摘要
在南亚热带酸性赤红壤坡地上,通过人工模拟降雨研究了不同坡度、污泥施用方式和污泥施用量条件下,污泥污染物(氮、磷、重金属Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As)随地表径流的流失情况。主要结果如下:
1、模拟试验期内,径流累积产生量大小依次为:穴施＞对照＞撒施＞撒施+草,颗粒物累积流失量大小依次为:对照＞穴施＞撒施＞撒施+草,悬浮物累积流失量大小依次为:撒施＞穴施＞对照＞撒施+草。撒施处理径流累积产生量和颗粒相(颗粒物和悬浮物)累积流失量随污泥用量的增大而减少,但污泥用量对穴施径流累积产生量和颗粒相累积流失量并无明显影响。不同坡度污泥撒施处理中,径流累积产生量大小依次为:20°＞15°＞10°＞25°,颗粒物和悬浮物累积流失量大小依次均为:25°＞20°＞15°＞10°。
2、污泥撒施前期(1 d和18 d)径流中多数混匀样污染物(MTC)和静置样污染物(STC,C=N、P、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As)浓度和流失量均可达到峰值,分别是穴施和撒施+草对应峰值的1.2～15.2倍和1.1～37.2倍。随时间推移,撒施径流中上述污染物浓度和流失量总体呈递减趋势。模拟试验期内,撒施+草径流中各形态污染物平均浓度和流失量分别为撒施对应均值的6.7%～95.5%和2.1%～36.0%。穴施径流中各形态污染物平均浓度为撒施对应均值的2.5%～77.8%,穴施径流中多数形态氮、磷、铜、镍、铬和镉平均流失量为撒施对应均值的2.5%～89.8%,而穴施径流铅、汞、砷平均流失量与撒施对应值接近甚至更高。
3、随污泥用量的增加,撒施径流中多数污染物平均浓度均不同程度升高,但平均流失量未必随之增加。撒施(60 t/hm~2)处理径流中TPN、NH_4~+-N、铜、镍平均流失量为撒施(120 t/hm~2)对应均值的52.4%～89.6%,而撒施(60 t/hm~2)径流氮(MTN、STN、TSN、TDN、NO_3~- -N)、磷(MTP、STP、TPP和TSP)、铬、镉、铅、汞和砷平均流失量为撒施(120 t/hm~2)处理对应均值的1.0～2.4倍。污泥用量对穴施径流污染物平均浓度和流失量无明显影响。
4、污泥撒施前期的降雨径流中污染物浓度和流失量基本随坡度升高而增强。随时间的推移,撒施径流中污染物浓度和流失量明显降低,坡度间的差异逐渐缩小。污泥撒施前期径流中MTN、STN、MTP、STP、MTCu、STCu、MTNi、STNi、MTCr、MTCd、MTPb、MTHg、MTAs浓度和流失量均可达到峰值,多数污染物浓度和流失量峰值大体随坡度增大而升高,其中25°径流MTC(C=N、P、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Hg、As)浓度和流失量峰值是10°对应峰值的2.1～5.7倍。此后各坡度撒施径流污染物浓度和流失量总体呈递减趋势,不同坡度的径流污染物浓度和流失量差异缩小。模拟试验期内,MTN、STN、MTP、STP、MTCu、STCu、MTNi、STNi、MTCr、MTCd、MTHg和MTAs径流平均浓度和流失量基本随坡度增大而不同程度升高,而MTPb、STCr、STCd、STPb、STHg、STAs平均浓度和流失量与坡度关系不明显。
5、径流颗粒相的组成(污泥和土壤颗粒相的相对比例)及其流失很大程度上决定了酸性土坡地上污泥污染物的流失。各污泥处理径流中P、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg和As基本上以颗粒相形式流失,氮主要是以溶解态形式流失,但相当比例NH_4~+-N是通过吸附于颗粒相随径流流失的。
6、在上述元素中,氮、磷和镍对地表水的污染风险较高。各处理径流污染物的综合污染风险为:25°撒120＞20°撒120＞15°撒120＞10°撒120＞15°撒60＞15°穴60＞15°撒施+草≈15°穴120＞15°对照。控制污泥施用坡地的坡度,采用坡面敷草或穴施措施可不同程度降低坡地施用污泥对地表水的污染风险。
The loss of some contaminants in a sewage sludge,nitrogen,phosphorous,copper, nickel,chromium,cadmium,lead,mercury and arsenic,along with slope runoff under different slopes,methods and rates of sewage application was studied by anthropogenic rainfall on a hill of lateritic red soil located in the southern tropical region.The main results were as follows:
1.The accumulative runoff amounts,the accumulative loss amounts of particulates and the total suspended solids varied greatly when the sewage sludge was applied by different methods.The accumulative runoff amounts increased in the order of hole-application(HA)＞control(CK)＞broadcast and mixing with surface soils(BM)＞broadcast with hay cover(BH).The accumulative loss amounts of particulates increased in the order of CK＞HA＞BM＞BH while those of the total suspended solid(TSS)increased in the order of BM＞HA＞CK＞BH.Both the accumulative runoff amounts and the accumulative loss amounts of particulates and total suspended solids decreased with the increasing rate of sewage sludge for BM treatments.The rate of sewage sludge did not affect apparently the accumulative runoff amounts,the accumulative loss amounts of particulates and the total suspended solids for the HA treatments.When the sewage sludge was broadcasted on the plots with different slopes,the accumulative runoff amounts increased in the order of 20°＞15°＞10°＞25°while both the accumulative runoff amounts and the accumulative loss amounts of particulates and the total suspended solids increased in the order of 25°＞20°＞15°＞10°.
