海洛因戒除者用药期待的自动化加工特性
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摘要
近年来,大量药物依赖研究探讨了导致药物滥用或复吸的认知因素及其对用药行为的影响机制。研究者认为,药物依赖者对用药后果的心理期待是导致其药物使用行为启动和维持的重要心理因素。然而,以往基于问卷测量的研究结果难以阐明依赖者虽然预期到用药带来的负性后果,却仍然持续用药的现象。最近,研究者将内隐社会认知领域有关内隐或自动加工过程的概念及其研究技术用于考察和解释药物依赖者的上述现象,其核心假设是认为,用药行为至少部分地受依赖者自动加工过程的支配,并在其意识控制之外对用药行为发生影响。许多研究基于上述假设与内隐测量技术探讨了药物依赖者对药物相关线索的内隐认知过程及其特性,特别是考察了药物依赖者对药物相关刺激的内隐态度,但研究结果不尽一致,因而引起许多研究者的诸多质疑。
基于以往对用药后果的心理期待结构的研究和用药期待与用药行为关系的研究成果,本研究采用问卷测量技术与内隐认知的非相对测量技术(标准EAST及其变式)相结合的方法,通过两项研究六个实验,分别在用药行为的效价(正性-负性)与唤醒度(唤醒-镇静)两个维度上,系统考察了海洛因戒除者用药期待的外显与内隐加工特性及其稳定性问题。研究获得以下主要结论:
(1)在外显层面上,海洛因戒除者对海洛因相关线索的效价表现出显著的负性评价,表明其对海洛因滥用的不良后果表现出显著的赞同态度。然而,在内隐层面上,该类人群对海洛因相关线索的效价既表现出正性评价,又表现出负性评价,表明其对用药行为的后果具有矛盾态度。
(2)在外显层面上,海洛因戒除者对海洛因相关线索的即时效应表现出显著的高唤醒期待,表明其对海洛因滥用的即时效应具有显著的高唤醒体验。然而,在内隐层面上,该类人群对海洛因相关线索既表现出高唤醒期待,又表现出高镇静期待,表明其对用药行为的即时效应具有唤醒与镇静双重期待。
(3)海洛因戒除者对海洛因相关线索的效价评价和唤醒度体验的外显加工与内隐加工特性具有可分离性。
(4)海洛因线索暴露引发的海洛因渴求可显著提升戒除者对海洛因相关线索正性效价的内隐评价及对海洛因相关线索唤醒度的外显体验,但不影响其对海洛因相关线索效价的外显评价及对海洛因相关线索唤醒度的内隐体验。
Considerable drug dependence research has been conducted to examine the cognitive factors that lead to drug abuse or relapse and the mechanisms that they influence drug use behavior in recent years. Researchers have reckoned that the psychological expectancies of drug dependent individuals toward drug use outcomes are important psychological factors in the initiation and the maintenance of drug use behavior. However, previous studies based on self-report measures are difficult to illustrate the phenomenon that the dependent individuals continue to use drugs although they can expect the negative outcomes of drug use. Recently, researchers have applied the concepts and research techniques related to implicit or automatic processes in implicit social cognition domain to examine and interpret the phenomenon mentioned above. The core assumption is that drug use behavior is at least partly governed through dependent individuals’automatic processes that often exert their influence outside conscious control. Several studies have investigated the implicit cognitive processes and their characteristics of drug dependent individuals toward drug-related cues based on the foregoing assumption and implicit measures. In particular, research on the implicit attitudes of drug dependent individuals toward drug-related stimuli is conducted. However, different drug dependence research achieved inconsistent results, which aroused several suspicions. Based on the previous investigations on the structure of drug use outcome expectancies and the relationship between drug use outcome expectancies and drug use behavior, the present study, which contains six experiments, systematically examines the explicit and implicit processing characteristics and stability of drug use expectancies of heroin abstainers in two dimensions: positive–negative (valence) and arousal–sedation, with self-report measures as well as non-relative measures of implicit social cognition (standard EASTs and their variants). The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)Heroin abstainers show clear negative evaluations toward heroin-related cues on the explicit level, suggesting that they have prominent approving attitudes toward negative consequences of heroin abuse. However, they exhibit both positive and negative evaluations toward heroin-related cues on the implicit level, suggesting that they have ambivalent attitudes toward the consequences of drug use.
(2)Heroin abstainers show high arousal expectancies toward immediate effects of heroin-related cues on the explicit level, suggesting that they display high arousal experience toward heroin-related cues. However, they manifest both high arousal expectancies and high sedation expectancies toward heroin-related cues, suggesting that they have dual expectancies toward immediate effects of drug use behavior in arousal-sedation dimension.
