognesis:A review of Pan-African metamorphism and Grenvillian relics in southern Prydz Bay.In:Ricci,C.A.(ed.),The Antarctic Region,Geological Evolution and Processes.Terra Antarctica Publication,. Sienna, 121-130.
Fitzsimons I.C.W. et al.,1997.Two stages of Zircon and monazite growth in anatectic leucogneiss: SHRIMP constraints on the duration and intensity of Pan-African metamorphism in Prydz Bay,East Antarctica.Terra Nova.9,47-51.
Fitzsimons I.C.W.,2000.Grenville-age basement provinces in East Antarctica:Evidence for three separate collisional orogens.Geology,28(10)879-882.
Fitzsimons I.C.W.,2000.A review of tectonic events in the East Antarctica Shield and their implications for Gondwana and earlier supercontinents.Journal of African Earth Scviences.32(1)3-23.
Grew,E.S.1986, A new correlation of sapphirine granulites in the Indo-Antarctic metamorphic terrain:late Proterozoic dates from the eastern Ghats Province of India,Precambrian Research 33,123-137.
Hand,M.,Scrimgeour,I.,Powell,R.Stuwe,K.and Wilson,C.J.L.,1994, Metapelitic granulites from
Jetty Peninsula, East Antarctica: formation during a single event or by polymetamorphism? Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 12,557-573.
Harley S.L.1989.The origins of granulites:a metamorphic perspective.Geological Magazine 126, 215-47.
Harley S.L.&Fitzsimons I.C.W.1995.High-grade metamorphism and deformation in the Prydz Bay Region,East Antarctica:terranes,events and relational correlations.India and Antarctica during the Precambrian.Geological Society India Memoir.34.73-100.
Harley S.L.&Fitzsimons I.C.W. 1991.Pressure-temperature evolution of metapelitic granulites in a polymetamorphic terrane:the Rauer Groupe,East Antarctica.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 9,231-243
Harley S.L.2001,The assembly of Rodinia and Gondwana:A view from East Antarctica, Geological Society of Australia Abstracts 48.
Harley,S.L.,1987, Precambrian geological relationships in high-grade gneisses of the Rauer Island,East Antarctica. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34,175-207.
Harris,N.B.W.,Santosh,M.and Taylor,P.N.,1994,Crustal evolution in South India:constraints from Nd isotopes.The Journal f Geology,102,139-150.
Hensen,B.J.,Zhou,B.,1997.East Gondwana amalagamation by Pan-African collision? Evidence in the Prydz Bay region,east Antarctica.In:Ricci,C.A.(Ed.),The Antarctic Region,Geological Evolution and Processes.Terra Antarctica Publication,Sienna,115-119.
Hensen.B.J.and Zhou,B.,1995,A Pan african granulite facies metamorphic episode in Prydz Bay, Antarctica:evidence from Sm-Nd garnet dating, Austratian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 249-258.
Hanson,R.E.,Martin,M.W.,Bowring,S,A.,Munyanyiwa,H.,U-Pb zircon age for the Umkondo dolerites,eastern Zimbabwe: 1.1 Ga large igneous province in southern African-East Antarctic and and possible Rodinia correlations.Geology26,1143-1146.
Hiroi,Y.,Shiraishi,K.,Motoyoshi,Y.,Kanisawa,S.,Yanai,K. and Kizaki,K.1986,Mode of occurrence, bulk chemical compositions,and mineral textures of ultramafic rocks in the Lutzow-Holm Complex,East Antarctica.Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research,Special Issue,43,62-84.
Hiroi,Y.,Shiraishi,K.and Motoyoshi,Y, 1991,Late proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica,with special refrences to the tectonic significances of ultramafic rocks.in Geological Evolution of Antarctica,ed.M.R.A.Thomson,J.A.Crame and J.W.Thomson, Cambridge, Cambridge university Press,83-87.
Holzl,S.,Hofmann,A.W.,Todt,W and Kohler,H.,1994,U-Pb geochronology of the Sri Lanka basement.Precambrian Research,66,123-149.
Jahn,B.M,1990,Origin of granulites:Geochemical constraints from Archaean granulite facies rocks of the Sino-Korean Craton ,China In Vielzeat,D.&Vidal Pn.,eds.,Granulite and crustal evolution.NATOASI series.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,471-492.
Jacobs,J.,et al, 1998,Continuation of the Mozambique Belt into East Antarctica: Grenville-age metamorphism and polyphase Pan-African high-grade events in central Dronning Maud Land: Journal of Geology,v.106,385-406.
Karlstrom,K.E., Williams,ML. McLelland,J,Geissman,J.W.,Ahall,K-I., 1999, Refining Rodinia: Geological evidence for the Australia-Western U.S.connection in the Proterozoic. GSA Today, 9:10,1-7.
