保护性耕作措施对土壤风蚀的影响
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摘要
农田土壤风蚀是我国干旱、半干旱地区主要的土地退化原因之一,是我国区域性土壤资源可持续利用、农业发展和粮食安全等领域重要的研究内容,所以有效预防和控制农田土壤风蚀具有积极而重大的现实意义。为了客观认识该区域土壤侵蚀特点和保护性耕作对其的影响,开展本项研究,旨在探索在干旱半干旱地区抑制农田土壤风蚀有更为有效的保护性措施。
     供试土壤为冬季休耕期从陕北安塞县挖取的是0~20cm的耕层黄绵土,模拟作物为小麦。研究不同风速及保护性耕作措施(留茬、秸秆覆盖及砾石覆盖等)处理下土壤风蚀状况,如总风蚀量、试验段后方1m处垂直方向0~62cm高度上的风蚀物分布等。根据陕北地区自然风速特征,试验设计了4个风速(8.0m/s、10.1m/s、12.5m/s和14.3m/s)及不同留茬高度和覆盖度等。对数据进行详尽的对比分析,以达到评价不同保护性措施的抗风蚀效果。通过对试验结果的分析和研究,得出以下主要结果:
     (1)土壤风蚀量随着覆盖度的增加而减小,但不同覆盖措施的抗风蚀效果不同,秸秆覆盖的相对裸土对照组的抗风蚀效率优于同覆盖度下的砾石覆盖。随砾石覆盖度的增加(30%、60%和90%),抗风蚀效率分别为26.0%、42.8%和67.9%;随秸秆覆盖度的增加(30%、60%和90%),抗风蚀效率分别为54.6%、72.1%和91.1%。20cm留茬行距的留茬措施相对裸土对照的抗风蚀效率优于30cm行距的留茬措施的抗风蚀效率10%以上。
     (2)留茬与覆盖的组合措施的抗风蚀效率与茬高和覆盖度呈正相关。组合措施中覆盖度的变化对该措施整体抗风蚀效果的影响小于单覆盖措施覆盖度发生相同变化时抗风蚀效果的变化幅度,特别是在14.3m/s的高风速时。
     (3)留茬与砾石覆盖的组合措施在0~10cm收集高度上收集物的比例明显小于砾石覆盖措施和裸土对照组的值,但在13-62cm高度上的比例却大于砾石覆盖措施和裸土对照组的值。留茬与秸秆覆盖的组合措施的风沙流结构和对应的单秸秆覆盖、留茬措施的风沙流结构比较相似。组合措施的风沙流结构符合指数分布。单措施风沙流结构表现为上半部分符合指数分布,下半部分则大于指数分布。
     (4)单砾石覆盖和单秸秆覆盖措施对试验段前后方的风速影响不明显,且后方无风蚀物沉积现象。单留茬和留茬与覆盖组合措施随着茬高的增加,风蚀物沉积现象和风速梯度递减明显。
Wind erosion is one of the reasons for Land degradation in the arid and semi-arid area.And in field of regional soil resource sustainable utilization、agricultural development andfood security, ect., wind erosion is an inportent research content. So, preventing andcontrolling farmland wind erosion effectively have positive practical significance.In order tohave an objective understanding to the characteristics of soil erosion and the impact ofconservation tillage to soil erosion in the arid and semi-arid area, we carried out this study.The main purpose of this study is to seeking more effective method for restraining farmlandwind erosion in the arid and semi-arid area.
     The test soil was cultivated loessial soils, which sampled from topsoil (0-20cm) of AnsaiCountry, north Shaanxi, during the fallow time of winter. The test crop was wheat. Themeasure data contained total mass of wind erosion、structure of drifting sand1m behind testsection in the vertical height of0~62cm under different wind speed and conservation tillage(stubble、straw coverage、gravel coverage etc.). According to characteristic of natural windspeed of north Shaanxi region, we set4wind speeds (8.0m/s、10.1m/s、12.5m/s and14.3m/s)、different stubble height and coverage. Applying comparative analysis to estimate winderosion resistance effect of different conservation tillage. The main results of this study areas follows:
     (1) Mass of wind erosion had a positive correlation with cover degree. While, differentcoverage treatments had different effect of resisting wind erosion. Straw coverage had moreeffective impact than gravel coverage under the same cover degree. The value of winderosion resistance efficiency changed from26%to42.8%to67.9%with the increasing ofgravel cover degree from30%to60%to90%, While from the part of straw coverage, thevalue of wind erosion resistance efficiency changed from54.6%to72.1%to91.1%. Thewind erosion resistance efficiency of20cm rowledge are more10%than30cm row ledge.
     (2) The stubble height factor of combined measures had a positive correlation with winderosion resistance efficiency, and coverage factor as well. The impact of change on account ofcombined measure’s coverage factor to wind erosion is more weaken than the impact of thesame change on account of single measures, specially in high wind speed,14.3m/s..
     (3) The proportion value of collection in0~10cm under the combined measures ofstubble with gravel coverage is lesser than the value under gravel coverage treatment andcontrol group obviously. While in13-62cm, the value of former is greater than the value ofthe latter. Sandstorm flow structure of combined measures of stubble with stubble coverage issimilar to corresponding single stubble coverage、stubble treatment. Sandstorm flow structureof combined measures presents exponential law. Sandstorm flow structure of singletreatments presents exponential law in the upper half, great than exponential law in thebottom half.
     (4) Impact of single gravel coverage and single straw coverage to wind speed behind testsection, with no sedimentation of soil particles. The stubble height of single stubble treatmentor combined measure’s stubble factor higher than the sedimentation presents more obvious,the wind speed gradients reduce more obvious.
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