2.The concentrations and the loss amounts of MTC(total contaminants of mixing samples)and STC(total contaminants of settled sample)(C = contaminants,including N,P, Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,Pb,Hg,As)in the slope runoffs reached the peak values 1 day or 18 days after the application for the BM treatment,which were 1.2～15.2 and 1.1～37.2 times of the corresponding peak values of the same contaminants for the HA and BH treatments, respectively.Both the concentrations and the loss amounts of the above contaminants resulted from the BM treatment diminished gradually with time.During the whole experimental period,the mean concentrations and the mean loss amounts of the contaminants in the slope runoff for BH were 6.7%～95.5%and 2.1%～36.0%of those for the BM treatment,respectively.The mean concentrations of the contaminants in the slope runoff for HA were 2.5%～77.8%of those for the BM treatment.The mean loss amounts of N,P,Cu,Ni and Cd by the slope runoff for HA treatment were 2.5%～89.8%of those for BM treatment whereas the mean loss amounts of Pb,Hg,As by the slope runoff for HA treatment were nearly identical or higher than those for the BM treatment.
3.The mean concentrations of most of the contaminants in the slope runoff for the BM treatment increased with the increase of sludge application rate to different degree whereas it was not certainly the case for the mean loss amounts of the contaminants.The mean loss amounts of TPN(total particulate nitrogen),NH_4~+-N,Cu,Ni for the BM with the rate of 60 t/hm~2 were 52.4%～89.6%and those of N(MTN,STN,TSN,TDN and NO_3~--N),P(MTP,STP,TPP and TSP),Cr,Cd,Pb,Hg and As for the BM with the rate of 60 t/hm~2 were 1.0～2.4 times of those for the BM with the rate of 120 t/hm~2.Sludge application rate had no significant effects on the mean concentrations and the loss amounts of the contaminants in the runoff for the HA treatment.
4.The concentrations and the loss amounts of the contaminants in the slope runoff for the BM treatment increased with the slope degree during the early period of the experiment (1 day or 18 days after the sludge application)as a whole.As the diminution of the concentrations and the loss amounts with time,the differences between the different slopes were narrowed.The concentrations and the loss amounts of MTN,STN,MTP,STP,MTCu, STCu,MTNi,STNi,MTCr,MTCd,MTPb,MTHg,MTAs in the slope runoff for the BM treatment both reached their peak values during the early experiment period,showing the greatest risks to the surface waters.The concentrations and the loss amounts of most of the contaminants increased with the slope degrees with those of the MTC(C = N,P,Cu,Ni, Cr,Cd,Hg,As)for 25°treatment being 2.1～5.7 times of those for 10°treatment.The mean concentrations and the loss amounts of the slope runoff of MTN,STN,MTP,STP,MTCu, STCu,MTNi,STNi,MTCr,MTCd,MTHg和MTAs generally increased with the slope degree while those of MTPb,STCr,STCd,STPb,STHg,STAs did not show significant relationship with the slope.
5.The loss of the contaminants along with the slope runoff on the lateritic red soil depended greatly on the ratio of sludge particulates to soil particulates,and the loss of the particulates.P,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,Pb,Hg and As were mainly transported with the particulates.Nitrogen was largely lost in dissolved species while large portion of NH_4~+-N was lost with particulates.
6.Nitrogen,phosphorous and nickel showed greater pollution risks to surface waters than the other contaminants.The pollution risks to the surface waters of all the treatments decreased in the order of BM(25°,120 t/hm~2)＞BM(20°,120 t/hm~2)>BM(15°,120 t/hm~2)＞BM(10°,120 t/hm~2)＞BM(15°,60 t/hm~2)＞HA(15°,60 t/hm~2)＞BH(15°)≈HA(15°,120 t/hm~2)＞control(15°).To control slope degree of sludge application area,using BH or HA trament can reduce the risk of pollution on surface waters from sloping plots amended with sewage sludge to different extent.
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