Kriegsman,L.M.,1995,The Pan-African event in East Antarctica:a view from Sri Lanka and the Mozambique Belt.Precam.Res.75,263-277.
Kamenev,E., Andronikov, A.V., Mikhalsky, E.V., Krasnikov.N.N.andStuwe K.,1993, Soviet geological maps of the Charles Mountains, East Antarctica Shield. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40,501 - 517.
Kroner,A., Braun,I.and Jaeckel,P.,1996,Zircon geochronology of anatectic melt and residues from a high-grade pelitic assemblage at Ihosy,southern Madagascar:evidence for Pan-African granulite metamorphism.Geological Magazine.133,311-323.
Kroner,A.,Jaeckel,P.and Williams,I.S.,1994,Pb-loss patterns in zircons from a high-grade metamorphic terrain as revealed by different dating methods:U-Pband Pb-Pb ages for igneous and metamorphic zircons from northern Sri Lanka,Precambrian Research, 66, 151-181.
Kroner,A.,Williams,I.S.,Compston,W.,Baur,N.,Vitanage,P.W.and Perera,L.R.K.,1987,Zircon ion microprobe dating of granulites from Sri Lanka,Journal of Geology,95,775-791.
Kinny.P.D.and Black,L.P.and Sheraton J.W.1993.Zircon ages and the distribution of Archean and Proterozoic rocks in the Rauer Islands.Antarctic Science,5,193-206.
Kinny P.D.,Black,L.P.,Sheraton,J.W.,1997,Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemistry of igneous and metamorphic rocks in the northern Prince Charles Mountains,Antarctica.AGSO J.Aust.Geol.Geol.Geophys.l6,637-654.
Liu X.C. , Zhao Y., and Liu X.H., 2000, Geological aspects of the Grove Mountains, East Antarctica, in Proceedings Volume of the 8~(th) ISAES, Wellington, New Zealand, 4-9 July, 1999,
Manton,W.I.,Grew,E.S.,Hofmann,J.and Sheraton,J.W.,1992,Granitic rocks of the Jetty Peninsula, Amery lce shelf area,east Antarctica.In:Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Sciences (eds.Yoshida,Y., Kaminuma,K.& shivaishi,K.), 179-189,Terra Tokyo.
McLennan,S.M.and Taylor,S.R.,1991,Sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution:tectonic setting and secular trends.The Journal of Geology,99,1-21.
Mezger,K.,Essene,E.J.and Halliday,A.N.,1992,Closure temperatures of the Sm-Nd system in metamorphic garnets,Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 113,397-409.
Mezger,K.,and Cosca,M.A.,1999,The thermal history of the Eastern Ghats Belt(India)as revealed by U-Pb and ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of metamorphic and magmatic minerals:Implications for the SWEAT correlation:Precambrian Research,v.94,251-271.
Milisenda,C.C.,Liew,T.C.,Hofman,A.W.and Kohler,H.,1994,Nd isotopic mapping of the Sri Lanka basement:update,and additional constraints from Sr isotopes,Precambrian Research,95-110.
Motoyoshi,Y.,Thost,D.E.and Hensen,BJ.,1991,Reaction textures in calc-silicate granulites from the Bolingen Islands,Prydz Bay,East Antarctica:implications for the retrograde P-T path.Journal of Metamorphic Geology.9,293-300.
Oliver,R.L.,James,P.R.,Collerson,K.D.and Ryan A.B.,1982,Precambrian geological relationships in the Vestfold Hills,Antarctica.In Craddock,C.ed. Antarctic Geoscience, 435-444.University of Wisconsin.
Paquette,J.,Nedelec,A.,Moine,B.and Rakotondrazaty,M.,1994,U-Pb,single zircon Pb-evaporation, and Sm-Nd isotopic study of & granulite domain in SE madagascar,The Journal of Geology, 102,523-538.
Palmer M R,Slack J F.Boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites.Contrib.Mineral Petrol, 1989,103:434-451.
Purdy,J.W.and Jager,E.,1976,K-Ar ages of rock-forming minerals from the Central Alps. Mem.Ist.Geol.Min.Uni.Padova.30.:1-31.
Ravich,M.G.and Grikurov,G.E.,1978,Geological Map of Antarctica, 1:5,000,000,Research Institute of the Geology of the Arctic,Ministry of Geology of the USSR.
Rivers,T.,1997,Lithtectonic elements of the Grenville Provinces:Review and tectonic implications: Precambrian Research,86,117-154.
Roser.B.P.,Korsch.R.J,1986,Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone mudstone suits using SiO_2 content and K_2O/Na_2O raatio.J.Geol.94,635-650.
