十二生肖顺序序列的空间表征研究
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摘要
在抽象概念的空间表征研究领域,空间数字反应编码联合(SNARC)效应是最为人们所熟知的现象,表现为在某些行为实验范式下所表现出的数字量或者顺序信息与空间信息的交互作用。其他非数字顺序材料,例如时间,月份,星期,字母等也会表现出与空间的联合。本研究采用前人从未使用过的十二生肖顺序序列对中国文化背景下的顺序空间表征进行探究。本研究由四个实验组成,分别采用四种研究范式,对生肖空间表征存在的真实性及其空间联合模式、这种空间联合的自动化等问题进行探讨。每个实验的被试都由母语为汉语的汉语组和母语为维语的维-汉双语组组成,用以讨论不同的母语阅读习惯对于序列空间表征的影响。
实验一采用生肖顺顷序比较范式。该范式为三因素被试内设计：刺激材料位于序列中的位置(前,后)×反应手(左、右)×距离(刺激与序列中点相差多少3,4,5,6)。能够反映生肖与空间联合的指标为位置反应相容效应(当所呈现的顺序材料在顺序序列中的位置与反应手的位置一致时反应时要短于不一致的情况)和距离效应(远离中间参考点的刺激材料反应时要快于靠近中间参考点的刺激材料)。这两项指标的显著可以用于证明顺序材料在空间上的线性表征。汉语组和维-汉双语组被试都表现出了显著的位置反应相容效应和距离效应,汉语组的实验结果反映了十二生肖顺序序列是从左向右的线性空间表征；维-汉双语组的实验结果反映了从右向左的线性空间表征,与被试母语的阅读方向一致。
实验二为生肖对比较范式。本研究范式为三因素被试内设计：刺激材料位于序列中的位置(前,后)×反应手(左、右)×距离(刺激与序列中点相差多少：1,3)。与生肖顺序比较范式一样,位置与反应的交互作用反映的是位置反应相容效应,距离效应用于说明顺序材料的线性排列。实验结果汉语组表现出了显著的位置反应相容效应和距离效应,而维-汉双语组在这些指标上均不显著。该结果重复验证了汉语被试从左向右线性表征顺序信息的现象,维语被试可能对单个刺激材料和同时呈现的两个刺激材料的加工过程不完全相同。
实验三采用生肖空间线索范式：在顺序信息没有外显加工的情况下,呈现在中央注意点的生肖能否引起视觉空间注意的转移,用于讨论生肖顺序材料的自动化加工。本范式为三因素被试内设计：生肖在序列材料中的位置(前,后)×靶刺激出现的位置(左、右)×SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony250ms,500ms,750ms)。生肖在序列中位置的前后与靶刺激出现位置的交互作用被称为注意SNARC效应：当生肖材料在序列中的位置与靶刺激所出现的位置一致时反应时短于不一致的情况。注意SNARC效应用于说明材料的顺序信息能够自动激活并引起视觉注意的转移。在不同长度的SOA下可能会出现注意SNARC效应上的区别,这一指标用于对序列空间表征的发生阶段进行探究。实验结果在汉语组和维-汉双语组各个指标上均没有达到显著水平,该结果表明生肖顺序材料可能无法引起空间注意的转移,也可能是由于生肖材料与空间的交互作用发生在较晚的阶段,在该范式下没有能够表现出来。
实验四为生肖匹配范式,用于探讨顺序材料的自动加工过程,原本用于数字空间表征的研究,从未被用于顺序空间表征的研究。被试的任务是比较前后出现的两个生肖是否一样,然后进行左右分布的按键反应。对于匹配的实验项为二因素被试内设计：刺激材料位于序列中的位置(前,后)×反应手(左、右),对于不匹配的实验项为单因素被试内设计：两个生肖间的距离(1,3,6)。用于判断生肖顺序空间表征的指标仍然是位置反应相容效应和距离效应。汉语组和维-汉双语组均没有表现出显著的位置反应相容效应,汉语组表现出了与传统结果相反的距离效应。该结果表明顺序材料与空间的交互作用不是自动化的过程,需要顺序信息的直接参与；对于汉语组,顺序材料可能能够自动激活语义信息。
综合四个实验的结果该研究得出以下结论：
1、十二生肖顺序材料在顺序信息外显加工的实验中表现出了较为稳定的顺序空间联合；
2、单独呈现的生肖不能够引起视觉空间注意的转移,对生肖材料进行顺序判断之外的加工无法引起顺序空间表征的激活,汉语组生肖材料语义信息的自动化程度可能优于顺序信息；
3、对一个生肖进行顺序判断时顺序空间表征的模式与母语的阅读方向一致,当刺激材料为两个同时呈现的生肖时,母语阅读习惯与汉语阅读习惯可能共同影响了维-汉双语组被试的顺序空间表征。
In the field of the study of spatial representation, the most well-known one is the spatial number association response code (SNARC) effect, which implies the association of number and space by showing the interaction of quantity information or ordinal information of numbers and spatial information under some certain behavior experiment paradigms. In recent studies, other kinds of order sequence such as time, name of month, name of the days of week and letters from the alphabet were found to possess spatial characteristics. The current research adopted Chinese Zodiac as order stimulus materials.4experiments composed this research with4different experiment paradigms to explore the existence and reliability of the order sequence association, the automatic activation of this association. And each experiment were participated with both Chinese group whose native language is Chinese and Uyghur-Chinese bilingual group whose native language is Uyghur to probe the influence of reading direction of their native language.
