摘要
紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)属豆科黄芪属,是我国南方稻田传统的冬种绿肥。本研究采用田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了品种、播期、播量、根瘤菌拌种、施肥、水稻季施肥、遮阴、土壤含水量对紫云英生长的影响,了解不同种植方式下紫云英物质、养分积累量的差异,以期为紫云英的生产利用提供依据。主要研究结果如下：
(1)不同品种紫云英在湖北省不同区域种植存在差异,不同品种在洪湖的单株分枝数、单株复叶数均高于黄陂,而株高、表观叶面积均低于黄陂。不同品种在同一地区的干物质量存在差异,洪湖以丰城青杆种最高,达1914 kg/hm2,黄陂以弋江种最高,达1864 kg/hm2。相同品种在不同生态区的产量也存在差异,大桥种、余江大叶种、丰城青杆种、粤肥2号的产量表现为洪湖高于黄陂,而其余品种则低于黄陂。洪湖丰城青杆种的碳、氮、钾积累量最高,弋江种的磷积累量最高,黄陂弋江种的各养分积累量均最高。洪湖地区应优选丰城青杆种或粤肥2号,黄陂地区优选弋江种或平湖种。
(2)紫云英的密度、株高、单株复叶数、表观叶面积和单株重均随播期推迟而下降。鲜草产量随播期推迟显著降低,9月25日播种的鲜草产量最高,达31833kg/hm2,种子产量则以10月2日播种的最高,为227 kg/hm2。地上部N、P、K、Cu含量均随播期推迟呈下降趋势,10月30日之后播种处理的Fe、Mn含量则有上升趋势,而不同播期对Ca、Mg、Zn含量无影响。各养分积累量均随播期推迟而下降。研究表明,播期显著影响紫云英生长及物质养分积累,本试验条件下宜在9月下旬至10月上旬期间播种。
(3)播种量能够影响紫云英的生长指标,随播种量增加,单株分枝数、单株复叶数、单株重均呈下降趋势。鲜草产量随播种量增加而增加,在播种量为7.5～30.0kg/hm2范围内增产幅度较大,继续增加播种量则增幅减小。播种量为15.0 kg/hm2时种子产量最高,若再增加播种量,种子产量降低。播种量对紫云英养分含量无影响,但各养分积累量均随播种量增加而增加。本试验条件下,紫云英的适宜播种量为30.0kg/hm2左右。
(4)根瘤菌处理的紫云英各生长指标均优于不接种对照,鲜草产量较对照增加26.7～47.7%,种子产量较对照增加24.4-32.6%。根瘤菌拌种显著增加了紫云英氮含量,而对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量无影响,拌种处理的各养分积累量显著高于对照。不同根瘤菌处理间差异较小,弋江种的适宜根瘤菌为菌E或菌D。
(5)不同施肥处理均能增加紫云英鲜草产量,较不施肥处理增加40-145%。氮肥增产效果优于磷、钾肥。N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为112.5、45.0、45.0 kg/hm2时,紫云英产量最高,达20274 kg/hm2,此时C、N、P2O5、K2O积累量分别为981.0、54.4、12.8、58.7 kg/hm2
(6)水稻季施肥处理的紫云英株高、单株复叶数、表观叶面积、单株分枝数、SPAD值均高于缺素处理。水稻季施用氮、磷、钾肥处理的紫云英鲜草产量分别较不施氮、磷、钾肥处理增加36.2～48.2%,10.8～43.2%,25.6～55.6%。本试验条件下,水稻季N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为142 kg/hm2、112 kg/hm2、81 kg/hm2时,后季紫云英地上部的鲜草产量及C、N、P2O5、K2O积累量最高,分别为13250和831、46.4、11.0、45.7 kg/hm2。
(7)遮阴提高了紫云英出苗数,但幼苗死亡率则随遮阴度的增加而升高。生长前期,紫云英株高随遮阴度的增加而增加,而单株复叶数、表观叶面积、SPAD值均随遮阴度的增加而减小；随生育进程的推进,各指标在处理间的差异缩小。不同遮阴程度对3个品种鲜草产量产生明显影响,不遮阴和遮阴40%时弋江种产量最高,遮阴75%时浙紫5号的产量最高。植株碳含量随遮阴度增加有下降趋势,而氮、磷、钾含量呈上升趋势。不同遮阴条件下品种间的养分积累量也存在差异,不遮阴处理的碳、磷、钾积累量以弋江种最高,氮积累量以信阳种最高。遮阴40%的碳、磷、钾积累量最高的是浙紫5号,氮积累量最高的是弋江种,遮阴75%时各养分积累量均以浙紫5号最高。综合考虑鲜草产量和养分积累量,高产稻田套播紫云英应优选浙紫5号。
(8)土壤质量含水量为30～40%时,紫云英的出苗率较高,且幼苗生长状况好。
综上,洪湖地区紫云英的适宜品种为丰城青杆种或粤肥2号,黄陂地区为弋江种或平湖种；适宜播期为9月下旬至10月上旬；适宜播量为30 kg/hm2；弋江种的适宜根瘤菌为菌E或菌D; N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为112.5、45.0、45.0 kg/hm2时,紫云英产量及养分积累量最高；水稻季N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为142kg/hm2、112kg/hm2、81 kg/hm2时,后季紫云英的产量及养分积累量最高；信阳种不适宜稻底套播,高产稻田套播紫云英应优选浙紫5号；土壤质量含水量为30～40%时出苗率及幼苗生长较好。
Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) is the main winter green manures in paddy field of southern China. Pot experiments and field experiments were carried out to study the effect of varieties, sowing date, seeding quantity, rhizobium treatment, optimum fertilizer amount, residual effect of N, P, K fertilizer, shading and soil water content on the growth, yield and nutrients accumulation of Chinese milk vetch, hoping to provide theoretical basis for the production and utilization of Chinese milk vetch. The main results showed as follows:
(1) The difference exist among the seven varieties of Chinese milk vetch in the two areas. The results showed that the branches and compound leaves per plant of the Chinese milk vetch in Honghu were higher than Huangpi's, but the shoot height and apparent leaf area of Chinese milk vetch in Huangpi were higher than Honghu's. The dry matter yield of different varieties in the same area were also discrepancy, the yield of Fengcheng were highest in Honghu, arrived at 1914 kg/hm2, and the yield of Yijiang were highest in Huangpi, arrived at 1864 kg/hm2. The dry matter yield of the same variety were different in two areas, the yield of Daqiao, Yujiang, Fengcheng and Yuefei in Honghu were higher than Huangpi's, and others were lower than Huangpi's. The nutrients contents of Chinese milk vetch were different in the two areas, N contents of Chinese milk vetch in Huangpi were higher than Honghu's, but P, K contents in Honghu were higher than Huangpi's. The C, N, K accumulation of Fengcheng were highest in Honghu, and the P accumulation of Yijiang were highest in Honghu, all the nutrients accumulations of Yijiang were highest in Huangpi. In conclusion, Fengcheng and Yuefei were the optimal variety in Honghu area, Yijiang and Pinghu were the optimal variety in Huangpi area.
