母语和英语对法语语音习得的影响
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摘要
目前,中国大学生除了学习第一外语以外,同时还会学习第二门第三门外语。探索迁移如何在这些语言之间迁移发生已经成为当今语言研究的一个重要话题。第二外语习得是一个较新的领域,同时也是一个较为复杂的过程,研究者不仅要考虑第一外语的迁移,同时学习者的母语迁移也不容忽视。
本文主要探讨了第二外语法语学习过程中的语音迁移作用。本研究通过对三种语言的语音系统的比较，通过对比分析,对调查者录音,数据分析等方法对法语是第二外语,英语是第一外语的中国学生元音和辅音的发音进行全面比较与分析,旨在发现母语和第一外语在第二外语语音习得过程中的迁移作用。主要调查结果表明：
在第二外语语音习得过程中,母语和英语语音会对第二外语法语语音习得产生迁移作用,并且学习者的母语迁移作用大于英语。对元音的调查过程表明,法语元音[a],[i]和[u]同时受到母语和英语迁移的影响；元音[y],[a]和[(?)]和[(?)]的发音错误主要受到母语负迁移的影响；元音[(?)]和[(?)]的发音错误主要受到英语负迁移的影响。对辅音的调查过程表明,辅音迁移与元音的迁移有不同之处。大部分辅音同时受到母语和英语负迁移的影响。但是一些辅音主要受到母语迁移的影响,另一些辅音主要受到英语迁移的影响,还有一些辅音同时受到母语和英语迁移的影响比较显著。清辅音[p],[t],[k],摩擦音[(?)][(?)]和边音[l]受到母语迁移影响较为明显。摩擦音[s][z]和小舌颤音[r]受到英语影响较为明显。鼻音[m]和[n]同时受到母语和英语影响较为显著。
At present, it is common to study a second or third foreign language for university students in China besides the first foreign language. In nowadays, studies of transfer in different languages have been more and more important in the language studies. Since the second foreign language acquisition is a new area and a complex process of study, we must take transfer from both the first foreign language and the mother tongue into consideration in the acquisition of the second foreign language.
This thesis mainly discusses the language transfer in the acquisition of the second foreign language French process on phonetics. We make comparison of the three language systems in the thesis. It studies the transfer in the second foreign language French acquisition on both vowels and consonants by applying the methods of comparative analysis, tape recording and data analysis to the students involved in the thesis, hoping to explore the different roles of the mother tongue and the first foreign language playing on both vowels and consonants.
The main findings of the study are the followings:both the mother tongue and English pronunciation influence the acquisition of the second foreign language on phonetics. In the process of the second foreign language French acquisition, the influences of the mother tongue are more than those of English. The investigation of vowels indicates that French Vowels [a],[i] and [u] are influenced by both the mother tongue and English; vowels [y],[a], [(?)] and [5] are mainly influenced by Chinese pronunciations; while vowels[(?)]and [e] are strongly influenced by the pronunciation of English. The investigation of consonants indicates that things are a little different. Most of the French consonants are influenced by both Chinese and English consonants, but some of the French consonants are influenced by Chinese consonants a lot; some other French consonants are influenced by English consonants a lot; some other consonants are influenced by both Chinese and English consonants a lot. Voiceless consonants [p], [t], [k],fricatives [f], [(?)] and lateral [1] are mainly influenced by Chinese pronunciation; fricatives [s],[z] and trill [r] are mostly influenced by the first foreign language; nasals [m] and [n] are mainly influenced by both the mother tongue and English obviously.
本文主要探讨了第二外语法语学习过程中的语音迁移作用。本研究通过对三种语言的语音系统的比较，通过对比分析,对调查者录音,数据分析等方法对法语是第二外语,英语是第一外语的中国学生元音和辅音的发音进行全面比较与分析,旨在发现母语和第一外语在第二外语语音习得过程中的迁移作用。主要调查结果表明：
在第二外语语音习得过程中,母语和英语语音会对第二外语法语语音习得产生迁移作用,并且学习者的母语迁移作用大于英语。对元音的调查过程表明,法语元音[a],[i]和[u]同时受到母语和英语迁移的影响；元音[y],[a]和[(?)]和[(?)]的发音错误主要受到母语负迁移的影响；元音[(?)]和[(?)]的发音错误主要受到英语负迁移的影响。对辅音的调查过程表明,辅音迁移与元音的迁移有不同之处。大部分辅音同时受到母语和英语负迁移的影响。但是一些辅音主要受到母语迁移的影响,另一些辅音主要受到英语迁移的影响,还有一些辅音同时受到母语和英语迁移的影响比较显著。清辅音[p],[t],[k],摩擦音[(?)][(?)]和边音[l]受到母语迁移影响较为明显。摩擦音[s][z]和小舌颤音[r]受到英语影响较为明显。鼻音[m]和[n]同时受到母语和英语影响较为显著。
At present, it is common to study a second or third foreign language for university students in China besides the first foreign language. In nowadays, studies of transfer in different languages have been more and more important in the language studies. Since the second foreign language acquisition is a new area and a complex process of study, we must take transfer from both the first foreign language and the mother tongue into consideration in the acquisition of the second foreign language.