Experiment1adopted Chinese zodiac order comparison paradigm with3factor with-subject design: the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half)×response hand (left, right)×distance (the distance between stimulus and the midpoint of the sequence3,4,5,6). And the indexes of the association of order material and space were position-response compatibility effect:the interaction of position and response hand and the distance effect, which revealed the linear representation of order sequence. Both Chinese and Uyghur-Chinese bilingual groups demonstrated significant effect on these indexes. And the results revealed the left-to-right association of Chinese zodiac for Chinese group and right-to-left association for Uyghur-Chinese bilingual group.
Experiment2was stimulus pair comparison paradigm with3factor within-subject design:the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half)×response hand (left, right)×distance (the distance between stimulus and the midpoint of the sequence1,3). The indexes in this experiment were also position-response compatibility effect and distance effect. The Chinese group showed significant effects on both of the indexes and the Uyghur-Chinese bilingual group showed no significant effects on these indexes.
Experiment3was spatial cuing paradigm with3factor with-subject design:the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half) xtarget side (left, right)×SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony250ms,500ms,750ms). The index in this experiment was attentional SNARC effect which reveals the location of visual attention caused by the position information of stimulus. And the results showed no significant effect of both groups, which suggested that merely presenting a single number at the center of the screen, was proved to be unable to ignite the orientation of visual spatial attention for both groups.
Experiment4was stimulus matching paradigm with2factor within-subject design: the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half) xresponse hand (left, right) for matched trials and1factor within-subject design:distance(the distance between the stimuli appeared one after another1,3,6) for unmatched trials. The indexes to uncover the order spatial association were still position-response compatibility effect and distance effect. The results showed no significant effect of position-response compatibility for both groups, and only the Chinese group showed significant distance effect which was opposite to traditional distance effect. This result may suggest the order space association was unable to invoke automatically and the automatic process of semantic information may be revealed in this experiment.
Taken the results of the4experiment together, this research reached following
conclusions:
1、The order space association of Chinese zodiac was verified in this research when order information was task-relevant.
2、Merely presenting a single stimulus was unable to cause the shift of visual attention. Order space association was unable to be invoked automatically and the activation of other semantic information may be an automatic process for Chinese group.
3、The pattern of this association was influenced by reading direction of native language in order comparison task and when two stimulus were presented simultaneously the opposite reading direction of native language and second language may result in the absence of position-response compatibility effect.
实验一采用生肖顺顷序比较范式。该范式为三因素被试内设计：刺激材料位于序列中的位置(前,后)×反应手(左、右)×距离(刺激与序列中点相差多少3,4,5,6)。能够反映生肖与空间联合的指标为位置反应相容效应(当所呈现的顺序材料在顺序序列中的位置与反应手的位置一致时反应时要短于不一致的情况)和距离效应(远离中间参考点的刺激材料反应时要快于靠近中间参考点的刺激材料)。这两项指标的显著可以用于证明顺序材料在空间上的线性表征。汉语组和维-汉双语组被试都表现出了显著的位置反应相容效应和距离效应,汉语组的实验结果反映了十二生肖顺序序列是从左向右的线性空间表征；维-汉双语组的实验结果反映了从右向左的线性空间表征,与被试母语的阅读方向一致。
实验二为生肖对比较范式。本研究范式为三因素被试内设计：刺激材料位于序列中的位置(前,后)×反应手(左、右)×距离(刺激与序列中点相差多少：1,3)。与生肖顺序比较范式一样,位置与反应的交互作用反映的是位置反应相容效应,距离效应用于说明顺序材料的线性排列。实验结果汉语组表现出了显著的位置反应相容效应和距离效应,而维-汉双语组在这些指标上均不显著。该结果重复验证了汉语被试从左向右线性表征顺序信息的现象,维语被试可能对单个刺激材料和同时呈现的两个刺激材料的加工过程不完全相同。
实验三采用生肖空间线索范式：在顺序信息没有外显加工的情况下,呈现在中央注意点的生肖能否引起视觉空间注意的转移,用于讨论生肖顺序材料的自动化加工。本范式为三因素被试内设计：生肖在序列材料中的位置(前,后)×靶刺激出现的位置(左、右)×SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony250ms,500ms,750ms)。生肖在序列中位置的前后与靶刺激出现位置的交互作用被称为注意SNARC效应：当生肖材料在序列中的位置与靶刺激所出现的位置一致时反应时短于不一致的情况。注意SNARC效应用于说明材料的顺序信息能够自动激活并引起视觉注意的转移。在不同长度的SOA下可能会出现注意SNARC效应上的区别,这一指标用于对序列空间表征的发生阶段进行探究。实验结果在汉语组和维-汉双语组各个指标上均没有达到显著水平,该结果表明生肖顺序材料可能无法引起空间注意的转移,也可能是由于生肖材料与空间的交互作用发生在较晚的阶段,在该范式下没有能够表现出来。
实验四为生肖匹配范式,用于探讨顺序材料的自动加工过程,原本用于数字空间表征的研究,从未被用于顺序空间表征的研究。被试的任务是比较前后出现的两个生肖是否一样,然后进行左右分布的按键反应。对于匹配的实验项为二因素被试内设计：刺激材料位于序列中的位置(前,后)×反应手(左、右),对于不匹配的实验项为单因素被试内设计：两个生肖间的距离(1,3,6)。用于判断生肖顺序空间表征的指标仍然是位置反应相容效应和距离效应。汉语组和维-汉双语组均没有表现出显著的位置反应相容效应,汉语组表现出了与传统结果相反的距离效应。该结果表明顺序材料与空间的交互作用不是自动化的过程,需要顺序信息的直接参与；对于汉语组,顺序材料可能能够自动激活语义信息。