(2) The shoot height, compound leaves per plant, apparent leaf area, weight per plant decreased as the sowing date postponed. Fresh yield decreased prominently as the sowing date postponed, sowing date at 25th September could get the highest yield, reached to 31833 kg/ha. Sowing date at 2nd October could get the highest seed yield,227 kg/ha.N、P、K、Cu contents of the shoot decreased as the sowing date postponed, but Fe and Mn contents increased when the sowing date later than 30th October, while there was no difference among the treatments with the Ca、Mg、Zn contents. The nutrients accumulation decreased as the sowing date postponed. The study showed that sowing date had great effect on Chinese milk vetch, the last ten-days period of September and the first ten-days period of October was the best sowing date under this condition of experiment.
(3) The branches per plant, compound leaves per plant, weight per plant decreased as the seeding quantity increased. Fresh yield increased as the seeding quantity increased. the difference significantly among the seeding quantity from 7.5 kg/hm2 to 30.0 kg/hm2. but no significant difference among the seeding quantity increased more than 30.0 kg/hm2. The seeding quantity with 15.0 kg/hm2 had the highest seed yield, and then seed yield decreased as the seeding quantity increased. There was no influence of seeding quantity on nutrient content, but all the nutrients accumulation increased significantly as the seeding quantity increased. The study showed that seeding quantity with 30.0 kg/hm2 was the best choice under this condition of experiment.
(4) The growth index of Chinese milk vetch with rhizobium treatment were better than the control treatments without rhizobium, the fresh yield was increased 26.7-47.7% than control, and the seed yield was increased 24.4-32.6% than control. The N content was increased with the treatment of rhizobium, but the treatment with rhizobium had no influence to the P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn. The nutrients accumulation were higher than control's. In this trial, the rhizobium D and E were optimal for the Chinese milk vetch of Yijiang.
(5) The yield of Chinese milk vetch with the fertilizer treatments increased significantly, which increased 40-145% than no-fertilizer treatment. The N fertilizer had better yield-increasing effect than P, K fertilizer. When the N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount were 112.5,45.0,45.0 kg/hm2, the Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield with 20274 kg/hm2, and the C, N, P2O5, K2O accumulation were 981.0,54.4,12.8,58.7 kg/hm2 respectively.
(6) The shoot height, branches per plant, compound leaves per plant, apparent leaf area and SPAD value of Chinese milk vetch applied with N, P, K fertilizer in the rice season were all better than treatments without N, P, K fertilizer. The Chinese milk vetch fresh yield of treatments with N, P, K fertilizer applied in the rice season were increased 36.2-48.2%,10.8-43.2%,25.6-55.6% than the treatments without N, P, K fertilizer respectively. In conclusion, the Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield and nutrient accumulation when N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount reached to 142.4 kg/hm2,112.5 kg/hm2 and 81.0 kg/hm2 in the rice season.