This thesis mainly discusses the language transfer in the acquisition of the second foreign language French process on phonetics. We make comparison of the three language systems in the thesis. It studies the transfer in the second foreign language French acquisition on both vowels and consonants by applying the methods of comparative analysis, tape recording and data analysis to the students involved in the thesis, hoping to explore the different roles of the mother tongue and the first foreign language playing on both vowels and consonants.
The main findings of the study are the followings:both the mother tongue and English pronunciation influence the acquisition of the second foreign language on phonetics. In the process of the second foreign language French acquisition, the influences of the mother tongue are more than those of English. The investigation of vowels indicates that French Vowels [a],[i] and [u] are influenced by both the mother tongue and English; vowels [y],[a], [(?)] and [5] are mainly influenced by Chinese pronunciations; while vowels[(?)]and [e] are strongly influenced by the pronunciation of English. The investigation of consonants indicates that things are a little different. Most of the French consonants are influenced by both Chinese and English consonants, but some of the French consonants are influenced by Chinese consonants a lot; some other French consonants are influenced by English consonants a lot; some other consonants are influenced by both Chinese and English consonants a lot. Voiceless consonants [p], [t], [k],fricatives [f], [(?)] and lateral [1] are mainly influenced by Chinese pronunciation; fricatives [s],[z] and trill [r] are mostly influenced by the first foreign language; nasals [m] and [n] are mainly influenced by both the mother tongue and English obviously.
引文
[1]Anderson, R.1983.Transfer to somewhere. In Gass. S & Selinker.L(Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.177-201).Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[2]Corder, S.1983.A role for the mother tongue. In Gass, S.&Selinker, L.(Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.85-97). Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[3]Dewaele, J.1998. Lexical Inventions:French Interlanguage as L2 versus L3.Applied Linguistics,19 (4): 471-490.
[4]Ellis, R.1986. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[5]Fu Jingyuan.2008.Transfer of the first and the second language on the second foreign Language: [dissertation].Hei Longjiang:Hei Longjiang University.
[6]James, C.1980,Contrastive Analysis (ppl1-10),Longman Group Ltd.
[7]Krashen, S.1983,Newmark's'Ignorance Hypothesis'and current SLA theory. In Gass, S.&Selinker, L. (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.135-153). Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[8]Lin Leishu.2007. Influences of Dalian Local Accent over the Acquisition of RP Consonant: [dissertation].Dalian:Dalian Maritime University.
[9]Odlin.2001.Language Transfer-cross Linguistic Influence in Language learning. Shanghai:Foreign Languages Education Press.
[10]Odlin, T.1989. Language Cross-linguistic influence in Language Learning [M].Oxford:Cambridge University Press.
[11]Ringbom, H..2001.Lexical transfer in L3 production. In J. Cenoz, B.Hufeisen,&U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition:Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.59-68). Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
[12]Robert, R.1957. Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor, MI:University of Michigan Press.
[13]Rorch, Peter.2000. English phonetics and Phonology:a practical course, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[14]Selinker, L.1983.Language transfer. In Gass. S & Selinker. L (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.33-68). Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[15]Shen Dongning.2006, the Study of Transfer during Second and Third Language Acquisition: [dissertation].Shang Dong:Shang Dong University.
[16]Wu Simin.2004. L2 Transfer in L3 Acquisition:[dissertation].Ji Lin:Ji Lin University.
[17]Weinreich. U.1953.Language in Contact. The Hague, Mouton.
[18]Williams, S.,Hammarberg, B.1998. Switches in L3 produtions:Implications for a polyglot Speaking Model Applied Linguistics,19 (3):295-333.Cross-linguistic Influence.