Pinna,P.,Jourde,G.,CaIvez,J.Y.,Mroz,J.P.,and Marques,J.M.,1993,The Mozambique belt in northern Mozambique:Neoproterozoic(1100-850Ma)crustal growth and tectogenesis and superimposed pan African(800-550Ma)tectonism:Precambrian Research,62,1-59.
Powell.C.McA., Li,Z.X., McElhinny, M.W.,Meert,J.G., and Park,J.K., 1994, Paleomagnetic constraints on timeing of the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia and the Cambrian formation of Gondwana: Geology,22,889-892.
Rogers,J.JW.,Unrug,R.,and Sultan,M.,1995,Tectonic assembly of Gondwana:Joumal of Geodynamics, 19,1-34.
Ren,L.,Zhao.Y.,Liu,X.,and Chen,T.,1992,Le-examination of the metamorphic evolution of the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica,in:Yoshida Y.et al.,eds,Recent Proqress in Antarctic Earth Science,145-153,Terrapub,Tokyo.
Rubatto,D., Gebauer,D., 2000, Use of cathodoluminescence for U-Pb zircon datings by ion microprobe:some examples from the Weatern Alps. In: Pagel, M.Barbin,V., Blanc,R, Ohnenstetter, D. (Eds.), Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences.Springer,Berlin,pp.373～400.
Sang H.,Wang S.&Qiu J.,1996,The Ar-Ar ages of pyroxene,hornblende and plagioclase in Taipingzhai granulites in Qianxi county,Heibei-Province and their geological implications.Acta petrlogica Sinica,12(3),390-400.
Shackleton,R.M.,1993,Tectonics of the lower crust:a view from the Usambara Mountains,NE Tanzania,Journal of Structural Geology,15,663-671.
Shackleton,R.M.,1996,The final collision zone between East and West Gondwana: Where is it?:Journal of African Earth Sciences.23,271-287.
Sheraton,J.W.,Black,L.P.,and McCulloch,M.T.,1984, Regional geochemical and isotopic characteristic of high-grade metamorphics of the Prydz Bay area:the extent of Proterozoic reworking of Archean continental crust in East Antarctica.Precambrian Research 26, 169- 198.
Sheraton,J.W. and Collerson K.D.,1983,Archaean and Proterozoic geological relationships in the Vestfold Hills-Prydz Bay area, Antarctica, BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 8, 119-128.
Sheraton,J.W.,Tindle,A.G.,and Tingey,R.J.,1996,Geochemistry,origin,and tectonic setting of grantic rocks of the Prince Charles Mountains,Antarctica:AGSO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 16,345-370.
Shiraish K.,Ellis DJ.,Hirio Y.,Fanning c.m.,Motoyoshi Y.&Nakai Y.1994.Cambrican orogenic belt in East Antarctica and Sri Lank:implication for Gondwana assembly.Journal of Geology 102,47-65.
Shiraishi,K.,Hiroi,Y.,Ellis,D.J.,Fanning,C.M.Motoyoshi,Y.and Nakai,Y.,1992,The first report of
Cambrian orogenic belt in East Antauctica-an ion microprobe study of the Lutzow-Holm complex,in:Recent Progress in Artarctic Earth Science:eds,Y.Yoshida et al., Terrapub, Tokyo, 67-73.
Steltenpohl G.M., Cymerman Z., Krogh E.J. and Kunk M.j., Exhumation of eclogitizedcontinental basement during Variscan lithospheric delamination and gravitational collapse,sudety Mountains Poland,Geology,1993,21:1111-1114.
Stuwe K.,Braun,H-M.and Peer,H-M.and Peer,H.,1989,Geology and Structure of the Larsemann Hills area,Prydz Bay,East Antarctica. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,36,219-241.
Stuwe K.,and Powell,R.,1989a,Low-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Larsemann Hills area,East Antarctica;Petrology and tectonic implications for the evolution of the Prydz Bay area.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,7,465-483.
Stuwe K.,and Powell,R.,1989b,Metamorphic segregs associated with garnet and orthopyroxene porphyroblast groth:two examples from the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology. 103,523-530.
Stuwe K.&Sandiford M.1993.A preliminary moldel for the 500Ma event in the East Antarctic Shield. In Findlay R.H., Unrug R., Banks,M.R. and Veevers J.J.eds. Gondwana Eight, Assembly, Evolution and Disperal, pp125-130.A.A.Balkema,Rotterdam.
Tarney,J.,Windley,B.F.,1977,Chemistry,thermaal graadients and evolution of the lower continental crust.J.Geol.Soc.Lond.134.153-172.
Thost,D.E.,Hensen,B.J. and Motoyoshi.Y, 1991,Two-stage decompression in garnet-bearing mafic granulites from Sostrene Island,Prydz Bay.East AntarcticaJoumal of Metamorphic Geology. 9, 245-256.