(7) The survival seedlings under shading were more than no-shading, the seedling mortality increased as the shading degree increased. In the early growing stage, the shoot height increased as the shading degree increased, but compound leaves per plant, apparent leaf area and SPAD value decreased as the shading degree increased. As the growth period propelled, the difference among the treatments of the indexes diminished. The shading degree had significant influence on the yield of the three varieties, the yield of Yijiang were higher than other varieties under the no-shading and 40% shading condition, the yield of Zhezi were highest under the 75% shading condition. The content of carbon decreased as the shading degree increased, but the N, P, K contents increased as the shading degree increased. Shading also had influence on the nutrients accumulation of the three varieties, the C, P, K accumulation of Yijiang and the N accumulation of Xinyang were highest under the no-shading condition, the C, P, K accumulation of Zhezi and N accumulation of Yijiang were highest under the 40% shading condition, all the nutrients accumulation of Zhezi were highest under 75% shading condition. In conclusion, Zhezi was suitable interplant in the paddy.
(8) The soil mass water content was between 30-40%, which beneficial to the seedling emergence and seedling growth.
In conclusion, Fengcheng and Yuefei were the optimal variety in the Honghu area, Yijiang and Pinghu were the optimal variety in the Huangpi area. The last ten-days period of September and the first ten-days period of October was the best sowing date under this condition of experiment. The seeding quantity with 30.0 kg/hm2 was the best choice under this condition of experiment. The treatments with rhizobium D and E were the best. When the N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount were 112.5,45.0,45.0 kg/hm2, the Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield. The Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield and nutrient accumulation when N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount reached to 142.4 kg/hm2,112.5 kg/hm2 and 81.0 kg/hm2 in the rice season. Zhezi was suitable interplant in the paddy. The soil mass water content was between 30-40%, which beneficial to the seedling emergence and seedling growth.
引文
1. 包兴国,邱进怀.绿肥与氮肥配合施用对培肥地力和供肥性能的研究.土壤肥料,1994(2)：27-29.
2. 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).中国农业出版社,2005,265-271.
3.鲍士旦,徐国华.稻麦轮作下施钾效应及钾肥后效.南京农业大学学报,1993,16(4)： 43-48.
4. 蔡继炯,俞中仁.蜜源植物花粉形态与成分.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1987,56-57.
5. 蔡昆争,骆世明.不同生育期遮光对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响.应用生态学报,1999,10(2)：193-196.
6.曹景勤,陈碧云.低丘红壤豆科绿肥与非豆科黑麦草混播效果的研究.土壤通报,1993,24(6)：278-279.
7. 曹卫东,黄鸿翔.关于我国恢复和发展绿肥若干问题的思考.中国土壤与肥料,2009(4)：1-3.
8.曹毅,任吉君,李春梅,王艳.不同播期对红秋葵生长及发育的影响.西南大学学报,2008,30(2)：87-89.
9. 陈传永,侯海鹏,李强,朱平,张振勇,董志强,赵明.种植密度对不同玉米品种叶片光合特性与碳、氮变化的影响.作物学报,2010,36(5)：871-878.
10.陈尔堂,张均,梁其光,周健荣,何洪南,叶明昌,黄文海,黄静佳,周宏聪.双季稻田冬种紫云英高产栽培技术.广东农业科学,2005,(1)：81-82.
11.陈丽君,顾海峰,何永娥,顾荣荣,姚红芳,王玉香.播期及施肥量对紫云英产量的影响.上海农业科技,2006,(3)：125-126.
12.陈利云,张丽静,周志宇.耐盐根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿接种效果的研究.草业学报,2008,17(5)：43-47.
13.陈孝珊,蒋大方,谭绍富.紫云英叶蛋白配日粮饲喂蛋鸭的效果,1995,中国饲料,(15)：15-16.
14.陈云峰,李双来,乔艳,胡诚,刘国际.五个紫云英地方品种比较试验.湖北农业科学,2009,48(12)：2989-2992.
15.党萍莉,马旭华,张一平.不同施肥条件对土有机无机复合状况的影响.土壤肥料,1994(3)：1-3.
16.党廷辉,蔡贵信,郭胜利,郝明德,王百群.用’5N标记肥料研究旱地冬小麦氮肥利用率与去向.核农学报,2003,17(4)：280-285.
17.丁仁展,熊丽,崔尚台.遮光对斑叶黄精的生长发育及斑叶出现的影响.西南农业学报,2006,19(5)：935-939.
18.董桂春,王宇龙,周娟,张彪,张传胜,张岳芳,杨连新,黄建晔.不同氮素 籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种氮素分配与转运的差异.作物学报,2009,35(1)：149-155.
19.范亚宁,李世清,李生秀.两种种植密度下施肥对冬小麦生物学性状及产量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3)：463-471.
20.方兴龙.紫云英及其发展分析.农技服务,2007,24(4)：37,62.