[19]Wang Jing.2007. Among Chinese (L1), English (L2) and German (L3):[dissertation] Shan Xi:Tai Yuan University of Technology.
[20]Wu Hongbin.2002. A survey of British RP vowels pronunciation by ShangHai dialect speaking middle school students.[dissertation].Da Lian:Da Lian Maritime University.
[21]Yu Pingfang.2004. The Phenomenon of Negative Transfer in Learning English Phonetics and Teaching Method.[dissertation].Wu Han:Central China Normal University.
[22]Zhao Liang.2006.Developmental rules of L1 in third language acquisition:[dissertation] Lan Zhou: Lan Zhou University.
[23]白丽虹.1998.浅析法语教学中法英双语的相互影响.天津外国语学院学报：1998年第2期23-27.
[24]陈定民.1979.法语语音学.北京：商务印书馆.(修订本).31-34,40-44.
[25]陈复华.2003.汉语音韵学基础.北京：中国人民大学出版社.74-77.
[26]陈永红,梁玉龙.2005.英语在二外法语学习中的迁移——从英法语言特点的比较谈法语学习.湖南科技学院学报.(26)6：216-217.
[27]范存忠.1982.英语的音和汉语的音.北京：中小学英语教学与研究.47-52.
[28]高玉娟2007,大连方言声调研究.大连：辽宁师范大学出版社.6-15.
[29]高玉娟,石锋.2006.中国学生法语元音学习中母语迁移的实验研究.北京：外语与外语教学.2006(4).18-20.
[30]桂灿昆.1978.汉英两个语音系统的主要特点比较.现代外语1978(1).
[31]黄一苇.2009.汉德语音对比及德国学生汉语发音偏误研究.上海：上海外国语大学.
[32]何善芬.2002.英汉语言对比研究.上海外语教育出版社.77-83.
[33]何子铨陈洪波.1984.英法语元音的对比研究.现代外语.1986(4).49-53.
[34]刘荀.2000.对外汉语教育学引论.北京：北京语言文化大学出版社.
[35]邱晓娟.2005.汉、英、法语音对比及法语语音教学.商场现代化学术版.2005(3).201-201.
[36]戚雨村.1980.语言学引论.上海：上海外语教育出版社18-23.
[37]石锋,温宝莹.2005.中、日学生元音发音中的母语迁移现象.天津：南开语言学刊.2005(4).
[38]王桂珍.1990.汉英音幅与基频模式的特点及其对英语语音教学的启示.现代外语,(1)
[39]王宏伟,马竞.2005.相似中的不似浅析双语专业法语教学中的英语干扰问题.西安外国语学院学报.2005(6).31-34.
[40]王理嘉,林焘.2006.语音学教程.北京：北京大学出版社.69-70.
[41]夏全胜.2009.第二外语元音习得中迁移作用的实验研究.天津：南开大学硕士论文.
[42]许余龙.2002.对比语言学.上海：上海外语教育出版社.18-21.
[43]杨自检.1990.英汉对比研究论文集.上海外语教育出版社.37-42.
[44]俞理明.2004.语言迁移与二语习得.上海外语教育出版社.55-59.
[45]余诗隽.2007.韩国人学习汉语语音的偏误分析及其对策.上海：华中师范大学.
[46]赵忠德.2005.音系学.上海：上海外语教育出版社.88-89,112-113.
[2]Corder, S.1983.A role for the mother tongue. In Gass, S.&Selinker, L.(Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.85-97). Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[3]Dewaele, J.1998. Lexical Inventions:French Interlanguage as L2 versus L3.Applied Linguistics,19 (4): 471-490.
[4]Ellis, R.1986. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[5]Fu Jingyuan.2008.Transfer of the first and the second language on the second foreign Language: [dissertation].Hei Longjiang:Hei Longjiang University.
[6]James, C.1980,Contrastive Analysis (ppl1-10),Longman Group Ltd.
[7]Krashen, S.1983,Newmark's'Ignorance Hypothesis'and current SLA theory. In Gass, S.&Selinker, L. (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.135-153). Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[8]Lin Leishu.2007. Influences of Dalian Local Accent over the Acquisition of RP Consonant: [dissertation].Dalian:Dalian Maritime University.
[9]Odlin.2001.Language Transfer-cross Linguistic Influence in Language learning. Shanghai:Foreign Languages Education Press.
[10]Odlin, T.1989. Language Cross-linguistic influence in Language Learning [M].Oxford:Cambridge University Press.