(3)There is a dissociation between explicit processing and implicit processing of valence evaluations and arousal-sedation experience of heroin abstainers toward heroin-related cues.
(4)Heroin craving invoked by heroin-related cues can remarkably increase heroin abstainers’implicit evaluations toward the positive valence of heroin-related cues and their explicit arousal-sedation experience toward heroin-related cues, yet do not influence their explicit evaluations of heroin-related cues valence, nor their implicit arousal-sedation experience toward heroin-related cues.
基于以往对用药后果的心理期待结构的研究和用药期待与用药行为关系的研究成果,本研究采用问卷测量技术与内隐认知的非相对测量技术(标准EAST及其变式)相结合的方法,通过两项研究六个实验,分别在用药行为的效价(正性-负性)与唤醒度(唤醒-镇静)两个维度上,系统考察了海洛因戒除者用药期待的外显与内隐加工特性及其稳定性问题。研究获得以下主要结论:
(1)在外显层面上,海洛因戒除者对海洛因相关线索的效价表现出显著的负性评价,表明其对海洛因滥用的不良后果表现出显著的赞同态度。然而,在内隐层面上,该类人群对海洛因相关线索的效价既表现出正性评价,又表现出负性评价,表明其对用药行为的后果具有矛盾态度。
(2)在外显层面上,海洛因戒除者对海洛因相关线索的即时效应表现出显著的高唤醒期待,表明其对海洛因滥用的即时效应具有显著的高唤醒体验。然而,在内隐层面上,该类人群对海洛因相关线索既表现出高唤醒期待,又表现出高镇静期待,表明其对用药行为的即时效应具有唤醒与镇静双重期待。
(3)海洛因戒除者对海洛因相关线索的效价评价和唤醒度体验的外显加工与内隐加工特性具有可分离性。
(4)海洛因线索暴露引发的海洛因渴求可显著提升戒除者对海洛因相关线索正性效价的内隐评价及对海洛因相关线索唤醒度的外显体验,但不影响其对海洛因相关线索效价的外显评价及对海洛因相关线索唤醒度的内隐体验。
Considerable drug dependence research has been conducted to examine the cognitive factors that lead to drug abuse or relapse and the mechanisms that they influence drug use behavior in recent years. Researchers have reckoned that the psychological expectancies of drug dependent individuals toward drug use outcomes are important psychological factors in the initiation and the maintenance of drug use behavior. However, previous studies based on self-report measures are difficult to illustrate the phenomenon that the dependent individuals continue to use drugs although they can expect the negative outcomes of drug use. Recently, researchers have applied the concepts and research techniques related to implicit or automatic processes in implicit social cognition domain to examine and interpret the phenomenon mentioned above. The core assumption is that drug use behavior is at least partly governed through dependent individuals’automatic processes that often exert their influence outside conscious control. Several studies have investigated the implicit cognitive processes and their characteristics of drug dependent individuals toward drug-related cues based on the foregoing assumption and implicit measures. In particular, research on the implicit attitudes of drug dependent individuals toward drug-related stimuli is conducted. However, different drug dependence research achieved inconsistent results, which aroused several suspicions. Based on the previous investigations on the structure of drug use outcome expectancies and the relationship between drug use outcome expectancies and drug use behavior, the present study, which contains six experiments, systematically examines the explicit and implicit processing characteristics and stability of drug use expectancies of heroin abstainers in two dimensions: positive–negative (valence) and arousal–sedation, with self-report measures as well as non-relative measures of implicit social cognition (standard EASTs and their variants). The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)Heroin abstainers show clear negative evaluations toward heroin-related cues on the explicit level, suggesting that they have prominent approving attitudes toward negative consequences of heroin abuse. However, they exhibit both positive and negative evaluations toward heroin-related cues on the implicit level, suggesting that they have ambivalent attitudes toward the consequences of drug use.
(2)Heroin abstainers show high arousal expectancies toward immediate effects of heroin-related cues on the explicit level, suggesting that they display high arousal experience toward heroin-related cues. However, they manifest both high arousal expectancies and high sedation expectancies toward heroin-related cues, suggesting that they have dual expectancies toward immediate effects of drug use behavior in arousal-sedation dimension.
(3)There is a dissociation between explicit processing and implicit processing of valence evaluations and arousal-sedation experience of heroin abstainers toward heroin-related cues.
(4)Heroin craving invoked by heroin-related cues can remarkably increase heroin abstainers’implicit evaluations toward the positive valence of heroin-related cues and their explicit arousal-sedation experience toward heroin-related cues, yet do not influence their explicit evaluations of heroin-related cues valence, nor their implicit arousal-sedation experience toward heroin-related cues.
引文
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