21.冯立志.紫云英养猪催肥.饲料研究,1994,(12)：21-22.
22.高炳德.关于化肥利用率的影响因素及提高氮肥利用率的技术措施之浅见.内蒙古农业科技,1999,(1)：3-5.
23.葛旦之,樊明尧.稻田绿肥提取叶蛋白新工艺及其应用前景.湖南农业科学,1993,(5)：1-4.
24.古巧珍,杨学云,孙本华.有机-无机肥料配合施用对壤土的培肥效果.甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(4)：418-422.
25.韩清芳,周芳,贾珺,贾志宽,聂俊峰.施肥对不同品种苜蓿生产力及土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报.2009,15(6)：1413-1418.
26.何才富,孙锡发,邱古彬.酸性紫色土长期定位施钾效应及对土壤肥力的影响.西南农业学报,1996,9(4)：46-52.
27.何庆元,胡艳,玉永雄.生态环境对根瘤菌竞争结瘤影响的研究进展.大豆科学,2004,23(1)：66-70.
28.侯庆山.稻-麦轮作制度中磷肥后效研究.土壤,2009,41(2)：324-327.
29.侯玉虹,尹光华,刘作新,刘恩才,侯立白.土壤含水量对玉米出苗率及苗期生长的影响.安徽农学通报,2007,13(1)：70-73.
30.呼玉峰,黄璜,戴丽兰,张哲.水肥数量对紫云英生长的影响.作物研究,2008,22(5)：503-509.
31.胡辉,杨波,郑元红,谢文.绿肥不同播种期对鲜草产量的影响.贵州农业科学,2006,34(4)：105.
32.胡学玉,曾西柏,叶志华.中国生物肥料资源构成及开发利用.湖北农业科学,2000,(06)：36-39.
33.黄鸿翔.我国土壤资源现状、问题及对策.土壤肥料,2005,(1)：3-6.
34.黄鸿翔,李书田,李向林,姚杰,曹卫东,王敏,刘荣乐.我国有机肥的现状与发展前景分析.土壤肥料,2006(1)：3-8.
35.黄生斌,陈新平,张福锁.冬小麦施氮对下茬夏玉米的后效.中国农业大学学报,2002,7(1)：54-58.
36.黄显淦,刘文革,冯玉宁.果园夏绿肥绿豆压青后的养分释放.果树科学,1996,13(2)：109-110.
37.金绍龄.化学肥料的残效及其农学意义.甘肃农业科学,1991,(2)：21-23.
38.金绍龄,华星嘉,朱彦博,王惠珍.磷肥不同分配方式及后效的研究.甘肃农 业科技,1985,(2)：30-34.
39.焦彬.中国绿肥.北京：农业出版社,1986,145-154.
40.江海东,孙小芳,吴春,曹卫东.光照和播种量对高羊茅生长及草坪质量的影响.草业学报,2000,9(4)：63-67.
41.姜培坤,徐秋芳,周国模,邬奇峰,吴家森.种植绿肥对板栗林土壤养分和生物学性质的影响.北京林业大学学报,2007,29(3)：120-123.
42.江苏省杂交水稻气象问题研究协作组.温光条件与水稻叶片生长和干物质增长的关系.作物学报,1983,9(2)：99-106.
43.姜岩,窦森.土壤施用有机物料后重组有机质变化规律的探讨-对有机无机复合及腐殖质结合形态的影响.土壤学报,1987,24(2)：97-104.
44.蒋跃林,张庆国,张仕定,岳伟,陈庭甫,樊丽莉.大气CO2浓度升高对大豆根瘤量及其固氮活性的影响.大豆科学,2006,25(1)：53-57.
45.康俊梅,张丽娟,郭文山,杨青川,魏窦兴.中苜1号紫花苜蓿高效共生根瘤菌的筛选.草地学报,2008,16(5)：497-500.
46.李长生,肖向明,Frolking S., Moorel B., Salas W.,邱建军,张宇,庄亚辉,王效科,戴昭华,刘纪远,秦小光,廖柏寒,Sass R..中国农田的温室气体排放.第四纪研究,2003,23(5)：493-503.
47.李莉,郁蓉芬,方长安.紫云英播种密度与鲜草产量关系的试验.浙江农业科学,1985,(5)：225-227.
48.李林,唐银凤,姚永康,刘敏华.营养生长期模拟阴天光质环境对水稻生育与产量形成的影响.中国农业气象,1997,18(2)：1-5.
49.李录久,郭熙盛,丁楠,陈防,姚殿立,高杰军,过鸣祥,张琳.不同品种生姜的营养特性和养分吸收规律.土壤通报,2007,38(6)：1237-1239.
50.李生秀.不同前作对磷肥后效的影响.西北农业大学学报,1992,20(增刊)：79-84.
51.李双来,胡诚,乔艳,刘国际,万炎生,苏章锋.潮土性水稻土氮肥后效试验研究.湖北农业科学,2007,46(5)：727-729.
52.李兆勇,徐开军.紫云英的栽培与利用.农业装备技术,2006,32(6)：39-40.