综合四个实验的结果该研究得出以下结论：
1、十二生肖顺序材料在顺序信息外显加工的实验中表现出了较为稳定的顺序空间联合；
2、单独呈现的生肖不能够引起视觉空间注意的转移,对生肖材料进行顺序判断之外的加工无法引起顺序空间表征的激活,汉语组生肖材料语义信息的自动化程度可能优于顺序信息；
3、对一个生肖进行顺序判断时顺序空间表征的模式与母语的阅读方向一致,当刺激材料为两个同时呈现的生肖时,母语阅读习惯与汉语阅读习惯可能共同影响了维-汉双语组被试的顺序空间表征。
In the field of the study of spatial representation, the most well-known one is the spatial number association response code (SNARC) effect, which implies the association of number and space by showing the interaction of quantity information or ordinal information of numbers and spatial information under some certain behavior experiment paradigms. In recent studies, other kinds of order sequence such as time, name of month, name of the days of week and letters from the alphabet were found to possess spatial characteristics. The current research adopted Chinese Zodiac as order stimulus materials.4experiments composed this research with4different experiment paradigms to explore the existence and reliability of the order sequence association, the automatic activation of this association. And each experiment were participated with both Chinese group whose native language is Chinese and Uyghur-Chinese bilingual group whose native language is Uyghur to probe the influence of reading direction of their native language.
Experiment1adopted Chinese zodiac order comparison paradigm with3factor with-subject design: the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half)×response hand (left, right)×distance (the distance between stimulus and the midpoint of the sequence3,4,5,6). And the indexes of the association of order material and space were position-response compatibility effect:the interaction of position and response hand and the distance effect, which revealed the linear representation of order sequence. Both Chinese and Uyghur-Chinese bilingual groups demonstrated significant effect on these indexes. And the results revealed the left-to-right association of Chinese zodiac for Chinese group and right-to-left association for Uyghur-Chinese bilingual group.
Experiment2was stimulus pair comparison paradigm with3factor within-subject design:the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half)×response hand (left, right)×distance (the distance between stimulus and the midpoint of the sequence1,3). The indexes in this experiment were also position-response compatibility effect and distance effect. The Chinese group showed significant effects on both of the indexes and the Uyghur-Chinese bilingual group showed no significant effects on these indexes.
Experiment3was spatial cuing paradigm with3factor with-subject design:the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half) xtarget side (left, right)×SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony250ms,500ms,750ms). The index in this experiment was attentional SNARC effect which reveals the location of visual attention caused by the position information of stimulus. And the results showed no significant effect of both groups, which suggested that merely presenting a single number at the center of the screen, was proved to be unable to ignite the orientation of visual spatial attention for both groups.
Experiment4was stimulus matching paradigm with2factor within-subject design: the position of order stimulus in the sequence (front half, back half) xresponse hand (left, right) for matched trials and1factor within-subject design:distance(the distance between the stimuli appeared one after another1,3,6) for unmatched trials. The indexes to uncover the order spatial association were still position-response compatibility effect and distance effect. The results showed no significant effect of position-response compatibility for both groups, and only the Chinese group showed significant distance effect which was opposite to traditional distance effect. This result may suggest the order space association was unable to invoke automatically and the automatic process of semantic information may be revealed in this experiment.
Taken the results of the4experiment together, this research reached following
conclusions:
1、The order space association of Chinese zodiac was verified in this research when order information was task-relevant.
2、Merely presenting a single stimulus was unable to cause the shift of visual attention. Order space association was unable to be invoked automatically and the activation of other semantic information may be an automatic process for Chinese group.
3、The pattern of this association was influenced by reading direction of native language in order comparison task and when two stimulus were presented simultaneously the opposite reading direction of native language and second language may result in the absence of position-response compatibility effect.
引文
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