Thost,D.E.,Motoyoshi,B.J.,and Hensen,B.J.,1992,Mode of occerence,geochemistryand mineral textures of mafic to ultramafic rocks from the Bolingen Islands,Prydz Bay,East Antartica, in: Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Sciences (eds.Yoshida,Y., Kaminuma,K., & Shiraishi, K.) ,Terra Scientific Publishing Company,Tokyo,p.p.113-118.
Tingey,R.J. 1982,The geologic evolution of the Prine Charles Mountains—An Antarctic Archean cratonic block .in:C.Craddock(ed.),Antarctic Geoscience,The University of Wisconsin Press,p.p.455-464.
Tingey R.J.ed.1991,The Geology of Antarctica,Oxfold University Press,Oxfold.
Tong Laixi et al.,2002,A possible Mesoproterozoic high-grade event preserved within the 500Ma mobile of the Larsemann Hills,east Anatrcticaxvidence from Ar-Ar dating.(unpublished)
Tong Laixi, Liu Xiaohan, Zhang Liansheng ,Chen Haihong, WangYanbin,Ren Liudong., 1998, The ~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar ages of horblendes in Grt-Pl-bearing amphibolite from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica and their geological implications, Chinese Journal of Polar Science, Vol.9, No.2, pp.79-91
L.Tong and X.Liu, 1997, The Prograde Metamorphism of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica: Evidence for an Anticlockwise P-T Path, The Antarctic Region: Geological Evolution and Processes, ed. C.A.RICCI, pp.105-114
Tong Laixi, Liu Xiaohan, et al, 1997, Discovery of sapphirine-bearing hyperthene quartzite in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, and its geological significance, CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN, Vol.42 No.4, pp.324-327
Tong L.,Liu X.,Zhang L.&Chen F.1995.The U-Pb zircon chronlogy of mafic granulite from the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica and its possible geologocal impIications.Terra Antartica. 2(2), 123-126.
Unnikrishnan-Warrier,C.,Santosh,M.and Yoshida,M.,1995,First report of Pan-African Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr mineral isochron ages from regional charnockites of southern India,Geological Magazine, 132,253-260.
Unrug,R.,1997,Rodinia to Gondwana:The Geodynamic Map of Gondwana Supercontinent Assembly,GSA Today,7:1,1-6.
Wang Y., Zhao Y., Ren. L & Chen T. 1993.Geological and Geochemical characteristics of metamorphic rocks from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, in The Tectonics of East Antarctica, (Abstr.) Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Wang Yanbin, Liu Dunyi, I.S.Williams, Ren Liudong, 2001, New U-Pb Zircon ages, geochemistry and their significance of the basement rocks from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, Gondwana Research, 4:4,820.
Wilson M,1989,Igneous Petrogenesis,A global tectonic approach,Oxford University Press,466pp. Young,D.N.,Zhao,J.,Ellis,D.J.,McCulloch,M.Y.,I997,Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope mapping of source provinces for the Mawson chamockites,east Antarcticanmplications for Proterozoic tectonics and Gondwana reconstruction.Precam.Res.86,1-19.
Yoshida,M.,1995,Assembly of East Gondwanaland during the Mesoproterozoic and its rejuvenation during the Pan-African period, in Yoshida,M.,and Stantosh,M.,eds.,India and Antarcticaaaa during the Precambrians;Geological Society of India Memoir34,25-45.
Zhang Liansheng,Tong Laixi,Liu Xiaohan and Urs Scharer,1996,Conventional U-Pb age of the hihg-grade metamorphic rocks in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.in:Z.H.Pang eds.,Advances in Solid Earth Sciences,27-35, Science Press.
Zhao.Y.,Liu,X.,Song,B.,Zhan,Z.,Li,J.,Yao,Y.and Wang,Y.,1995,Constraints on stratigraphic age of metasedimentaly rocks of the Larsemann Hills ,East Antartica:possible implication for Neo-proterozoic tectonics,Precambrian Research,75,175-188.
Zhao,Y.,Song,B.,Wang,y.,Ren,L.,Li,J.and Chen,T.,1992,Geochronology of the late granite in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.in.Yoshida Y.,K.Kaninuma and K.Shiraishi (eds.),Recent Proqress in Antarctic Earth Science,Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, p.p. 153-169.
Zhao Yue et al., 1997, Syn-and Post-tectonic cooling and exhumation in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica, Episodes,Vol.20, No.2.
Zhao Y. et al.,2001,Pan-Aficasn events in Prydz Bay,East Antarctica and its infernce on East Gondwana tectonics,Gondwana Research,4:4,842-843.