53.林多胡,顾荣申.中国紫云英.福州：福建科学技术出版社,2000,6-11.
54.林多胡,顾荣申.中国紫云英.福州：福建科学技术出版社,2000,69-95.
55.林忠辉,陈同斌,周立祥.中国不同区域化肥资源利用特征与合理配置.资源科学,1998,20(5)：26-31.
56.凌启鸿,苏祖芳,张海泉.水稻成穗率与群体质量的关系及其影响因素的研究.作物学报,1995,21(4)：463-469.
57.刘兵,王程,金剑,刘居东,张秋英,刘晓冰,S J Herbert.生殖生长期光富集和遮阴对大豆干物质分配及产量品质的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(2)： 103-107.
58.刘殿英,石立岩,黄炳茹,董庆裕.栽培措施对冬小麦根系及其活力和植株性状的影响.中国农业科学,1993,26(5)：51-56.
59.刘国顺,罗贞宝,王岩,李洪亮,王国峰,马京民.绿肥翻压对烟田土壤理化性状及土壤微生物量的影响.水土保持学报,2006,20(1)：95-98.
60.刘开昌,张秀清,王庆成,王春英,李爱芹.密度对玉米群体管曾内小气候的影响.植物生态学报,2000,24(4)：489-493.
61.刘淑云,董树亭,胡昌浩,白萍,吕新.玉米产量和品质与生态环境的关系.作物学报,2005,31(05)：571-576.
62.刘万代,杜沛鑫,尹钧,陈现勇.播期对豫麦49-198群体质量和产量性状的影响.江西农业学报,2009,21(5)：7-9.
63.刘威.紫云英养分积累规律和还田腐解特性及其效应研究.2010,华中农业大学.
64.刘贤赵.土壤水分与遮阴对作物水分利用的影响机理与效应研究.西北农林科技大学,2001.
65.刘晓冰,宋春雨,Stephen J. Herbert.覆盖作物的生态效应.应用生态学报,2002,13(3)：365-368.
66.刘志华,何春梅,杨仁仙,李清华,李昱.紫云英品种试验研究初报.福建农业科技,2010,(5)：13-14.
67.娄善伟,高云光,郭仁松,赵强,张巨松.不同栽培密度对棉花植株养分特征及产量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4)：953-958.
68.陆炳章,张武舜.黑麦草生物学特性及其与豆科绿肥的混播.江苏农业科学,1982,(2)：28-30.
69.吕家珑,张一平,王旭东,赵高霞,张春惠.长期单施化肥对土壤性状及作物产量的影响.应用生态学报,2001,12(4)：569-572.
70.吕丽华,陶洪斌,王璞,刘明,赵明,王润正.种植密度对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用率的影响.作物学报,2008,34(4)：718-723.
71.吕新,白萍,张伟,朱玉.不同播期对玉米干物质积累的影响及分析.石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2004,22(4)：285-288.
72.马承豪,叶家颖,邓业成.石灰性烂湴田冬种紫云英对土壤酶活性的研究.广西师范大学学报,1998,16(3)：85-88.
73.马国胜,薛吉全,路海东,张仁和,邰书静,任建宏.播种时期与密度对关中灌区夏玉米群体生理指标的影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(6)：1247-1253.
74.马文奇,张福锁,张卫锋.关乎我国资源、环境、粮食安全和可持续发展的化肥产业.资源科学,2005,27(3)：33-40.
75.毛顺发.发展绿肥生产提高耕地质量.江西农业科技,2004,(5)：41-42.
76.孟琳.施用有机-无机肥料对水稻产量和氮肥利用率以及土壤供氮特性的影响.南京农业大学,2008.
77.米健,罗其友,高明杰.南方冬作区马铃薯增产潜力与适度规模.安徽农业科学,2011,39(9)：5124-5127,5127.
78.莫淑勋,钱菊芳.红壤地区紫云英中氮素的转化及其对水稻有效性的研究.土壤学报,1983,20(1)：12-22.
79.农业部科学技术司等主编,中国南方农业中的钾.北京：农业出版社.1991,317-321.
80.任万军,杨文钰,徐精文,樊高琼,王兰英,关华.始穗后弱光对不同基因型水稻叶片特性的影响.四川农业大学学报,2002,20(3)：205-208.
81.申丽霞,王璞,张软斌.施氮对不同种植密度下夏玉米产量及籽粒灌浆的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(3)：314-319.
82.沈中泉,郭云桃,刘良学,蔡庆祥.有机无机氮肥配合施用时肥料氮的去向.土壤通报,1986,(3)：107-109.
83.施书莲,廖海秋,文启孝,许学前,潘遵谱.几种绿肥和硫铵的氮素平衡账及其残留氮的有效性.土壤,1984(6)：229.
84.石杰,张磊,张琴,张学军,魏世清,韩华君,李艳宾.接种耐酸根瘤菌和施钙对酸性土上紫花苜蓿生长的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3)：602-607.