[11]Ringbom, H..2001.Lexical transfer in L3 production. In J. Cenoz, B.Hufeisen,&U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition:Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp.59-68). Clevedon, UK:Multilingual Matters.
[12]Robert, R.1957. Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor, MI:University of Michigan Press.
[13]Rorch, Peter.2000. English phonetics and Phonology:a practical course, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[14]Selinker, L.1983.Language transfer. In Gass. S & Selinker. L (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp.33-68). Rowley, MA:Newbury House.
[15]Shen Dongning.2006, the Study of Transfer during Second and Third Language Acquisition: [dissertation].Shang Dong:Shang Dong University.
[16]Wu Simin.2004. L2 Transfer in L3 Acquisition:[dissertation].Ji Lin:Ji Lin University.
[17]Weinreich. U.1953.Language in Contact. The Hague, Mouton.
[18]Williams, S.,Hammarberg, B.1998. Switches in L3 produtions:Implications for a polyglot Speaking Model Applied Linguistics,19 (3):295-333.Cross-linguistic Influence.
[19]Wang Jing.2007. Among Chinese (L1), English (L2) and German (L3):[dissertation] Shan Xi:Tai Yuan University of Technology.
[20]Wu Hongbin.2002. A survey of British RP vowels pronunciation by ShangHai dialect speaking middle school students.[dissertation].Da Lian:Da Lian Maritime University.
[21]Yu Pingfang.2004. The Phenomenon of Negative Transfer in Learning English Phonetics and Teaching Method.[dissertation].Wu Han:Central China Normal University.
[22]Zhao Liang.2006.Developmental rules of L1 in third language acquisition:[dissertation] Lan Zhou: Lan Zhou University.
[23]白丽虹.1998.浅析法语教学中法英双语的相互影响.天津外国语学院学报：1998年第2期23-27.
[24]陈定民.1979.法语语音学.北京：商务印书馆.(修订本).31-34,40-44.
[25]陈复华.2003.汉语音韵学基础.北京：中国人民大学出版社.74-77.
[26]陈永红,梁玉龙.2005.英语在二外法语学习中的迁移——从英法语言特点的比较谈法语学习.湖南科技学院学报.(26)6：216-217.
[27]范存忠.1982.英语的音和汉语的音.北京：中小学英语教学与研究.47-52.
[28]高玉娟2007,大连方言声调研究.大连：辽宁师范大学出版社.6-15.
[29]高玉娟,石锋.2006.中国学生法语元音学习中母语迁移的实验研究.北京：外语与外语教学.2006(4).18-20.
[30]桂灿昆.1978.汉英两个语音系统的主要特点比较.现代外语1978(1).
[31]黄一苇.2009.汉德语音对比及德国学生汉语发音偏误研究.上海：上海外国语大学.
[32]何善芬.2002.英汉语言对比研究.上海外语教育出版社.77-83.
[33]何子铨陈洪波.1984.英法语元音的对比研究.现代外语.1986(4).49-53.
[34]刘荀.2000.对外汉语教育学引论.北京：北京语言文化大学出版社.
[35]邱晓娟.2005.汉、英、法语音对比及法语语音教学.商场现代化学术版.2005(3).201-201.
[36]戚雨村.1980.语言学引论.上海：上海外语教育出版社18-23.
[37]石锋,温宝莹.2005.中、日学生元音发音中的母语迁移现象.天津：南开语言学刊.2005(4).
[38]王桂珍.1990.汉英音幅与基频模式的特点及其对英语语音教学的启示.现代外语,(1)
[39]王宏伟,马竞.2005.相似中的不似浅析双语专业法语教学中的英语干扰问题.西安外国语学院学报.2005(6).31-34.
[40]王理嘉,林焘.2006.语音学教程.北京：北京大学出版社.69-70.
[41]夏全胜.2009.第二外语元音习得中迁移作用的实验研究.天津：南开大学硕士论文.
[42]许余龙.2002.对比语言学.上海：上海外语教育出版社.18-21.
[43]杨自检.1990.英汉对比研究论文集.上海外语教育出版社.37-42.
[44]俞理明.2004.语言迁移与二语习得.上海外语教育出版社.55-59.
[45]余诗隽.2007.韩国人学习汉语语音的偏误分析及其对策.上海：华中师范大学.
[46]赵忠德.2005.音系学.上海：上海外语教育出版社.88-89,112-113.
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