85.史吉平,张夫道,林葆.长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质结合形态的影响.土壤肥料,2002,(6)：8-12.
86.史吉平,张夫道,林葆.长期定位施肥对土壤有机无机复合状况的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2)：131-136.
87.史晓霞,师尚礼,杨晶,王正凤.豆科植物根瘤菌分类研究进展.草原与草坪,2006,(1)：12-17.
88.宋海星,申斯乐,马淑英,阎石,刘金萍,赵玉敏.硝态氮和氨态氮对大豆根瘤固氮的影响.大豆科学,1997,16(4)：283-287.
89.苏伟,鲁剑巍,刘威,曹卫东,鲁明星.氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究.中国生态农业学报,2009,17(6)：1094-1098.
90.孙天福.紫云英高产栽培的关键技术.中国农学通报,1996,12(6)：48-49.
91.唐光雷,李存东,孙传范,刘连涛,李东晓.不同播期密度对超早熟短季抗虫棉群体性状的影响.河北农业大学学报,2010,33(01)：6-11.
92.陶其骧,刘光荣,李祖章,徐招连.油-稻-稻种植制中钾肥合理投入的研究.土壤通报,1995,26(3)：122-124.
93.王晨阳,马元喜.不同土壤水分条件下小麦根系生态生理效应的研究.华北农学报,1992,7(4)：1-8.
94.王鹤桥.绿肥对黑土土壤有机质的影响及其相关因素.土壤肥料,1988,(01)： 58-31.
95.王静,段红平,包世英,李少明,王丽萍.不同施肥处理对蚕豆根系及根瘤的影响.云南农业大学学报,2007,22(4)：555-559.
96.王娟,林磊,向杨,王俊,郑军,李伟,胡庭兴.不同遮阴度对几种牧草生长的影响.四川林业科技,2006,27(2)：72-76.
97.王丽宏,曾昭海,杨光立,曾昭海,叶桃林,张帆.前茬冬季覆盖作物对稻田土壤的生物特征影响.水土保持学报,2007,21(1)：164-167.
98.王满莲,蒋运生,韦霄,柴胜丰,漆小雪,李锋.栽培密度和施肥水平对黄花蒿生长特性和青蒿素的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1)：185-190.
99.王秀芹,钟士敏,王涵,李军.遮荫对棉花苗期生长及光合性能的影响.江西棉花,1999,(2)：27-30.
100.王元国,谢光新.白三叶接种根瘤菌对比试验.耕作与栽培,2006,(1)：33,53.
101.王钊,张众.不同播种密度草原3号苜蓿生长发育研究.内蒙古草业,2008,20(3)： 8-10,17.
102.王竹,杨文钰,吴其林.玉/豆套作荫蔽对大豆光合特性与产量的影响.作物学报,2007,33(9)：1502-1507.
103.文荣威,杨文翰.草木樨绿肥以磷增氮效应.土壤通报,1984,(3)：125-126.
104.文朝慧.绿肥在防治土传病害中的应用效果.甘肃农业科技,1998,9(2)：31-33.
105.吴小萍,孙惠玲,姚久宝.冬季绿肥栽培技术要点.农业技术装备,2008,34(6)：57-57.
106.武艳芍,郝建平.不同播期对玉米(强盛49)出苗速率及生育期的影响.中国农学通报,2009,25(04)：119-121.
107.向达兵,郭凯,杨文钰,雷婷,张静,罗庆明.磷、钾营养对套作大豆钾素积累及利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(3)：668-674.
108.肖嫩群,沈宝明,谭周进,张祺玲,肖和艾,张杨珠.紫云英还田方式对烟田土壤微生物及酶的影响.核农学报,2010,24(1)：0130-0135.
109.肖嫩群,张洪霞,成壮,张杨珠,谭周进,童巧珍,刘湘丹.紫云英还田量对烟田土壤微生物及酶的影响.中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4)：711-715.
110.肖松江,孙振元,杨中艺,袁剑刚,辛国荣,巨关升,袁首仁.3种爬山虎属植物23个生态型的耐荫性研究.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(2)：73-77.
111.谢仁兴,倪瑜娟,余同海.稻田紫云英与黑麦草混播的增肥增粮效益的初步研究.耕作与栽培,1990,(6)：38-40.
112.忻丁烯,周艳军,邹俊武,刘紫生,刘秀英,刘开勇.蜜源花粉研究综述.养蜂科技,1989,(1)：15.
113.徐国伟,谈桂露,王志琴,刘立军,杨建昌.秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响.中国农业科学,2009,42(8)：2736-2746.
114.徐云天,李英法.嘉兴稻田冬绿肥紫云英与黑麦草混播技术.浙江农业科学,1991(4)：196-198.
115.徐祖荫,孙启跃,李干洲.不同花粉特性的研究,养蜂科技,1993,(1)：3-4.
116.许爱霞,黄高宝,李玲玲,谢奎忠,赵君范,高慧,郑甲成.半干旱地区春小麦氮肥后效的研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2008,43(2)：105-109.
117.许轲,张洪程,戴其根,霍中洋,张军.稻田套播麦共生期农田生态环境特征及对小麦生长的影响.中国农业科学,2008,41(8)：2263-2270.
118.闫艳红,杨文钰,李兴佐,邓卫民.不同品种及播期对丘陵套作大豆产量的影响.大豆科学,2007,26(04)：544-549.
119.杨波,郑元红,胡辉,谢文.绿肥不同播种量对鲜草产量的影响.安徽农业科学,2006,35(4)：880-881.
120.杨桂霞,赵广才,许柯,常旭虹,杨玉双,马少康,丰明,徐凤娇.播期和密度对冬小麦籽粒产量和营养品质及生理指标的影响.麦类作物学报,2010,30(4)：687-692.
121.杨靖一.洛桑试验站150周年经典试验的研究进展.土壤学进展,1995,23(1)：9-12.
122.杨子文,沈禹颖,谢田玲,谭广洋.外源供氮水平对大豆生物固氮效率的影响.西北植物学报,2009,29(3)：0574-0579.
123.叶乐土.油菜与紫云英间混套作的经济效益及栽培技术.土壤通报,1993,24(5)：220-221.
124.叶永秦,乐开富.紫云英高产施肥技术.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(3)：270-274.
125.尹德柱,汪德尚.紫云英品种引种鉴定试验.安徽农学通报,2006,12(1)：38.
126.尹淑霞.沙磨对紫云英种子发芽率的作用.安徽农学通报,2002,8(3)：43.
127.俞艳春,文定良,罗心平,陆自芹,胡发广.接种根瘤菌对豆科绿肥的固氮效果研究.云南农业科技,2006,(2)：21-22.
128.袁玲,贾月慧,刘洁.小麦不同品种利用土壤磷钾的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1999,5(2)：178-182.
129.曾昭海,隋新华,胡跃高,陈丹明,陈文新,郜瑞路.紫花苜蓿—根瘤菌高效共生体筛选及田间作用效果.草业学报,2004,13(5)：952-100.
130.曾庆利,龚春华,徐永士,彭志红,黄建余,廖育林,聂军,曹卫东.紫云英不同翻压量对水稻产量和产值的影响.湖南农业科学,2009,(6)：76-77,88.
131.曾希柏,谢德体,青长乐,侯光炯.土壤肥力状况对莴笋光合特性及产量影响 的研究.土壤学报,1998,35(2)：283-287.
132.曾希柏,胡学玉,胡清秀.我国肥料的施用现状及发展趋势.科技导报,2002(8)：36-39.
133.张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,崔振岭,马文奇,陈新平,江荣风.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,2008,45(5)：915-924.
134.张辉,曹卫东,吴一群,邱孝煊,张伟光,林新坚.不同紫云英品种物候期及主要经济性状研究.草业科学,2010,27(2)：109-112.
135.张磊,阿不力孜,马伟,赵俊文,张鸿书.奇台红豆草牧草和种子生产的播种量和密度试验.草原和草坪,2008,130(5)：31-35.
136.张磊,欧阳竹,董玉红,张志诚,潘国艳.农田生态系统杂草的养分和水分效应研究.水土保持学报,2005,19(2)：69-72.
137.张璐,张文菊,徐明岗,蔡泽江,彭畅,王伯仁,刘骅.长期施肥对中国3种典型农田土壤活性有机碳库变化的影响.中国农业科学,2009,42(5)：1646-1655.
138.张琴,龙娟,张磊,李艳宾,魏世清.不同pH值下接种根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响(简报).草业学报,2006,15(5)：59-62.
139.章守富.磷钾肥配合对紫云英生长影响的研究.农技服务,2008,25(5)：41.
140.张为政.轮作方式对土壤磷素状况的影响.土壤肥料,1990,(6)：7-10.
141.张祥明,何文进,王允青,刘英.大力发展和综合开发利用我省紫云英等绿肥.安徽农业科学,2001,29(6)：771-773.
142.张友金,祖守先,赵立民,郑鸣平.双季稻区冬绿肥种植结构调整机器高效利用技术.土壤肥料,1996,(2)：8-10.
143.赵吴琼.长期施肥土壤有机磷形态变化及有效性研究.东北农业大学资源与环境学院,2007,1-2.
144.浙江农业大学化学教研组.几种紫云英品种的产量、含氮量和根瘤中固氮酶活性的研究.1974,(04)：144-149.
145.赵茜.云南热区优良牧草种质资源.四川草原,2002(4)：31-32,42.
146.郑剑英,赵更生,吴瑞俊.黄绵土长期施肥后效及对土壤水分的影响.水土保持学报,1994,8(2)：85-90.
147.周开芳,何炎.豆科冬绿肥翻压对土壤肥力和杂交玉米产量及品质的影响.贵州农业科学,2003,31(增刊)：43.
148.周相娟,梁宇,沈世华,荆玉祥.接种根瘤菌和遮光对大豆固氮和光合作用的影响.中国农业科学,2007,40(3)：478-484.
149.周兴元,曹福亮,陈志明,刘国华.遮阴对几种暖地型草坪草成坪速度及其景观效果的影响.草原与草坪,2003,(2)：26-29.
150.周建民,黄正国,李秀芳.钾化肥在麦稻稻轮作制中的增产效应.浙江农业科学,1992,(5)：229-230.
151.朱菜红,董彩霞,沈其荣,徐阳春.配施有机肥提高化肥氮利用效率的微生物作用机制研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2)：282-288.
152.朱国平.紫云英施肥技术.安徽农业,1997,(10)：21.
153.朱培立,黄东迈,余晓鹤,王家骧,储国良,顾志权.稻麦轮作制中的钾肥运筹效益.江苏农业学报,2000,16(2)：105-110.
154.朱铁霞,高凯,张永亮,胡自治,徐安凯.不同根瘤菌接种量对紫花苜蓿的影响.作物杂志,2008,(4)：37-38.
155.朱兆良,孙波.中国农业面源污染控制对策研究.环境保护,2008,394(8)：4-6.
156.朱兆良等主编.中国土壤氮素,南京：江苏科技出版社,1992.
157.左春生,刘英丽,胡艳霞.紫云英在农业生产中的综合利用.信阳农业高等专科学校学报,2008,18(2)：121-122.
158.Mclaren A D((?)闺九康译).土壤生物化学.北京：农业出版社,1984.
159.Anugroho F, Kitou M, Nagumo F, Kinjo K, Jayasinghe GY. Potential growth of hairy vetch as a winter legume cover crops in subtropical soil conditions. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,2010,56(2):254-262.
160.Benjamin O Danga, Josephine P Ouma, Isaiah I C.Wakindiki. Legume-wheat rotation effects on residual soil moisture,nitrogen and wheat yield in tropical regions. Advances in Agronomy.2009,101:315-349.
161.Berg G, Fritze A, Roskot N. Evaluation of potential biological control rhizobacteria from different host plant of Verticillium dahliar kleb. Journal of Applied Microbiology,2001,156:75-82.
162.Bushby H V A, Lawn R J. Nitrogen fixation by mungbeans and their role in sustainable agriculture. ACIAR Food Legume Newslett.1999,18:8-11.
163.Damisch W. Biomass yield-A topical issue in model wheat breeding programmers. Plant Breed,1996,107:11-17.
164.Fortuna A, Hardwood R R, Paul E A. The effect of compost and crop rotations on carbon turnover and the particulate organic matter fraction. Soil Sci.,2003,168: 434-444.
165.Kemath A P. Soil amendment with cabbage residue and crop rotation to reduce gummy stem blight and increase growth and yield of watermelon. Plant Dis,1996,86 (5):564-570.
166.Lal R.. Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland. Environmental Pollution. 2002,116:353-362.
167.Mckenney D J, Wang S W, Drury C F. Denitrification and mineralization in soil amended with legume, grass and corn residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J.,1993,57: 1013-1020.
168.Ocio J A, Brookes P C, Jenkinson D S. Field incorporation of straw and its effects on soil microbial biomass and soil inorganic N. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1991,34: 121-129.
169.Pal D, Broadbent F E. Influent of moisture on rice straw decomposition on soils. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc.1975,39(1):59-63.
170.Petra M. Structure and functional of the soil microbial community in a long time fertilizer experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(3):453-461
171.Schnurer J. Clarholm M, Rosswall T. Microbial biomass and activity in agricultural soil with different organic matter contents. Soil Biol.and Biochem,1985,17(5): 611-618
172.Shepherd M A, Webb J. Effects of overwinter cover on nitrate loss and drainage from a sandy soil consequences for water management. Soil Use Manage,1999,15: 109-116
173.Tarinder K, Brar B S, Dhillon N S. Soil organic matter dynamics as affected by long-term use of organic and inorganic fertilizers under maize-wheat cropping system. Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.,2008,81:59-69.
174.Witter E, Martnsson A M, Garica F V. Size of the soil microbial biomass in a long term experiment as affected by different N-fertilizers and organic manures. Soil&Biochem,1993,25:659-669.
175.Wrland L J, Jackson L E, Chaney W E, Klonsky, Koike ST, Kimple B. Winter cover crops in vegetable cropping system, impacts on nitrate leaching, soil water, crop yield, pess and management costs. Agric Ecosyst Environ,1996,59:1-17.
176.Wu J, He Z L, Wei W X. Quantifying microbial phosphorus in acid soils. Bio.Fertil.Soils,2000,32:500-507.
177.Yoneda Kazuo, Suzuki Nobutoshi. Effect of temperature and light intensity on the growth and flowering of odontoglossum intergeneric hybrids. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticutural Science,1998,67(4):619-625.
178.Zhang Y S, Wemer W, Sun X. Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils. Biology and fertility of soil,1994(17):64-68.